Information processing biases in eating disorders

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 215-238

  Lee, Michelle ^a   Shafran, Roz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attention; Biases; Eating disorders; Memory

Indexed keywords

ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONCEPT FORMATION; EATING DISORDER; EMOTION; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MEMORY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; TASK PERFORMANCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 1842664343     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2003.10.004     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Ainsworth C., Waller G., Kennedy F. Threat processing in women with bulimia. Clinical Psychology Review. 22:2002;1155-1178.
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. 1994;American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
3. Baker J.D., Williamson D.A., Sylve C. Body-image disturbance, memory bias and body dysphoria: Effects of a negative mood induction. Behavior Therapy. 26:1995;747-759.
4. Bayless J.D., Kanz J.E., Moser D.J., McDowell B.D., Bowers W.A., Andersen A.E., Paulsen J.S. Neuropsychological characteristics of patients in a hospital-based eating disorder program. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 14:2002;203-207.
5. Ben-Tovim D.I., Walker M.K. Further evidence for the Stroop test as a quantitative measure of psychopathology in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 10:1991;609-613.
6. Ben-Tovim D.I., Walker M.K., Fok D., Yap E. An adaptation of the Stroop Test for measuring shape and food concerns in eating disorders: A quantitative measure of psychopathology? International Journal of Eating Disorders. 8:1989;681-687.
7. Black C.M.D., Wilson G.T., Labouvie E., Heffernan K. Selective processing of eating disorder relevant stimuli: Does the Stroop test provide an objective measure of bulimia nervosa? International Journal of Eating Disorders. 22:1997;329-333.
8. Boon B., Vogelzang L., Jansen A. Do restrained eaters show attention toward or away from food, shape and weight stimuli? European Eating Disorders Review. 8:2000;51-58.
9. Carter F.A., Bulik C.M., McIntosh V.V., Joyce P.R. Changes on the Stroop test following treatment: Relation to word type, treatment condition, and treatment outcome among women with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 28:2000;349-355.
10. Channon S., Hayward A. The effect of short-term fasting on processing of food cues in normal subjects. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 9:1990;447-452.
11. Channon S., Hemsley D., De Silva P. Selective processing of words in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 27:1988;259-260.
12. Clark D. A cognitive model of panic attacks. Rachman S., Maser J.D. Panic: Psychological perspectives. 1988;71-89 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.
13. Clark D.M., McManus F. Information processing in social phobia. Biological Psychiatry. 51:2002;92-100.
14. Cooper M.J., Anastadiades P., Fairburn C.G. Selective processing of eating-, shape-, and weight-related words in persons with bulimia nervosa. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 101:1992;352-355.
15. Cooper M., Fairburn C.G. Selective processing of eating, weight and shape-related words in patients with eating disorders and dieters. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 31:1992;363-365.
16. Cooper M., Fairburn C.G. Demographic and clinical correlates of selective information processing in patients with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 13:1993;109-116.
17. Cooper M., Fairburn C.G. Changes in selective information processing with three psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 33:1994;353-356.
18. Cooper M., Todd G. Selective processing of three types of stimuli in eating disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 36:1997;279-281.
19. Davidson E.J., Wright P. Selective processing of shape and weight-related words in bulimia nervosa: Use of a computerised Stroop test. Eating Behaviors. 3:2002;261-273.
20. De Ruiter C., Brosschot J.F. The emotional Stroop interference effect in anxiety: Attentional bias or cognitive avoidance? Behaviour Research and Therapy. 32:1994;315-319.
21. Fairburn C.G., Cooper P.J., Cooper Z., McKenna F.P., Anastasiades M.J. Selective information processing in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 10:1991;415-422.
22. Fairburn C.G., Cooper Z., Shafran R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A "transdiagnostic" theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 41:2003;509-528.
23. Fairburn C.G., Harrison P.J. Eating disorders. Lancet. 361:2003;407-416.
24. Fairburn C.G., Shafran R., Cooper Z. A cognitive behavioural theory of anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 37:1999;1-13.
