Sources of variability in recovery time from methohexital sodium anesthesia in snakes

Copeia

Volumn , Issue 3, 2010, Pages 496-501

  Preston, Daniel L ^a   Mosley, Craig A E ^b   Mason, Robert T ^a,c  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c Canada West Veterinary Specialists and Critical Care Hospital   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC; BODY CONDITION; BODY MASS; PARTURITION; SNAKE; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

REPTILIA; SERPENTES; THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS PARIETALIS;

EID: 77957335587     PISSN: 00458511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1643/CP-09-091     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Andersen, J. B., B. C. Rourke, V. J. Caiozzo, A. F. Bennet, and J. W. Hicks. 2005. Postprandial cardiac hypertrophy in pythons. Nature 434:37-38.
2. Anderson, N. L., R. F. Wack, L. Calloway, T. E. Hetherington, and J. B. Williams. 1999. Cardiopulmonary effects and efficacy of propofol as an anesthetic agent in brown tree snakes, Boiga irregularis. Bulletin of the Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians 9:9-15.
3. Arena, P. C., K. C. Richardson, and L. K. Cullen. 1988. Anaesthesia in two species of large Australian skink. The Veterinary Record 123:155-158.
4. Bertelsen, M. F. 2007. Squamates (snakes and lizards), p. 233-243. In: Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. G. West, D. Heard, and N. Caulket (eds.). Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa.
5. Bickel, M. H. 1984. The role of adipose tissue in the distribution and storage of drugs. Progress in Drug Research 28:273-303.
6. Blouin-Demers, G., and P. J. Weatherhead. 2001. Habitat use by black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta) in fragmented forests. Ecology 82:2882-2896.
7. Blouin-Demers, G., P. J. Weatherhead, C. M. Shilton, C. E. Parent, and G. P. Brown. 2000. Use of inhalant anesthetics in three snake species. Contemporary Herpetology 2000, Number 4.
8. Cooper, J. E. 1974. Ketamine hydrochloride as an anaesthetic for East African reptiles. The Veterinary Record 95:37-41.
9. Crocker, C. E., G. R. Ultsch, and D. C. Jackson. 1999. The physiology of diving in a north-temperate and three tropical turtle species. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 169:249-255.
10. Dohm, L., and D. Brunson. 1998. Effective dose of isoflurane for the desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) and the effect of hypothermia on effective dose. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Anesthetists 1998:543.
11. Gans, C., F. De Vree, and D. Carrier. 1985. Usage pattern of the complex masticatory muscles in the shingleback lizard, Trachydosaurus rugosus: a model for muscle placement. The American Journal of Anatomy 173:219-240.
12. Gatesy, S. M. 1990. Caudefemoral musculature and the evolution of theropod locomotion. Paleobiology 16:170-186.
13. Gaztelu, J. M., E. Garcia-Aust, and T. H. Bullock. 1991. Electrocortigrams of hippocampal and dorsal cortex of two reptiles: comparison with possible mammalian homologs. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 37:144-160.
14. Gillis, P. P., R. J. Deangelis, and R. L. Wynn. 1976. Nonlinear pharmacokinetic model of intravenous anesthesia. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 65:1001-1006.
15. Glenn, J. L., R. Straight, and C. C. Snyder. 1972. Clinical use of ketamine hydrochloride as an anesthetic agent for snakes. American Journal of Veterinary Research 33:1901-1903.
16. Greenwald, O. E. 1971. The effect of body temperature on oxygen consumption and heart rate in the Sonora gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer affinis Hallowell. Copeia 1971:98-106.
17. Gregory, P. T., L. H. Crampton, and K. M. Skebo. 1999. Conflicts and interaction among reproduction, thermoregulation and feeding in viviparous reptiles: Are gravid snakes anorexic? Journal of Zoology 248:231-241.
18. Hill, R. E., and S. P. Mackessy. 1997. Venom yields from several species of colubrid snakes and differential effects of ketamine. Toxicon 35:671-678.
19. Holz, P., and R. M. Holz. 1994. Evaluation of ketamine, ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/midazolam anesthesia in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 25:531-537.
20. Hudson, R. J., D. R. Stanski, and P. G. Burch. 1983. Pharmacokinetics of methohexital and thiopental in surgical patients. Anesthesiology 59:215-219.
21. Jackson, D. C., A. L. Ramsey, J. M. Paulson, G. E. Crocker, and G. R. Ultsch. 2000. Lactic acid buffering by bone and shell in anoxic softshell and painted turtles. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73:290-297.
22. Karlstrom, E. L., and S. F. Cook. 1955. Notes on snake anesthesia. Copeia 1955:57-58.
23. Krohmer, R. W., D. Martinez, and R. T. Mason. 2004. Development of the renal sexual segment in immature snakes: effect of sex steroid hormones. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 139:55-64.
24. Luiselli, L., M. Capula, and R. Shine. 1996. Reproductive output, costs of reproduction, and ecology of the smooth snake, Coronella austriaca, in the eastern Italian Alps. Oecologia 106:100-110.
25. Lutterschmidt, D. I., M. P. Lemaster, and R. T. Mason. 2006. Minimal overwintering temperatures of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis): a possible cue for emergence? Canadian Journal of Zoology 84:771-777.
26. Lysenko, S., and J. E. Gillis. 1980. The effect of ingestive status on the thermoregulatory behavior of Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis and Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Journal of Herpetology 14:155-159.
27. Madsen, T., and R. Shine. 1993. Costs of reproduction in a population of European adders. Oecologia 94:488-495.
28. Miller, L. R., and W. H. N. Gutzke. 1998. Sodium brevital as an anesthetizing agent for crotalines. Herpetological Review 29:16.
29. Miller, L. R., and W. H. N. Gutzke. 1999. The role of the vomeronasal organ of crotalines (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) in predator detection. Animal Behavior 58:53-57.
30. Mosley, C. A. E. 2005. Anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 14:243-262.
31. Nelson, R. J., R. T. Mason, R. W. Krohmer, and D. Crews. 1987. Pinealectomy blocks vernal courtship behavior in red-sided garter snakes. Physiology and Behavior 39:231-233.
32. Nichols, D. K., and E. W. Lamirande. 1994. Use of methohexital sodium as an anesthetic in two species of colubrid snakes. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 1994:161-162.
33. Read, M. R. 2004. Evaluation of the use of anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 224:547-552.
34. Schumacher, J. 2007. Chelonians (turtles, tortoises and terrapins), p. 260-266. In: Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. G. West, D. Heard, and N. Caulket (eds.). Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa.
35. Secor, S. M., J. W. Hicks, and A. F. Bennett. 2000. Ventilatory and cardiovascular responses of a python (Python molurus) to exercise and digestion. The Journal of Experimental Biology 203:2447-2454.
36. Shine, R., M. J. Elphick, P. J. Harlow, I. T. Moore, M. L. Lemaster, and R. T. Mason. 2001. Movements, mating and dispersal of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) from a communal den in Manitoba. Copeia 2001:81-91.
37. Smith, K. K. 1982. An electromyographic study of the function of the jaw adducting muscles in Varanus exanthematicus (Varanidae). Journal of Morphology 173:137-158.
38. Throckmorton, G. S. 1981. Ketamine hydrochloride as an anesthetic agent for lizard surgery. Copeia 1981:241-243.
39. Wang, T., M. Busk, and J. Overgaard. 2001. The respiratory consequences of feeding in amphibians and reptiles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 128:535-549.
40. Wang, R. T., J. L. Kubie, and M. Halpern. 1977. Brevital sodium: an effective anesthetic agent for performing surgery on small reptiles. Copeia 1977:738-743.