The evolution of cooperation

Quarterly Review of Biology

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 135-160

  Sachs, Joel L ^a   Mueller, Ulrich G ^a   Wilcox, Thomas P ^a   Bull, James J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Byproducts; Directed reciprocation; Mutualism; Partner choice; Partner fidelity feedback; Shared genes; Symbiosis

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOLOGY; COOPERATION; EVOLUTION; GENETIC SELECTION; HUMAN; REVIEW; SOCIOBIOLOGY; SYMBIOSIS;

ALGORITHMS; ANIMALS; COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; EVOLUTION; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; SELECTION (GENETICS); SOCIOBIOLOGY; SYMBIOSIS;

ANIMALIA; CEPHALOPODA; RHIZOBIUM;

EID: 1942544371     PISSN: 00335770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/383541     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Adams R M M, Mueller U G, Green A M, Narozniak J M. 2000. Garden sharing and garden stealing in fungus growing ants. Naturwissenschaften 87:491-493.
2. Alexander R D, Borgia G. 1978. Group selection, altruism, and the levels of organization of life. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:449-474.
3. Alexander R D. 1987. The Biology of Moral Systems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
4. Alonso W J, Schuck-Paim C. 2002. Sex-ratio conflicts, kin selection, and the evolution of altruism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99:6843-6847.
5. Anderson R M, May R M. 1982. Coevolution of hosts and parasites. Parasitology 85:411-426.
6. Arnold K E, Owens I P F. 1998. Cooperative breeding in birds: a comparative test of the life history hypothesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265:739-745.
7. Axelrod R, Hamilton W D. 1981. The Evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1390-1396.
8. Babcock R C, Heyward A J. 1986. Larval development of certain gamete-swapping scleractinian corals. Coral Reefs 5:111-116.
9. Baker A C, Rowan R. 1997. Diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) in scleractinian coral of the Caribbean and eastern Pacific. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium 2:1301-1306.
10. Baker A C. 2001. Ecosystems - reef corals bleach to survive change. Nature 411:765-766.
11. Balderston W L, Claus G. 1969. A study of the symbiotic relationship between Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal, a zooxanthella and the upside down Jellyfish, Cassiopeia sp. Nova hedwigia 17:373-382.
12. Batali J, Kitcher P. 1995. Evolution of altruism in optional and compulsory games. Journal of Theoretical Biology 175:161-171.
13. Beeman R W, Friesen K S, Denell R E. 1992. Maternal-effect selfish genes in flour beetles. Science 256:89-92.
14. Belda-Baille C A, Baille B K, Maruyama T. 2001. Specificity of a model cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Biological Bulletin 202:74-85.
15. Bell G. 1986. The evolution of empty flowers. Journal of Theoretical Biology 118:253-258.
16. Belt T. 1874. The Naturalist in Nicaragua. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Bernasconi G, Strassmann J E. 1999. Cooperation among unrelated individuals: the ant foundress case. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14:477-482.
18. Berry S S. 1912. The cephalopoda of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 32:255-362.
19. Bishop J D D, Sommerfeldt A D. 1999. Not like Botryllus: indiscriminate post-metamorphic fusion in a compound ascidian. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266:241-248.
20. Boettcher K J, Ruby E G. 1990. Depressed light emission by symbiotic Vibrio fischeri of the sepiolid squid Euprymna scolopes. Journal of Bacteriology 172:3701-3706.
21. Brown C R, Bomberger Brown M, Shaffer M L. 1991. Food-sharing signals among socially foraging cliff swallows. Animal Behaviour 42:551-564.
22. Brown J L. 1983. Cooperation - a biologist's dilemma. Advances in the Study of Behavior 13:1-37.
23. Bshary R. 2001. The cleaner fish market. Pages 146-172 in Economics in Nature: Social Dilemmas, Mate Choice and Biological Markets, edited by R Noë et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Bshary R. 2002. Biting cleaner fish use altruism to deceive image-scoring client reef fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269:2087-2093.
25. Bshary R, Grutter A S. 2002. Asymmetric cheating opportunities and partner control in a cleaner fish mutualism. Animal Behaviour 63:547-555.
26. Bull J J, Rice W R. 1991. Distinguishing mechanisms for the evolution of co-operation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 149:63-74.