25. Faunce G.J. Eating disorders and attentional disorders: A review. Eating Disorders. 10:2002;125-139.
26. Fox C.F. Neuropsychological correlates of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 11:1981;285-290.
27. Freeman R., Touyz S., Grant S., Rennie C., Gordon E., Beaumont P. In the eye of the beholder: Processing body shape information in anorexic and bulimic patients. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 10:1991;709-714.
28. Green M., Corr P., De Silva L. Impaired color naming of body shape-related words in anorexia nervosa: Affective valence or associative priming? Cognitive Therapy and Research. 23:1999;413-422.
29. Green M.W., Elliman N.A., Rogers P.J. Hunger, caloric preloading and the selective processing of food and body shape words. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 35:1996;143-151.
30. Green M., McKenna F.P. Developmental onset of eating related color-naming interference. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 13:1993;391-397.
31. Green M., McKenna F.P., De Silva M.S.L. Habituation patterns to color naming of eating-related stimuli in anorexics and non-clinical controls. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 33:1994;490-508.
32. Green M., Rogers P.J. Selective attention to food and body shape words in dieters and restrained non-dieters. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 14:1993;515-517.
33. Hermans D., Pieters G., Eelen P. Implicit and explicit memory for shape, body weight and food-related words in patients with Anorexia and non-dieting controls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 107:1998;193-202.
34. Huon G.F. The Stroop color-naming task in eating disorders: A review of the research. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention. 3:1995;124-132.
35. ICD-10 International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 1989 revision. 1992;World Health Organization, Geneva.
36. Jansen A., Huygens K., Tenney N. No evidence for a selective processing of subliminally presented body words in restrained eaters. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 24:1998;435-438.
37. Jones-Chesters M.H., Monsell S., Cooper P.J. The disorder-salient Stroop effect as a measure of psychopathology in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 24:1998;65-82.
38. Katzman D.K., Christensen B., Young A.R., Zipursky R.B. Starving the brain: Structural abnormalities and cognitive impairment in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 6:2001;146-152.
39. King G.A., Polivy J., Herman C.P. Cognitive aspects of dietary restraint: Effects on person memory. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 10:1991;313-321.
40. Long C.C., Hinton C., Gillespie N.K. Selective processing of food and body size words: Application of the Stroop test with obese restrained eaters, anorexics and normals. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 15:1994;279-283.
41. Lovell D., Williams J.M.G., Hill A.B. Selective processing of shape related words in women with eating disorders and those who have recovered. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 36:1997;421-432.
42. MacLeod C. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin. 109:1991;163-203.
43. MacLeod C., Mathews A., Tata P. Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 95:1986;15-20.
44. MacLeod C., Rutherford E., Campbell L., Ebsworthy G., Holker L. Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 111:2002;107-123.
45. Mathews A., MacLeod C. Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition and Emotion. 16:2002;331-354.
46. McDowell B.D., Moser D.J., Ferneyhough K., Bowers W.A., Andersen A.E., Paulsen J.S. Cognitive impairment in anorexia nervosa is not due to depressed mood. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 33:2003;351-355.
47. McManus F., Waller G., Chadwick P. Biases in the processing of different forms of threat in bulimic and comparison women. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 184:1996;547-554.
48. McNally R.J., English G.E., Lipke H.J. Assessment of intrusive cognitions in PTSD: Use of the modified Stroop paradigm. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 6:1993;33-41.
49. Mendlewicz L., Nef F., Simon Y. Selective handling of information in patients suffering from restrictive anorexia in an emotional Stroop test and a word recognition test. Neuropsychobiology. 44:2001;59-64.
50. Meyer C., Waller G., Watson D. Cognitive avoidance and bulimic psychopathology: The relevance of temporal factors in a nonclinical population. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 27:2000;405-410.
51. Mogg K., Bradley B.P. A cognitive-motivational analysis if anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 36:1998;809-848.
52. Mogg K., Bradley B.P. Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cognition and Emotion. 13:1999;713-740.
53. Mogg K., Bradley B.P. Selective processing of smoking-related cues in smokers: Manipulation of deprivation level and comparison of three measures of processing bias. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 16:2002;385-392.
54. Mogg K., Bradley B.P., Hyare H., Lee S. Selective attention to food-related stimuli in hunger: Are attentional biases specific to emotional and psychopathological states, or are they also found in normal drive states? Behaviour Research and Therapy. 36:1998;227-237.
55. Perpina C., Hemsley D., Treasure J., De Silva P. Is the selective information processing of food and body words specific to patients with eating disorders? International Journal of Eating Disorders. 14:1993;359-366.
56. Perpina C., Leonard T., Treasure J., Bond A., Banos R. Selective processing of food and body-related information and autonomic arousal in patients with eating disorders. Spanish Journal of Psychology. 1:1998;3-10.
57. Placanica J.L., Faunce G.J., Soames-Job R.F.S. The effect of fasting on attentional biases for food and body shape/weight words in high and low eating disorder inventory scorers. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 32:2002;79-90.
58. Posner M.I., Snyder C.R., Davidson B.J. Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 109:1980;160-174.
59. Rachman S. A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 35:1997;793-802.
60. Rapee R.M., Heimberg R.A.G. A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 35:1997;741-756.
61. Reiger E., Schotte D.E., Touyz S.W., Beumont P.J.V., Griffiths R., Russel J. Attentional Biases in eating disorders: A visual probe detection procedure. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 23:1998;199-205.
62. Rude S.S., Wenzlaff R.M., Gibbs B., Vane J., Whitney T. Negative processing biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion. 16:2002;423-440.
63. Sackville T., Schotte D.E., Touyz S.W., Griffiths R., Beaumont P.J.V. Conscious and preconscious processing of food, body weight and shape, and emotion-related words in women with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 23:1998;77-82.
64. Schotte D.E., McNally R.J., Turner M.L. A dichotic listening analysis of body weight concern in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 9:1990;109-113.
65. Sebastian S.B., Williamson D.A., Blouin D.C. Memory bias for fatness stimuli in the eating disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 20:1996;275-286.
66. Seddon K., Waller G. Emotional processing and bulimic psychopathology: Age as a factor among non-clinical women. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 28:2000;364-369.
67. Stewart S.H., Samoulek S.B. Effects of short-term food deprivation and chronic dietary restraint on the selective processing of appetitive-related cues. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 21:1997;129-135.
68. Stroop J.R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 18:1935;643-662.
69. Thorpe S.J., Salkovskis P.M. Information processing in spider phobics: The Stroop color naming task may indicate strategic but not automatic attentional bias. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 35:1997;131-144.
70. Vitousek K.B. The current status of cognitive-behavioral models of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Salkovskis P.M. Frontiers of cognitive therapy. 1996;383-418 Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA.
71. Vitousek K.B., Hollon S.D. The investigation of schematic content and processing in eating disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 14:1990;191-214.
72. Vitousek K.B., Orimoto L. Cognitive-behavioral models of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity. Dobson K., Kendall P.C. Psychopathology and cognition. Personality, Psychopathology, and Psychotherapy Series. 1993;191-243 Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
73. Walker M.K., Ben Tovim D.I., Paddick S., McNamara J. Pictorial adaptation of Stroop measures of body related concerns in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 17:1995;309-311.
74. Waller G., Meyer C. Cognitive avoidance of threat cues: Associations with EDI scores among a non-eating disordered population. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 22:1997;299-308.
75. Waller G., Meyer C., Ohanian V., Elliott P., Dickson C., Sellings J. The psychopathology of bulimic women who report childhood sexual abuse: The mediating role of core beliefs. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 189:2001;700-708.
76. Waller G., Watkins H., Shuck V., McManus F. Bulimic psychopathology and attentional biases to ego threats among non-eating-disordered women. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 20:1996;169-176.
77. Watkins P.C., Martin C., Muller S., Day S.K. Cognitive biases associated with feelings of fatness: Unhealthy responses to healthy messages. Advances in Health Care Research. 14:1995;67-73.
78. Williams J.M.G., Mathews A., MacLeod C. The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin. 120:1996;3-24.
79. Williamson D.A., Muller S.L., Reas D.L., Thaw J.M. Cognitive bias in eating disorders: Implications for theory and treatment. Behaviour Modification. 23:1999;556-577.