Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the public stigma of mental illness

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 907-922

  Corrigan, Patrick W ^a   Shapiro, Jenessa R ^b  

^a ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Measurement; Serious mental illness; Stigma

Indexed keywords

AWARENESS; BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; EVALUATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; KNOWLEDGE; MENTAL DISEASE; PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STEREOTYPY;

BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PREJUDICE; PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIAL STIGMA;

EID: 77957333226     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.004     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Ajzen I., Fishbein M. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior 1980, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
2. Ajzen I., Manstead A.S. Changing health-related behaviours: An approach based on the theory of planned behaviour. The scope of social psychology: Theory and applications 2007, 43-63. Psychology Press, New York, NY, US. M. Hewstone, H.A.W. Schut, J.B.F. De Wit, K. Van Den Bos, M.S. Stroebe (Eds.).
3. Allport G.W. The nature of prejudice 1954, Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, MA.
4. th edition) 1994, APA press, Washington DC.
5. American Psychiatric Association The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (4th edition, text revision) 2004, APA press, Washington DC.
6. Anastasi A. Psychological testing 1961, Macmillan, Oxford, England. 2nd ed.
7. Angermeyer M.C., Matschinger H. The effect of violent attacks by schizophrenic persons on the attitude of the public towards the mentally ill. Social Science & Medicine 1996, 43(12):1721-1728.
8. Antonak R.F., Livneh H. Development, psychometric analysis, and validation of an error-choice test to measure attitudes toward persons with epilepsy. Rehabilitation Psychology 1995, 40:25-38.
9. Antonak R.F., Livneh H. Direct and indirect methods to measure attitudes toward persons with disabilities, with an exegesis of the error-choice method. Rehabilitation Psychology 1995, 40:3-24.
10. Arboleda-Flórez J., Sartorius N. Understanding the stigma of mental illness: Theory and Interventions 2008, Wiley, West Sussex, England.
11. Motivational interviewing in the treatment of psychological problems 2008, Guilford Press, New York. H. Arkowitz, H.A. Westra, W.R. Miller, S. Rollnick (Eds.).
12. Aronson E., Blaney N., Stephin C., Sikes J., Snapp M. The jigsaw classroom 1978, Sage Publishing Company, Beverly Hills, CA.
13. Baldinger A.L., Blair E., Echambadi R. Why brands grow. Journal of Advertising Research 2002, 42(1):7-14.
14. Barnes J. Methods of measuring community characteristics. Child Psychology & Psychiatry Review 1997, 2(4):163-169.
15. Bellack A.S., Brown C.H., Thomas-Lohrman S. Psychometric characteristics of role-play assessments of social skill in schizophrenia. Behavior Therapy. 2006, 37:339-352.
16. Blanchard F.A., Weigel R.H., Cook S.W. The effect of relative competence of group members upon interpersonal attraction in cooperating interracial groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1975, 32:519-530.
17. Blascovich J., Mendes W.B., Hunter S.B., Lickel B. Stigma, threat, and social interactions. The social psychology of stigma 2000, 307-333. Guilford Press, New York. T.F. Heatherton, R.E. Kleck, M.R. Hebl, J.G. Hull (Eds.).
18. Blascovich J., Mendes W.B., Hunter S.B., Lickel B., Kowai-Bell N. Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 80(2):253-267.
19. Blascovich J., Mendes W.B., Tomaka J., Salomon K., Seery M. The robust nature of the biopsychosocial model challenge and threat: A reply to Wright and Kirby. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2003, 7(3):234-243.
20. Bogart L.M., Uyeda K. Community-based participatory research: Partnering with communities for effective and sustainable behavioral health interventions. Health Psychology 2009, 28(4):391-393.
21. Brodie R.J., Winklhofer H., Coviello N.E., Johnston W.J. Is e-marketing coming of age? An examination of the penetration of e-marketing and firm performance. Journal of Interactive Marketing 2007, 21(1):3-31.
22. Brondolo E., Gallo L.C., Myers H.F. Race, racism and health: Disparities, mechanisms, and interventions. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2009, 32(1):1-8.