27. Chittka L, Thompson J D, Waser N M. 1999. Flower constancy, insect psychology, and plant evolution. Naturwissenschaften 86:361-377.
28. Clay K. 1988. Fungal endophytes of grasses: a defensive mutualism between plants and fungi. Ecology 69(1):10-16.
29. Cockburn A. 1998. Evolution of helping behavior in cooperatively breeding birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic 29:141-177.
30. Coffroth M A, Santos S R, Goulet T L. 2001. Early ontogenetic expression of specificity in a cnidarian-algal symbiosis. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 222:85-96.
31. Connor R C. 1986. Pseudo-reciprocity: investing in mutualism. Animal Behaviour 34:1562-1584.
32. Connor R C. 1995a. The benefits of mutualism: a conceptual framework. Biological Reviews 70:427-457.
33. Connor R C. 1995b. Altruism among non-relatives: alternatives to the 'prisoner's dilemma.' Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10:84-86.
34. Crespi B J. 2001. The evolution of social behavior in microorganisms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16(4):178-183.
35. Darwin C. 1859. The Origin of Species. New York: Gramercy Books.
36. Dawkins R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Dawkins R. 1989. The Selfish Gene. New Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
38. Dean W R J, Siegfried W R, MacDonald I A W. 1990. The fallacy, fact and fate of guiding behavior in the greater honeyguide. Conservation Biology 4:99-101.
39. Denison R F. 2000. Legume sanctions and the evolution of symbiotic cooperation by rhizobia. American Naturalist 156(6):567-576.
40. Doebeli M, Knowlton N. 1998. The evolution of interspecific mutualisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95(15):8676-8680.
41. Dowling D N, Broughton W J. 1986. Competition for nodulation of legumes. Annual Review of Microbiology 40:131-157.
42. Dugatkin L A. 1997. Cooperation Among Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Ebert D, Bull J J. 2003. Challenging the trade-off model for the evolution of virulence: is virulence management feasible? Trends in Microbiology 11 (1):15-20.
44. Eshel I, Cavalli-Sforza L L. 1982. Assortment of encounters and evolution of cooperativeness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79:1331-1335.
45. Ewald P W. 1983. Host-parasite relations, vectors, and the evolution of disease severity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14:465-485.
46. Fadlallah T H. 1983. Sexual reproduction, development and larval biology in scleractinian corals, a review. Coral Reefs 2:129-150.
47. Fine P E M. 1975. Vectors and vertical transmission: an epidemiological perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 266:173-194.
48. Fisher R A. 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
49. Foster W A, Treherne J E. 1981. Evidence for the dilution effect in the selfish herd from fish predation on a marine insect. Nature 293:466-467.
50. Frank S A. 1994. Genetics of mutualism - the evolution of altruism between species. Journal of Theoretical Biology 170(4):393-400.
51. Frank S A. 1995. Mutual policing and repression of competition in the evolution of cooperative groups. Nature 377:520-522.
52. Frank S A. 2003. Perspective: repression of competition and the evolution of cooperation. Evolution 57:693-705.
53. Gamboa G J, Reeve H K, Ferguson D, Wacker T L. 1986. Nestmate recognition in social wasps: the origin and acquisition of recognition odours. Animal Behaviour 34:685-695.
54. Gamboa G J, Berven K A, Schemidt R A, Fishwild T G, Jankens K M. 1991. Kin recognition by larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica): effects of diet and prior exposure to conspecifics. Oecologia 86:319-324.
55. Gamboa G J, Grudzien T A, Espelie K E, Bura E A. 1996. Kin recognition pheromones in social wasps: combining chemical and behavioral evidence. Animal Behavior 51:625-629.
56. Gilbert F S, Haines N, Dickson K. 1991. Empty flowers. Functional Ecology 5:29-39.
57. Goulet T L. 1999. Temporal and spatial stability of zooxanthellae in octocorals [PhD dissertation]. Buffalo (NY) : State University of New York at Buffalo. 101 p.
58. Green A M, Adams R M M, Mueller U G. 2002. Extensive exchange of fungal cultivars between sympatric species of fungus growing ants. Molecular Ecology 11:191-195.
59. Greenberg L. 1979. Genetic component of bee odor in kin recognition. Science 206:1095-1097.
60. Grosberg R K, Quinn J F. 1986. The genetic control and consequences of kin recognition by the larvae of a colonial marine invertebrate. Nature 322:456-459.
61. Grutter A S. 1999. Cleaner fish really do clean. Nature 398:672-673.
62. Hagen M J, Hamrick J L. 1996. A hierarchical analysis of population genetic structure in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. Molecular Ecology 5:177-186.
63. Hamilton W D. 1964a. The genetical evolution of social behavior 1. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1-16.
64. Hamilton W D. 1964b. The genetical evolution of social behavior 2. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:17-52.
65. Hamilton W D. 1971. Geometry of the selfish herd. Journal of Theoretical Biology 31:295-311.
66. Harrison P L, Wallace C C. 1990. Reproduction, dispersal and recruitment of scleractinian corals. Pages 133-207 in Ecosystems of the World: Coral Reefs, edited by Z Dubinsky. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
67. Hensey S, McFall-Ngai M. 1992. A surface peptide of the bacterium Vibrio fischeri plays a key role in specificity and recognition in the symbiosis with the squid Euprymna scolopes. American Zoologist 32:37A.
68. Herre E A, West S A. 1997. Conflict of interest in a mutualism: documenting the elusive fig wasp-seed trade-off. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264:1501-1507.
69. Hoesch W. 1937. Ueber das "Honiganzeigen" von Indicator. Journal für Ornithologie 85:201-205.
70. Huth C J, Pellmyr O. 1999. Yucca moth oviposition and pollinator behavior is affected by past flower visits: evidence for a host-marking pheromone. Oecologia 119:593-599.
71. Huth C J, Pellmyr O. 2000. Pollen-mediated selective abortion in yuccas and its consequences for the plant-pollinator mutualism. Ecology 81(4):1100-1107.
72. Isack H A, Reyer H. 1989. Honeyguides and honey gatherers: interspecific communication in a symbiotic relationship. Science 243:1343-1346.
73. Izzo T J, Vasconcelos H L. 2002. Cheating the cheater: domatia loss minimizes the effects of ant castration in an Amazonian ant-plant. Oecologia 133:200-205.
74. Janzen D H. 1966. Coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias in Central America. Evolution 20:249-275.
75. Janzen D H. 1975. Pseudomyrmex nigripilosa: a parasite of a mutualism. Science 188:936-937.
76. Keller L, Ross K G. 1998. Selfish genes: a green beard in the red fire ant. Nature 394:573-575.
77. Kiers E T, Rousseau R A, West S A, Denison R F. 2003. Host sanctions and the legume-rhizobium mutualism. Nature 425:78-81.
78. Kuykendall L D. 1989. Influence of glycine max nodulation on the persistence in soil of genetically marked Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain. Plant Soil 116:275-277.
79. Lee K, Ruby E G. 1994a. Competition between Vibrio fischeri strains during initiation and maintenance of the light organ symbiosis. Journal of Bacteriology 176(7):1985-1991.
80. Lee K, Ruby E G. 1994b. Effect of the squid host on the abundance and distribution of symbiotic Vibrio fischeri in nature. Applied Environmental Microbiology 60:1565-1571.
81. Lenski R E, May R M. 1994. The evolution of virulence in parasites and pathogens - reconciliation between 2 competing hypotheses. Journal of Theoretical Biology 169:253-265.
82. Malcolm S B. 1986. Aposematism in a soft-bodied insect: a case for kin selection. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 18:387-393.
83. Marr D L, Brock M T, Pellmyr O. 2001. Coexistence of mutualists and antagonists: exploring the impact of cheaters on the yucca-yucca moth mutualism. Oecologia 128:454-463.
84. Maynard Smith J. 1964. Group selection and kin selection. Nature 201:1145-1147.
85. McFall-Ngai M J. 1990. Crypsis in the pelagic environment. American Zoologist 30:175-188.
86. McFall-Ngai M J, Ruby E G. 1991. Symbiont recognition and subsequent morphogenesis as early events in an animal-bacterial mutualism. Science 254:1491-1494.
87. McFall-Ngai M J, Hensey S. 1992. Occurrence of myeloperoxidase-like enzyme activity in symbiotic animal tissues. American Zoologist 32:40a.
88. Mélendez-Ackerman E, Campbell D R, Waser N M. 1997. Hummingbird behavior and mechanisms of selection on flower color in Ipomopsis. Ecology 78(8):2532-2541.
89. Michod R E. 1997. Cooperation and conflict in the evolution of individuality. I. Multilevel selection of the organism. American Naturalist 149:607-645.
90. Michod R E. 1999. Darwinian Dynamics, Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
91. Montgomery M K, McFall-Ngai M J. 1994. Bacterial symbionts induce host organ morphogenesis during early postembryonic development of the squid Euprymna scolopes. Development 120:1719-1729.
92. Moran N A, Wernegreen J J. 2000. Lifestyle evolution in symbiotic bacteria: insights from genomics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15:321-326.
93. Mueller U G, Rehner S A, Schultz T R. 1998. The evolution of agriculture in ants. Science 281:2034-2038.
94. Mueller U G. 2002. Ant versus fungus versus mutualism: ant cultivar conflict and the deconstruction of the attine ant-fungus symbiosis. American Naturalist 160:S67-S98
95. Mueller U G, Poulin J, Adams R M M. 2004. Symiont choice in a fungus-growing ant (Attini, Formicidae). Behavioral Ecology. In Press.
96. Muscatine L. 1990. The role of symbiotic algae in carbon and energy flux in reef corals. Pages 75-81 in Ecosystems of the World: Coral Reefs, edited by Z Dubinsky. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
97. Neff B D, Sherman P W. 2002. Decision making and recognition systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269:1435-1441.
98. Noë R. 1990. A veto game played by baboons: a challenge to the use of the prisoner's dilemma as a paradigm for reciprocity and cooperation. Animal Behaviour 39:78-90.
99. Noë R, Hammerstein P. 1994. Biological markets: supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice on cooperation, mutualism and mating. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 35:1-11.
100. Noë R, Hammerstein P. 1995. Biological markets. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10(8):336-339.
101. Noë R. 2001. Biological markets: partner choice as the driving force behind the evolution of mutualisms. Pages 93-118 in Economics in Nature: Social Dilemmas, Mate Choice and Biological Markets, edited by R Noë et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. Nowak M A, May R M. 1992. Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature 359:826-829.
103. Nowak M A, Sigmund K. 1998. Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature 393:573-575.
104. Nuismer S L, Thompson J N, Gomulkiewicz R. 2000. Coevolutionary clines across selection mosaics. Evolution 54(4):1102-1115.
105. Palmer J D. 1997. Organelle genomes: going, going, gone! Science 275:790-791.
106. Peck J R. 1993. Friendship and the evolution of cooperation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 162:195-229.
107. Pellmyr O, Thompson J N. 1992. Multiple occurrences of mutualism in the yucca moth lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:2927-2929.
108. Pellmyr O, Huth C J. 1994. Evolutionary stability of mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths. Nature 372:257-260.
109. Pellmyr O, Leebens-Mack J, Huth C J. 1996a. Non-mutualistic yucca moths and their evolutionary consequences. Nature 380:155-156.
110. Pellmyr, O, Leebens-Mack J. 2000. Reversal of mutualism as a mechanism for adaptive radiation in yucca moths. American Naturalist 156:S62-S76.
111. Perret X C, Staehelin C, Broughton W J. 2000. Molecular basis of symbiotic promiscuity. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64:180-201.
112. Pfennig D W, Gamboa G J, Reeve H K, Reeve J S, Ferguson I D. 1983. The mechanism of nestmate discrimination in social wasps (Polistes, Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 13:299-305.
113. Pfennig D W. 1997. Kinship and cannibalism. Bioscience 47:667-675.
114. Pfennig D W. 2002. Kin recognition. Pages 592-595 in Encyclopedia of Evolution, edited by M Pagel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
115. Queller D C. 1985. Kinship, reciprocity and synergism in the evolution of social behavior. Nature 318:366-367.
116. Queller D C. 2000. Relatedness and the fraternal major transitions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 355:1647-1655.
117. Queller D C, Ponte E, Bozzaro S, Strassmann J E. 2003. Single-gene greenbeard effects in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Science 299:105-106.
118. Ratnieks F L W, Visscher K. 1989. Worker policing in the honeybee. Nature 342:796-797.
119. Reeve H K. 1989. The evolution of conspecific acceptance thresholds. American Naturalist 133:407-435.
120. Reyes V G, Schmidt E L. 1979. Population densities of Rhizobium japonicum strain 123 estimated directly in soil and rhizospheres. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 37:854-858.
121. Richardson D S, Burke T, Komdeur J. 2002. Direct benefits and the evolution of female-biased cooperative breeding in Seychelles warblers. Evolution 56:2313-2321.
122. Rinkevich B, Weissman I L. 1992. Allogenic resorption in colonial protochordates: consequences of nonself recognition. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 16:275-286.
123. Riolo R L, Cohen M D, Axelrod R. 2001. Evolution of cooperation without reciprocity. Nature 414:441-443.
124. Rowan R, Knowlton N. 1995. Interspecific diversity and ecological zonation in coral algal symbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92:2850-2853.
125. Ruby E G. 1996. Lessons from a cooperative, bacterial-animal association: the Vibrio-fischeri-Euprymna scolopes light organ symbiosis. Annual Review of Microbiology 50:591-624.
126. Ruby E G, Lee K. 1998. The Vibrio fischeri-Euprymna scolopes light organ association: current ecological paradigms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64(3):805-812.
127. Saikkonen K, Faeth S H, Helander M, Sullivan T J. 1998. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:319-343.
128. Schardl C L, Clay K. 1997. Evolution of mutualistic endophytes from plant pathogens. Pages 221-238 in The Mycota V: Plant Relationships, edited by G C Carroll and P Tudzynski. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
129. Schemske D W, Bradshaw H D. 1999. Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in Monkeyflowers (Mimulus). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96(21):11910-11915.
130. Schnable P S, Wise R P. 1998. The molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertilization restoration. Trends in Plant Science Reviews 3(5):175-180.
131. Simms E L, Taylor D L. 2002. Partner choice in nitrogen-fixation mutualisms of legumes and rhizobia. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42:369-380.
132. Singley C T. 1983. Euprymna scolopes. Pages 69-74 in Cephalopod Life Cycles, Species Accounts, edited by P R Boyle. London: Academic Press.
133. Stanton M L, Palmer T M, Young T P, Evans A, Turner M L. 1999. Sterilization and canopy modification of a swollen thorn acacia tree by a plant-ant. Nature 401:578-581.
134. Tamm C O. 1991. Nitrogen in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
135. Taylor P D, Wilson D S. 1988. A mathematical model of altruism in haystacks. Evolution 42:193-196.
136. Trench R K. 1993. Microalgal-invertebrate symbioses: a review. Endocytobiosis and Cell Research 9:135-175.
137. Trivers R L. 1971. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46:35-57.
138. Trivers R. 1985. Social Evolution. Menlo Park (CA): Benjamin/Cummings Publishing.
139. Turner P E, Chao L. 1999. Prisoner's dilemma in an RNA virus. Nature 398:441-443.
140. Uvardi M K, Kahn M L. 1993. Evolution of the (Brady) Rhizobium-legume symbiosis: why do bacteroids fix nitrogen? Symbiosis 14:87-101.
141. Visick K G, Foster J, Doino J, McFall-Ngai M, Ruby E G. 2000. Vibrio fischeri lux genes play an important role in colonization and development of the host light organ. Journal of Bacteriology 182(16):4578-4586.
142. Wallace D C. 1999. Mitochondrial diseases of man and mouse. Science 283:1482-1488.
143. Waser N M, Price M V. 1981. Pollinator choice and stabilizing selection for flower color in Delphonium nelsonii. Evolution 35(2):376-390.
144. Wei S L, Young R E. 1989. Development of symbiotic bacterial luminescence in a nearshore cephalopod, Euprymna scolopes. Marine Biology 103:541-546.
145. West S A, Herre E A. 1994. The ecology of the New World fig-parasitizing wasps Idarnes and implications for the evolution of the fig-pollinator mutualism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 258:67-72.
146. West S A, Murray M G, Machado C A, Griffin A S, Herre E A. 2001. Testing Hamilton's rule with competition between relatives. Nature 409:510-513.
147. West S A, Pen I, Griffin A S. 2002a. Cooperation and competition between relatives. Science 296:72-75.
148. West S A, Kiers E T, Simms E L, Denison R F. 2002b. Sanctions and mutualism stability: why do rhizobia fix nitrogen? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269:685-694.
149. West-Eberhard M J. 1975. Evolution of social behavior by kin selection. Quarterly Review of Biology 50(1):1-33.
150. Wilkinson D M, Sherratt T N. 2001. