Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 16, Issue 35, 2010, Pages 4377-4393

  Varma, Vibha ^a   Webb, Kerry ^a   Mirza, Darius F ^a  

^a QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acute alcoholic hepatitis; Alcoholic liver disease; De novo malignancy; Hepatitis C virus; Orthotopic liver transplantation; Pre transplant abstinence; Predictors of relapse

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; ARTICLE; EUROPE; FOLLOW UP; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LIVER CANCER; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MORTALITY; PATIENT SELECTION; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; RECURRENT DISEASE; RETRANSPLANTATION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TOBACCO; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNITED STATES; VIRUS HEPATITIS;

EID: 77957595077     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i35.4377     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. McCullough AJ. Alcoholic liver disease. In: Schiff ER, Sorell MF, Maddrey WC, editors. Schiff's disease of the liver. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999: 941-971
2. Hoofnagle JH, Kresina T, Fuller RK, Lake JR, Lucey MR, Sorrell MF, Beresford TP. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: executive statement and recommendations. Summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop held December 6-7, 1996, Bethesda, Maryland. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 347-350
3. Belle SH, Beringer KC, Detre KM. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in the United States: 1988 to 1995. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 212-219
4. Neuberger J, Schulz KH, Day C, Fleig W, Berlakovich GA, Berenguer M, Pageaux GP, Lucey M, Horsmans Y, Burroughs A, Hockerstedt K. Transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2002; 36: 130-137
5. Pfitzmann R, Schwenzer J, Rayes N, Seehofer D, Neuhaus R, Nüssler NC. Long-term survival and predictors of relapse after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 2007; 13: 197-205
6. Scharschmidt BF. Human liver transplantation: analysis of data on 540 patients from four centers. Hepatology 1984;4: 95S-101S
7. European liver transplant registry. Available from: URL: http://www.eltr.org, accessed on 20.01.10
8. Kotlyar DS, Burke A, Campbell MS, Weinrieb RM. A critical review of candidacy for orthotopic liver transplantation in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 734-743; quiz 744
9. Krahn LE, DiMartini A. Psychiatric and psychosocial aspects of liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 1157-1168
10. Yates WR, Labrecque DR, Pfab D. The reliability of alcoholism history in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis. Alcohol Alcohol 1998; 33: 488-494
11. Neuberger J, Adams D, MacMaster P, Maidment A, Speed M. Assessing priorities for allocation of donor liver grafts: survey of public and clinicians. BMJ 1998; 317: 172-175
12. Lucey MR. Liver transplantation in the alcoholic patient. In: Maddrey WC, Schiff ER, Sorell MF, editors. Transplantation of the liver. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 319-326
13. Starzl TE, Van Thiel D, Tzakis AG, Iwatsuki S, Todo S, Marsh JW, Koneru B, Staschak S, Stieber A, Gordon RD. Orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis. JAMA 1988; 260: 2542-2544
14. Beresford TP, Turcotte JG, Merion R, Burtch G, Blow FC, Campbell D, Brower KJ, Coffman K, Lucey M. A rational approach to liver transplantation for the alcoholic patient. Psychosomatics 1990; 31: 241-254
15. Lucey MR, Merion RM, Henley KS, Campbell DA Jr, Turcotte JG, Nostrant TT, Blow FC, Beresford TP. Selection for and outcome of liver transplantation in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1736-1741
16. Dew MA, DiMartini AF, Steel J, De Vito Dabbs A, Myaskovsky L, Unruh M, Greenhouse J. Meta-analysis of risk for relapse to substance use after transplantation of the liver or other solid organs. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 159-172
17. Vargas HE, Krahn L. The transplantation candidate with alcohol misuse: the selection minefield. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 1559-1560