23. Brown K., Bradley L.J. Reducing the stigma of mental illness. Journal of Mental Health Counseling 2002, 24(1):81-87.
24. Buckley T.C., Blanchard E.B., Neill W.T. Information processing and PTSD: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review 2000, 20(8):1041-1065.
25. Chené R., García L., Goldstrom M., Pino M., Roach D.P., Thunderchief W., et al. Mental health research in primary care: Mandates from a community advisory board. Annals of Family Medicine 2005, 3(1):70-72.
26. Chiesa M., Hobbs S. Making sense of social research: How useful is the Hawthorne Effect?. European Journal of Social Psychology 2008, 38(1):67-74.
27. Christopher S., Watts V., McCormick A., Young S. Building and maintain trust in a community-based participatory research partnership. American Journal of Public Health 2008, 98(8):1398-1406.
28. Clarke N.E., Crewe N.M. Stakeholder attitudes toward ADA Title I: Development of an indirect measurement method. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 2000, 43:58-65.
29. Cohen J., Struening E.L. Opinions about mental illness in the personnel of two large mental hospitals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1962, 64:349-360.
30. Cook S.W. Experimenting on social issues: The case of school desegregation. AmericanPsychologist 1985, 40:452-460.
31. Corrigan P.W. Target-specific stigma change: A strategy for impacting mental illness stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2004, 28(2):113-121.
32. Corrigan P.W. How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist 2004, 59:614-625.
33. Corrigan P.W. Changing stigma through contact. Advances in Schizophrenia and Clinical Psychiatry 2005, 1:54-58.
34. Corrigan P.W., Gelb B. Three programs that use mass approaches to challenge the stigma of mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2006, 57:393-398.
35. Corrigan P.W., Kleinlein P. The impact of mental illness stigma. On the stigma of mental illness: Practical strategies for research and social change. 2005, 11-44. the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. P.W. Corrigan (Ed.).
36. Corrigan P.W., Larson J.E., Rusch N. Self-stigma and the "why try" effect: Impact on life goals and evidence-based practices. World Psychiatry 2009, 8:75-81.
37. Corrigan P.W., Lundin R.K. Don't call me nuts! Coping with the stigma of mental illness 2001, Recovery Press, Tinley Park, IL.
38. Corrigan P.W., Markowitz F., Watson A., Rowan D., Kubiak M.A. An attribution model of public discrimination towards persons with mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2003, 44:162-179.
39. Corrigan P.W., Penn D.L. Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. American Psychologist 1999, 54:765-776.
40. Corrigan P.W., Rafacz J.D., Hautamaki J., Walton J., Rusech N., Rao D., et al. Changing stigmatizing recollections about mental illness: The effects of NAMI's In Our Own Voice. Community Mental Health Journal 2010, 46:517-522.
41. Corrigan P.W., River L.P., Lundin R.K., Penn D.L., Wasowski K.U., Campion J., et al. Three strategies for changing attributions about severe mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2001, 27:187-196.
42. Corrigan P.W., Rowan D., Green A., Lundin R., River P., Uphoff-Wasowski K., et al. Challenging two mental illness stigmas: Personal responsibility and dangerousness. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2002, 28:293-310.
43. Corrigan P.W., Thompson V., Lambert D., Sangster Y., Noel J., Campbell J. Experiences with discrimination by people with mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2003, 54:1105-1110.
44. Corrigan P.W., Watson A.C. Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Journal of Psychiatry 2002, 1:16-19.
45. Corrigan P.W., Watson A.C. Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey on the frequency of dangerous behavior in individuals with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Research 2005, 136(2-3):153-162.
46. Corrigan P.W., Watson A.C., Barr L. The self-stigma of mental illness: Implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology 2006, 25(8):875-884.
47. Corrigan P.W., Watson A.C., Byrne P., Davis K. Mental illness stigma: Problem of public health or social justice?. Social Work 2005, 50:363-368.
48. Costanza E., Inverso S.A., Allen R., Maes P. EMG for subtle, intimate interfaces. Handbook of research on user interface design and evaluation for mobile technology 2008, 524-542. Information Science Reference/IGI Global, Hershey, PA. J. Lumsden (Ed.).
49. Courtwright A.M. Justice, stigma, and the new epidemiology of health disparities. Bioethics 2009, 23(2):90-96.
50. Covell N., McCorkle B.H., Weissman E., Summerfelt T., Essock S.M. What's in a name? Terms preferred by service recipients. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 2007, 34:443-447.
51. Crocker J., Major B., Steele C. Social Stigma. The handbook of social psychology 1998, 504-553. McGraw-Hill, New York. D. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, G. Lindsey (Eds.).
52. Devlin E., MacAskill S., Stead M. We're still the same people: Developing a mass media campaign to raise awareness and challenge the stigma of dementia. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing 2007, 12(1):47-58.
53. Dienstbier R.A. Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health. Psychological Review 1989, 96(1):84-100.
54. Dillman D. Mail and internet surveys: The tailored design method 2000, John Wiley, New York. 2nd edition.
55. Dooley P.A. Perceptions of the onset controllability of AIDS and helping judgments: An attributional analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1995, 25(10):858-869.
56. EI-Gadi S., Abudher A., Sammud M. HIV-related knowledge and stigma among high school students in Libya. International Journal of STD & AIDS 2008, 19(3):178-183.
57. Farina A. Stigma. Handbook of social functioning in schizophrenia 1998, 247-279. Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights. K.T. Mueser, N. Tarrier (Eds.).
58. Finkelstein J., Lapshin O., Wasserman E. Randomized study of different anti-stigma media. Patient Education & Counseling 2008, 71(2):204-214.
59. Finn C.A., Skadeczek I.E. Assessing the social validity of behavioral interventions: A review of treatment acceptability measures. School Psychology, Quarterly 2001, 16(2):176-206.
60. Fishbein M., Azjen I. Acceptance, yielding, and impact: Cognitive processes in persuasion. Cognitive responses in persuasion 1981, 339-359. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. R.E. Petty, T.M. Ostrom, T.C. Brock (Eds.).
61. Forster J., Higgins E.T., Strack F. When stereotype disconfirmation is a personal threat: How prejudice and prevention focus moderate incongruency effects. Social Cognition 2000, 18:178-197.
62. Fyock J., Stangor C. The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. British Journal of Social Psychology 1994, 33:331-344.
63. Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity 1963, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
64. Gotlib I.H., Krasnoperova E. Biased information processing as a vulnerability factor for depression. Behavior Therapy 1998, 29(4):603-617.
65. Graham S., Weiner, Zucker Attributional analysis of punishment goals and public reactions to O.J. Simpson. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 1997, 23(no. 4):331-346.
66. Graves R.E., Cassisi J.E., Penn D.L. Psychophysiological evaluation of stigma towards schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2005, 76(2-3):317-327.
67. Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review 1995, 102(1):4-27.
68. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:1464-1480.
69. Greitemeyer T., Weiner B. Asymmetrical attributions for approach versus avoidance behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2003, 29:1371-1382.
70. Herek G.M., Capitanio J. "Some of my best friends.": Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals attitudes towards gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1996, 22:412-424.
71. Hinshaw S.P. The mark of shame: Stigma of mental illness and an agenda for change 2007, Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY.
72. Hogan M.F. The President's New Freedom Commission: Recommendations to transform mental health care in America. Psychiatric Services 2003, 5(11):1467-1474.
73. Ickes W., Holloway R., Stinson L., Hoodenpyle T. Self-monitoring in social interaction: The centrality of self-affect. Journal of Personality 2006, 74:1-26.
74. Johnston L.C., Macrae C.N. Changing social stereotypes: The case of the information seeker. European Journal of Social Psychology 1994, 24(5):581-592.
75. Jones E.E., Farina A., Hastorf A.H., Markus H., Miller D.T., Scott R.A. Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships 1984, Freeman, New York.
76. Kazdin A. Assessing the clinical or applied significance of behavior change through social validation. Behavior Modification 1977, 1:427-452.
77. Kennedy C.H. The maintenance of behavior change as an indicator of social validity. Behavior Modification 2002, 26(5):594-604.
78. Kessler R.C. The national comorbidity survey: Preliminary results and future directions. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 1995, 5(2):139-151.
79. King E.B., Shapiro J., Hebl M.R., Singletary S., Turner S. The stigma of obesity in customer service: A mechanism of remediation and bottom-line consequences of interpersonal discrimination. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:579-593.
80. Social marketing: Improving the quality of life 2002, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. P. Kotler, N. Roberto, N. Lee (Eds.).
81. Laidlaw T.A. Consciousness raising at its best. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 1991, 32(2):151-153.
82. Lane J.L., Slavin S., Ziv A. Simulation in medical education: A review. Simulation & Gaming 2001, 32:297-314.
83. Lang A., Chung Y., Lee S., Shin M., Schwartz N. It's an arousing, fast-paced kind of world: The effects of age and sensation seeking on the information processing of substance-abuse PSAs. Media Psychology 2005, 7(4):421-454.
84. Lang A., Chung Y., Lee S., Zhao X. It's the Product: Do risky products compel attention and elicit arousal in media users?. Health Communication 2005, 17(3):283-300.
85. Lang A., Schwartz N., Lee S., Angelini J. Processing radio PSAs: Production pacing, arousing content, and age. Journal of Health Communication 2007, 12(6):581-599.
86. Lang A., Shin M., Bradley S.D., Wang Z., Lee S., Potter D. Wait! Don't Turn That Dial! More Excitement to Come! The Effects of Story Length and Production Pacing in Local Television News on Channel Changing Behavior and Information Processing in a Free Choice Environment. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 2005, 49(1):3-22.
87. Lee S., Kleinman A. Are somatoform disorders changing with time? The case of neurasthenia in China. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2007, 69(9):846-849.
88. Lee M., Shafran R. Information processing in eating disorders. Clinical Psychology Review 2004, 24(2):215-238.
89. Levin S., Van Laar C., Sidanius J. The effects of ingroup and outgroup friendships on ethnic attitudes in college: A longitudinal study. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 2003, 6:76-92.
90. Liberman R.P. Recovery from disability: Manual of psychiatric rehabilitation 2008, American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., Washington DC.
91. Link B.G., Phelan J.C. Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology 2001, 27:363-385.
92. Link B.G., Struening E., Cullen F.T., Shrout P.E., Dohrenwend B.P. A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment. Am Social Rev 1989, 54:400-423.
93. Link B.G., Stueve A., Phelan J. Psychotic symptoms and violent behaviors: Probing the components of 'threat/control-override' symptoms. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1998, 33:S55-S60.
94. Link B.G., Yang L., Phelan J., Collins P. Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2004, 30:511-541.
95. MacRae C., Bondenhausen G.V., Milne A.B., Jetten J. Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes of the rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 67:808-817.
96. Major B., O'Brien L. The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology. 2005, Vol. 56. WI: Annual Reviews, Chippewa Falls. S.T. Fiske (Ed.).
97. Mann C.E., Himelein M.J. Putting the person back into psychopathology: An intervention to reduce mental illness stigma in the classroom. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2008, 43(7):545-551.
98. Marshall, C., (personal communication, July 2009).
99. Martiniuk A.L.C., Speechley K.N., Secco M., Campbell M.K. Development and psychometric properties of the thinking about Epilepsy questionnaire assessing children's knowledge and attitudes about epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2007, 10(4):595-603.
100. Mendes W.B., Reis H.T., Seery M.D., Blascovich J. Cardiovascular correlates of emotional expression and suppression: Do content and gender context matter?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84(4):771-792.
101. Menec V.H., Perry R.P. Reactions to stigmas among Canadian students: Testing attribution-affect-help judgment model. Journal of Social Psychology 1998, 138:443-453.
102. Minkler M., Wallerstein M. Introduction to community based participatory research. Community Based Participatory Research for Health 2003, 3-26. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. M. Minkler, N. Wallerstein (Eds.).
103. Morawski J. Social psychology a century ago. American Psychologist 2000, 55:427-431.
104. National Mental Health Association. American Opinions on Mental Health Issues. Alexandria: NMHA, 1999.
105. Palfai T., Wagner E. Special series: Current perspectives on implicit cognitive processing in clinical disorders: Implications for assessment and intervention introduction. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2004, 11(2):135-138.
106. Peris T.S., Teachman B.A., Nosek B.A. Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness: Links to clinical care. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2008, 196(10):752-760.
107. Pescosolido B.A., Jensen P.S., Martin J.K., Olafsdottir S., Fettes D., Perry B.L. Public knowledge and assessment of child mental health problems: Findings from the National Stigma Study-Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2008, 47(3):339-349.
108. Pescosolido B.A., Wright E.R., Kikuzawa S. Stakeholder attitudes over time toward the closing of a state hospital. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 1999, 26(3):318-328.
109. Peters E., Burraston B., Mertz C.K. An emotion-based model of stigma susceptibility: Appraisals, affective reactivity, and worldviews in the generation of a stigma response. Risk Analysis 2004, 24:1349-1367.
110. Pettigrew T.F., Troop L.R. Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent metaanlytic findings. Reducing prejudice and discrimination 2000, 93-114. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. S. Oskamp (Ed.).
111. Phelan J.C. Genetization of deviant behavior and consequences for stigma: The case of mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2005, 46:307-322.
112. Phelan J.C., Link B.G., Stueve A., Pescosolido B.A. Public conceptions of mental illness in 1950 and 1996: What is mental illness and is it to be feared?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2000, 41(2):188-207.
113. Phelan J., Yang L., Cruz-Rojas R. Effects of attributing serious mental illnesses to genetic causes on orientations to treatment. Psychiatric Services 2006, 57:382-387.
114. Prochaska J.O., Wright J.A., Velicer W.F. Evaluating theories of health behavior change: A hierarchy of criteria applied to the transtheoretical model. Applied Psychology: An International Review 2008, 57(4):561-588.
115. Quinn N., Knifton L. Promoting recovery and addressing stigma: Mental health awareness through community development in a low-income area. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2005, 7(4):37-44.
116. Rabiner E.L., Wells C.F., Struening E., Schmeidler J. Toward a holistic model for predicting community reentry performance. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1983, 53(2):303-314.
117. Reinke R.R., Corrigan P.W., Leonhard C.L., Lundin R.K., Kubiak M.A. Examining two aspects of contact on the stigma of mental illness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2004, 23(3):377-389.
118. Reisenzein R. A structural equation analysis of Weiner's attribution-affect model of helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 50:1123-1133.
119. Reyna C., Weiner B. Justice and utility in the classroom: An attributional analysis of the goals of teachers' punishment and intervention strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology 2001, 93:309-319.
120. Robins L.N., Regier D.A. Psychiatric disorders in America 1991, The Free Press, New York.
121. Rogers E., Palmer-Erbs V. Participatory action research: Implications for research and evaluation in psychiatric rehabilitation. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 1994, 18:3-12.
122. Rüsch, N., Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Corrigan, P. W. (in press). Do people with mental illness deserve what they get? Links between meritocratic worldviews and implicit versus explicit stigma? European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences (Electronic publication ahead of print, March 16, 2010).
123. Schacter S., Singer J.E. Cognitive, social, and psychological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review 1962, 69:379-399.
124. Schneider E.F., Lang A., Shin M., Bradley S.D. Death with a story: How story impacts emotional, motivational, and physiological responses to first-person shooter video games. Human Communication Research 2004, 30(3):361-375.
125. Schulze B. Stigma and mental health professionals: A review of the evidence on an intricate relationship. International Review of Psychiatry 2007, 19(2):137-155.
126. Stone D.L., Hosoda M., Lukaszewski K.M., Phillips T.N. Methodological problems associated with research on unfair discrimination against racial minorities. Human Resource Management Review 2008, 18(4):243-258.
127. Struening E.L., Cohen J. Factorial invariance and other psychometric characteristics of five opinions about mental illness factors. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1963, 42:289-298.
128. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, SAMHSA., (2002). Results from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Volume I. Summary of National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NHSDA Series H-17, DHHS Publication No. SMA02-3758). Rockville, MD.
129. Swanson J.W., Holzer C.E., Ganju V.K., Jono R.T. Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1990, 41:761-770.
130. Taylor S.M., Dear M.J. Scaling community attitudes toward the mentally ill. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1981, 7:225-240.
131. Taylor S.M., Dear M.J., Hall G.B. Attitudes toward the mentally ill and reactions to mental health facilities. Social Science and Medicine 1979, 13D:281-290.
132. Teachman B.A., Wilson J.G., Komarovskaya I. Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness in diagnosed and healthy samples. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology 2006, 25(1):75-95.
133. Thornicroft G. Shunned: Discriminating against people with mental illness 2006, Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY.
134. Thornicroft G., Brohan E., Kassam A., Lewis-Holmes E. Reducing stigma and discrimination: Candidate interventions. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2008, 2:3.
135. Tourangeau Roger, Yan T. Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin 2007, 133(5):859-883.
136. Trickett E.J. Community psychology: Individuals and interventions in community context. Annual Review of Psychology 2009, 60:395-419.
137. Vanman E.J., Paul B.Y., Ito T.A., Miller N. The modern face of prejudice and structural features that moderate the effect of cooperation on affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, 73(5):941-959.
138. Vanman E.J., Saltz J.L., Nathan L.R., Warren J.A. Racial discrimination by low-prejudiced Whites facial movements as implicit measures of attitudes related to behavior. Psychological Science 2004, 15(11):711-714.
139. Varas-Díaz N., Marzán-Rodríguez M. The emotional aspect of AIDS stigma among health professionals in Puerto Rico. AIDS Care 2007, 19(10):1247-1257.
140. Vick S.B., Seery M.D., Blascovich J., Weisbuch M. The effect of gender stereotype activation on challenge and threat motivational states. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:624-630.
141. Wahl O.F. Media madness: Public images of mental illness 1995, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
142. Wahl O.F. Mental health consumers' experience of stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999, 25(3):467-478.
143. Watson A.C., Corrigan P.W., Angell B. What motivates public support for legally mandated mental health treatment?. Journal of Social Work Research 2005, 29:87-94.
144. Wegner D.M., Erber R., Zanakos S. Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood related thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 65:1093-1104.
145. Wegner D.M., Schneider D.J. Mental control: The war of the ghosts in the machine. Unintended thought 1989, 287-305. Guilford Press, New York. J. Uleman, J. Bargh (Eds.).
146. Weigel R.H., Wiser P.L., Cook S.W. The impact of cooperative learning experiences on cross-ethnic relations and attitude. Journal of Social Issues 1975, 31(1):219-244.
147. Weiner B. Judgments of responsibility: A foundation for a theory of social conduct 1995, Guilford, New York.
148. Weisbuch M., Seery M.D., Ambady N., Blascovich J. On the correspondence between physiological and nonverbal responses: Nonverbal behavior accompanying challenge and threat. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 2009, 33(2):141-148.
149. Wells K., Miranda J., Bruce M.L., Alegria M., Wallerstein N. Bridging community intervention and mental health services research. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 161(6):955-963.
150. Wolf M.M. Social validity: The case of subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1978, 11:203-214.
151. Wolff G., Pathare S., Craig T., Leff J. Community attitudes to mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 168(2):183-190.
152. Wright R.A., Kirby L.D. Cardiovascular correlates of challenge and threat appraisals: A critical examination of the biopsychosocial analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2003, 7(3):216-233.
153. Yang L.H., Kleinman A., Link B.G., Phelan J.C., Lee S., Good B. Culture and stigma: Adding moral experience to stigma theory. Social Science and Medicine 2007, 64(7):1524-1535.