18. Lucey MR, Brown KA, Everson GT, Fung JJ, Gish R, Keeffe EB, Kneteman NM, Lake JR, Martin P, McDiarmid SV, Rakela J, Shiffman ML, So SK, Wiesner RH. Minimal criteria for placement of adults on the liver transplant waiting list: a report of a national conference organized by the American Society of Transplant Physicians and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 628-637
19. Bathgate AJ. Recommendations for alcohol-related liver disease. Lancet 2006; 367: 2045-2046
20. Everhart JE, Beresford TP. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: a survey of transplantation programs in the United States. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 220-226
21. Mathurin P. Is alcoholic hepatitis an indication for transplantation? Current management and outcomes. Liver Transpl 2005; S21-S24
22. Gedaly R, McHugh PP, Johnston TD, Jeon H, Koch A, Clifford TM, Ranjan D. Predictors of relapse to alcohol and illicit drugs after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Transplantation 2008; 86: 1090-1095
23. Weinrieb RM, Van Horn DH, McLellan AT, Lucey MR. Interpreting the significance of drinking by alcohol-dependent liver transplant patients: fostering candor is the key to recovery. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 769-776
24. Tandon P, Goodman KJ, Ma MM, Wong WW, Mason AL, Meeberg G, Bergsten D, Carbonneau M, Bain VG. A shorter duration of pre-transplant abstinence predicts problem drinking after liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1700-1706
25. Burra P, Lucey MR. Liver transplantation in alcoholic patients. Transpl Int 2005; 18: 491-498
26. http://www.uktransplant.org.uk/ukt/about_transplants/organ_allocation/pdf/liver_advisory_group_alcohol_guidelines-november_2005.pdf. Accessed 30.12.2009
27. DiMartini A, Day N, Dew MA, Lane T, Fitzgerald MG, Magill J, Jain A. Alcohol use following liver transplantation: a comparison of follow-up methods. Psychosomatics 2001; 42: 55-62
28. Forman LM, Lucey MR. Predicting the prognosis of chronic liver disease: an evolution from child to MELD. Mayo Endstage Liver Disease. Hepatology 2001; 33: 473-475
29. Barber KM, Pioli S, Blackwell JE, Collett D, Neuberger JM, Gimson AE. Development of a UK score for patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2007; 46: 510A
30. Neuberger J, Gimson A, Davies M, Akyol M, O'Grady J, Burroughs A, Hudson M. Selection of patients for liver transplantation and allocation of donated livers in the UK. Gut 2008; 57: 252-257
31. Vanlemmens C, Di Martino V, Milan C, Messner M, Minello A, Duvoux C, Poynard T, Perarnau JM, Piquet MA, Pageaux GP, Dharancy S, Silvain C, Hillaire S, Thiefin G, Vinel JP, Hillon P, Collin E, Mantion G, Miguet JP. Immediate listing for liver transplantation versus standard care for Child-Pugh stage B alcoholic cirrhosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 153-161
32. Poynard T, Naveau S, Doffoel M, Boudjema K, Vanlemmens C, Mantion G, Messner M, Launois B, Samuel D, Cherqui D, Pageaux G, Bernard PH, Calmus Y, Zarski JP, Miguet JP, Chaput JC. Evaluation of efficacy of liver transplantation in alcoholic cirrhosis using matched and simulated controls: 5-year survival. Multi-centre group. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 1130-1137
33. Wiesner R, Edwards E, Freeman R, Harper A, Kim R, Kamath P, Kremers W, Lake J, Howard T, Merion RM, Wolfe RA, Krom R. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 91-96
34. Neuberger J, James O. Guidelines for selection of patients for liver transplantation in the era of donor-organ shortage. Lancet 1999; 354: 1636-1639
35. Dobbels F, Vanhaecke J, Dupont L, Nevens F, Verleden G, Pirenne J, De Geest S. Pretransplant predictors of post transplant adherence and clinical outcome: an evidence base for pretransplant psychosocial screening. Transplantation 2009; 87: 1497-1504
36. Lucey MR, Carr K, Beresford TP, Fisher LR, Shieck V, Brown KA, Campbell DA, Appelman HD. Alcohol use after liver transplantation in alcoholics: a clinical cohort follow-up study. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1223-1227
37. DiClemente CC, Carbonari JP, Montgomery RP, Hughes SO. The Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy scale. J Stud Alcohol 1994; 55: 141-148
38. De Gottardi A, Spahr L, Gelez P, Morard I, Mentha G, Guillaud O, Majno P, Morel P, Hadengue A, Paliard P, Scoazec JY, Boillot O, Giostra E, Dumortier J. A simple score for predicting alcohol relapse after liver transplantation: results from 387 patients over 15 years. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1183-1188
39. Webb K, Shepherd L, Day E, Masterton G, Neuberger J. Transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: report of a consensus meeting. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 301-305
40. Morana JG. Psychological evaluation and follow-up in liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 694-696
41. Howard LM, Williams R, Fahy TA. The psychiatric assessment of liver transplant patients with alcoholic liver disease: a review. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38: 643-653
42. Surman OS. Psychiatric aspects of organ transplantation. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 972-982
43. Collis I, Burroughs A, Rolles K, Lloyd G. Psychiatric and social outcome of liver transplantation. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166: 521-524
44. Howard L, Fahy T, Wong P, Sherman D, Gane E, Williams R. Psychiatric outcome in alcoholic liver transplant patients. QJM 1994; 87: 731-736
45. Day E, Best D, Sweeting R, Russell R, Webb K, Georgiou G, Neuberger J. Predictors of psychological morbidity in liver transplant assessment candidates: is alcohol abuse or dependence a factor? Transpl Int 2009; 22: 606-614
46. Keeffe EB. Assessment of the alcoholic patient for liver transplantation: comorbidity, outcome, and recidivism. Liver Transpl Surg 1996; 2: 12-20
47. Urbano-Marquez A, Estruch R, Navarro-Lopez F, Grau JM, Mont L, Rubin E. The effects of alcoholism on skeletal and cardiac muscle. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 409-415
48. Estruch R, Fernández-Solá J, Sacanella E, Paré C, Rubin E, Urbano-Márquez A. Relationship between cardiomyopathy and liver disease in chronic alcoholism. Hepatology 1995; 22: 532-538
49. Ma Z, Lee SS. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: getting to the heart of the matter. Hepatology 1996; 24: 451-459
50. Carey WD, Dumot JA, Pimentel RR, Barnes DS, Hobbs RE, Henderson JM, Vogt DP, Mayes JT, Westveer MK, Easley KA. The prevalence of coronary artery disease in liver transplant candidates over age 50. Transplantation 1995; 59: 859-864
51. Morris JJ, Hellman CL, Gawey BJ, Ramsay MA, Valek TR, Gunning TC, Swygert TH, Shore-Lesserson L, Lalehzarian F, Brayman KL. Case 3-1995. Three patients requiring both coronary artery bypass surgery and orthotopic liver transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995; 9: 322-332
52. Donovan CL, Marcovitz PA, Punch JD, Bach DS, Brown KA, Lucey MR, Armstrong WF. Two-dimensional and dobutamine stress echocardiography in the preoperative assessment of patients with end-stage liver disease prior to orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 61: 1180-1188
53. Kryzhanovski VA, Beller GA. Usefulness of preoperative noninvasive radionuclide testing for detecting coronary artery disease in candidates for liver transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 986-988
54. Preedy VR, Peters TJ. Alcohol and skeletal muscle disease. Alcohol Alcohol 1990; 25: 177-187
55. Keeffe EB. Comorbidities of alcoholic liver disease that affect outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 251-257
56. Dreiling DA, Koller M. The natural history of alcoholic pancreatitis: update 1985. Mt Sinai J Med 1985; 52: 340-342
57. O'Keefe SJ, El-Zayadi AR, Carraher TE, Davis M, Williams R. Malnutrition and immuno-incompetence in patients with liver disease. Lancet 1980; 2: 615-617
58. Matos C, Porayko MK, Francisco-Ziller N, DiCecco S. Nutrition and chronic liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 35: 391-397
59. Pikul J, Sharpe MD, Lowndes R. Post-op morbidity/mortality related to pre-op malnutrition in liver transplant patients [abs]. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1993; 17 (suppl): 29S
60. Pikul J, Sharpe MD, Lowndes R, Ghent CN. Degree of preoperative malnutrition is predictive of postoperative morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994; 57: 469-472
61. Helton WS. Nutritional issues in hepatobiliary surgery. Semin Liver Dis 1994; 14: 140-157
62. Diamond T, Stiel D, Lunzer M, Wilkinson M, Roche J, Posen S. Osteoporosis and skeletal fractures in chronic liver disease. Gut 1990; 31: 82-87
63. Bonkovsky HL, Hawkins M, Steinberg K, Hersh T, Galambos JT, Henderson JM, Millikan WJ, Galloway JR. Prevalence and prediction of osteopenia in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1990; 12: 273-280
64. Compston JE. Hepatic osteodystrophy: vitamin D metabolism in patients with liver disease. Gut 1986; 27: 1073-1090
65. Diamond T, Stiel D, Lunzer M, Wilkinson M, Posen S. Ethanol reduces bone formation and may cause osteoporosis. Am J Med 1989; 86: 282-288
66. McFarlane IG. Hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 982-988
67. Terrault NA, Wright TL. Hepatitis C virus in the setting of transplantation. Semin Liver Dis 1995; 15: 92-100
68. Freeman AJ, Dore GJ, Law MG, Thorpe M, Von Overbeck J, Lloyd AR, Marinos G, Kaldor JM. Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2001; 34: 809-816
69. Samuel D, Muller R, Alexander G, Fassati L, Ducot B, Benhamou JP, Bismuth H. Liver transplantation in European patients with the hepatitis B surface antigen. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1842-1847
70. Farrell FJ, Nguyen M, Woodley S, Imperial JC, Garcia-Kennedy R, Man K, Esquivel CO, Keeffe EB. Outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hemochromatosis. Hepatology 1994; 20: 404-410
71. Perrillo R, Rakela J, Dienstag J, Levy G, Martin P, Wright T, Caldwell S, Schiff E, Gish R, Villeneuve JP, Farr G, Anschuetz G, Crowther L, Brown N. Multicenter study of lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B after liver transplantation. Lamivudine Transplant Group. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1581-1586
72. Tsukuma H, Hiyama T, Tanaka S, Nakao M, Yabuuchi T, Kitamura T, Nakanishi K, Fujimoto I, Inoue A, Yamazaki H. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1797-1801
73. Kowdley KV, Hassanein T, Kaur S, Farrell FJ, Van Thiel DH, Keeffe EB, Sorrell MF, Bacon BR, Weber FL Jr, Tavill AS. Primary liver cancer and survival in patients undergoing liver transplantation for hemochromatosis. Liver Transpl Surg 1995; 1: 237-241
74. Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE, Sheahan DG, Yokoyama I, Demetris AJ, Todo S, Tzakis AG, Van Thiel DH, Carr B, Selby R. Hepatic resection versus transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 1991; 214: 221-228; discussion 228-229
75. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, Montalto F, Ammatuna M, Morabito A, Gennari L. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 693-699
76. Burra P, Senzolo M, Adam R, Delvart V, Karam V, Germani G, Neuberger J. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in Europe: a study from the ELTR (European Liver Transplant Registry). Am J Transplant 2010; 10: 138-148
77. Aguilera V, Berenguer M, Rubín A, San-Juan F, Rayón JM, Prieto M, Mir J. Cirrhosis of mixed etiology (hepatitis C virus and alcohol): Posttransplantation outcome-Comparison with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis and alcoholic-related cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 79-87
78. Yamauchi M, Nakahara M, Maezawa Y, Satoh S, Nishikawa F, Ohata M, Mizuhara Y, Hirakawa J, Nakajima H, Fujisawa K. Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and prior exposure to hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 39-43
79. Yamanaka T, Shiraki K, Nakazaawa S, Okano H, Ito T, Deguchi M, Takase K, Nakano T. Impact of hepatitis B and C virus infection on the clinical prognosis of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 2937-2940
80. Khan KN, Yatsuhashi H. Effect of alcohol consumption on the progression of hepatitis C virus infection and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese patients. Alcohol Alcohol 2000; 35: 286-295
81. Donato F, Tagger A, Chiesa R, Ribero ML, Tomasoni V, Fasola M, Gelatti U, Portera G, Boffetta P, Nardi G. Hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcohol drinking, and hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in Italy. Brescia HCC Study. Hepatology 1997; 26: 579-584
82. Bellamy CO, DiMartini AM, Ruppert K, Jain A, Dodson F, Torbenson M, Starzl TE, Fung JJ, Demetris AJ. Liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis: long term follow-up and impact of disease recurrence. Transplantation 2001; 72: 619-626
83. Wiesner RH, Lombardero M, Lake JR, Everhart J, Detre KM. Liver transplantation for end-stage alcoholic liver disease: an assessment of outcomes. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 231-239
84. Bhagat V, Mindikoglu AL, Nudo CG, Schiff ER, Tzakis A, Regev A. Outcomes of liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus patients with cirrhosis due to alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 1814-1820
85. Carithers RL Jr, Herlong HF, Diehl AM, Shaw EW, Combes B, Fallon HJ, Maddrey WC. Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. A randomized multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 685-690
86. Mathurin P, Mendenhall CL, Carithers RL Jr, Ramond MJ, Maddrey WC, Garstide P, Rueff B, Naveau S, Chaput JC, Poynard T. Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH): individual data analysis of the last three randomized placebo controlled double blind trials of corticosteroids in severe AH. J Hepatol 2002; 36: 480-487
87. McCullough AJ, O'Connor JF. Alcoholic liver disease: proposed recommendations for the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 2022-2036
88. Duvoux C, Radier C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Maille F, Anglade MC, Van Nhieu JT, Rosa I, Hospitel S, Abd-Alsamad I, Sitruk V, Seror O, Ziol M, Blondon H, Dhumeaux D, Richardet JP. Low-grade steatosis and major changes in portal flow as new prognostic factors in steroid-treated alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1370-1378
89. Mathurin P, Abdelnour M, Ramond MJ, Carbonell N, Fartoux L, Serfaty L, Valla D, Poupon R, Chaput JC, Naveau S. Early change in bilirubin levels is an important prognostic factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with prednisolone. Hepatology 2003; 38: 1363-1369
90. Akriviadis E, Botla R, Briggs W, Han S, Reynolds T, Shakil O. Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1637-1648
91. Mutimer DJ, Burra P, Neuberger JM, Hubscher S, Buckels JA, Mayer AD, McMaster P, Elias E. Managing severe alcoholic hepatitis complicated by renal failure. Q J Med 1993; 86: 649-656
92. Bonet H, Manez R, Kramer D, Wright HI, Gavaler JS, Baddour N, Van Thiel DH. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: survival of patients transplanted with alcoholic hepatitis plus cirrhosis as compared with those with cirrhosis alone. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 1102-1106
93. Shakil AO, Pinna A, Demetris J, Lee RG, Fung JJ, Rakela J. Survival and quality of life after liver transplantation for acute alcoholic hepatitis. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 240-244
94. Conjeevaram HS, Hart J, Lissoos TW, Schiano TD, Dasgupta K, Befeler AS, Millis JM, Baker AL. Rapidly progressive liver injury and fatal alcoholic hepatitis occurring after liver transplantation in alcoholic patients. Transplantation 1999; 67: 1562-1568
95. Lucey MR. Is liver transplantation an appropriate treatment for acute alcoholic hepatitis? J Hepatol 2002; 36: 829-831
96. Tome S, Lucey MR. Timing of liver transplantation in alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2003; 39: 302-307
97. Castel H, Moreno C, Antonini T, Duclos-Vallee J, Dumortier J, Leroy V. Early transplantation improves survival of non-responders to steroids in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A challenge to the 6 month rule of abstinence. Hepatology 2009; 4 (Suppl 50): 307A-308A
98. Peters MG, Terrault NA. Alcohol use and hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36: S220-S225
99. Gane EJ, Portmann BC, Naoumov NV, Smith HM, Underhill JA, Donaldson PT, Maertens G, Williams R. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 815-820
100. Prieto M, Berenguer M, Rayón JM, Córdoba J, Argüello L, Carrasco D, García-Herola A, Olaso V, De Juan M, Gobernado M, Mir J, Berenguer J. High incidence of allograft cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection following transplantation: relationship with rejection episodes. Hepatology 1999; 29: 250-256
101. Lim JK, Imperial JC, Keeffe EB. Retreatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2004; 4: 97-103
102. Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet 1997; 349: 825-832
103. Cromie SL, Jenkins PJ, Bowden DS, Dudley FJ. Chronic hepatitis C: effect of alcohol on hepatitic activity and viral titre. J Hepatol 1996; 25: 821-826
104. Pessione F, Degos F, Marcellin P, Duchatelle V, Njapoum C, Martinot-Peignoux M, Degott C, Valla D, Erlinger S, Rueff B. Effect of alcohol consumption on serum hepatitis C virus RNA and histological lesions in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1717-1722
105. Degos F. Hepatitis C and alcohol. J Hepatol 1999; 31 Suppl 1: 113-118
106. Berenguer M, Palau A, Aguilera V, Rayón JM, Juan FS, Prieto M. Clinical benefits of antiviral therapy in patients with recurrent hepatitis C following liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8: 679-687
107. Mutimer DJ, Gunson B, Chen J, Berenguer J, Neuhaus P, Castaing D, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Salizzoni M, Moreno GE, Mirza D. Impact of donor age and year of transplantation on graft and patient survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus. Transplantation 2006; 81: 7-14
108. Pageaux GP, Michel J, Coste V, Perney P, Possoz P, Perrigault PF, Navarro F, Fabre JM, Domergue J, Blanc P, Larrey D. Alcoholic cirrhosis is a good indication for liver transplantation, even for cases of recidivism. Gut 1999; 45: 421-426
109. McMaster P. Transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in an era of organ shortage. Lancet 2000; 355: 424-425
110. Mackie J, Groves K, Hoyle A, Garcia C, Garcia R, Gunson B, Neuberger J. Orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: a retrospective analysis of survival, recidivism, and risk factors predisposing to recidivism. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 418-427
111. Adam R, McMaster P, O'Grady JG, Castaing D, Klempnauer JL, Jamieson N, Neuhaus P, Lerut J, Salizzoni M, Pollard S, Muhlbacher F, Rogiers X, Garcia Valdecasas JC, Berenguer J, Jaeck D, Moreno Gonzalez E. Evolution of liver transplantation in Europe: report of the European Liver Transplant Registry. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 1231-1243
112. Björnsson E, Olsson J, Rydell A, Fredriksson K, Eriksson C, Sjöberg C, Olausson M, Bäckman L, Castedal M, Friman S. Long-term follow-up of patients with alcoholic liver disease after liver transplantation in Sweden: impact of structured management on recidivism. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 206-216
113. OPTN/SRTR annual report 2006: transplant data 1996-2005. Available from: URL: http://www.ustransplant.org/annual_reports/archives/2006. Accessed February 2009
114. Gerhardt TC, Goldstein RM, Urschel HC, Tripp LE, Levy MF, Husberg BS, Jennings LW, Gonwa TA, Klintmalm GB. Alcohol use following liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis. Transplantation 1996; 62: 1060-1063
115. Kumar S, Stauber RE, Gavaler JS, Basista MH, Dindzans VJ, Schade RR, Rabinovitz M, Tarter RE, Gordon R, Starzl TE. Orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1990; 11: 159-164
116. Cuadrado A, Fábrega E, Casafont F, Pons-Romero F. Alcohol recidivism impairs long-term patient survival after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 420-426
117. Burra P, Mioni D, Cillo U, Fagiuoli S, Senzolo M, Naccarato R, Martines D. Long-term medical and psycho-social evaluation of patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Transpl Int 2000; 13 Suppl 1: S174-S178
118. Haagsma EB, Hagens VE, Schaapveld M, van den Berg AP, de Vries EG, Klompmaker IJ, Slooff MJ, Jansen PL. Increased cancer risk after liver transplantation: a population-based study. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 84-91
119. Saigal S, Norris S, Muiesan P, Rela M, Heaton N, O'Grady J. Evidence of differential risk for posttransplantation malignancy based on pretransplantation cause in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 482-487
120. Kelly DM, Emre S, Guy SR, Miller CM, Schwartz ME, Sheiner PA. Liver transplant recipients are not at increased risk for nonlymphoid solid organ tumors. Cancer 1998; 83: 1237-1243
121. Duvoux C, Delacroix I, Richardet JP, Roudot-Thoraval F, Métreau JM, Fagniez PL, Dhumeaux D, Cherqui D. Increased incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas after liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis. Transplantation 1999; 67: 418-421
122. Kenngott S, Gerbes AL, Schauer R, Bilzer M. Rapid development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after liver transplantation for alcohol-induced cirrhosis. Transpl Int 2003; 16: 639-641
123. Platz KP, Mueller AR, Spree E, Schumacher G, Nüssler NC, Rayes N, Glanemann M, Bechstein WO, Neuhaus P. Liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis. Transpl Int 2000; 13 Suppl 1: S127-S130
124. Pageaux GP, Bismuth M, Perney P, Costes V, Jaber S, Possoz P, Fabre JM, Navarro F, Blanc P, Domergue J, Eledjam JJ, Larrey D. Alcohol relapse after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: does it matter? J Hepatol 2003; 38: 629-634
125. Levy MF, Jennings L, Abouljoud MS, Mulligan DC, Goldstein RM, Husberg BS, Gonwa TA, Klintmalm GB. Quality of life improvements at one, two, and five years after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1995; 59: 515-518
126. Painter P, Krasnoff J, Paul SM, Ascher NL. Physical activity and health-related quality of life in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 213-219
127. Cowling T, Jennings LW, Goldstein RM, Sanchez EQ, Chinnakotla S, Klintmalm GB, Levy MF. Societal reintegration after liver transplantation: findings in alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related transplant recipients. Ann Surg 2004; 239: 93-98
128. Bravata DM, Keeffe EB. Quality of life and employment after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: S119-S123
129. Pereira SP, Howard LM, Muiesan P, Rela M, Heaton N, Williams R. Quality of life after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 762-768
130. Coffman KL, Hoffman A, Sher L, Rojter S, Vierling J, Ma-kowka L. Treatment of the postoperative alcoholic liver transplant recipient with other addictions. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 322-327
131. Fuller RK. Definition and diagnosis of relapse to drinking. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 258-262
132. Everson G, Bharadhwaj G, House R, Talamantes M, Bilir B, Shrestha R, Kam I, Wachs M, Karrer F, Fey B, Ray C, Steinberg T, Morgan C, Beresford TP. Long-term follow-up of patients with alcoholic liver disease who underwent hepatic transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 263-274
133. Pereira SP, Williams R. Alcohol relapse and functional outcome after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 204-205
134. Day E, Best D, Sweeting R, Russell R, Webb K, Georgiou G, Neuberger J. Detecting lifetime alcohol problems in individuals referred for liver transplantation for nonalcoholic liver failure. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 1609-1613
135. Irvin JE, Bowers CA, Dunn ME, Wang MC. Efficacy of relapse prevention: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999; 67: 563-570
136. Miller WR, Wilbourne PL. Mesa Grande: a methodological analysis of clinical trials of treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction 2002; 97: 265-277
137. Crawshaw R, Garland MJ, Hines B, Lobitz C. Oregon Health Decisions. An experiment with informed community consent. JAMA 1985; 254: 3213-3216
138. Leshner AI. Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science 1997; 278: 45-47
139. Berlakovich GA. Wasting your organ with your lifestyle and receiving a new one? Ann Transplant 2005; 10: 38-43
140. Ubel PA. Transplantation in alcoholics: separating prognosis and responsibility from social biases. Liver Transpl Surg 1997; 3: 343-346
141. Hrubec Z, Omenn GS. Evidence of genetic predisposition to alcoholic cirrhosis and psychosis: twin concordances for alcoholism and its biological end points by zygosity among male veterans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1981; 5: 207-215
142. Georgiou G, Webb K, Griggs K, Copello A, Neuberger J, Day E. First report of a psychosocial intervention for patients with alcohol-related liver disease undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 772-775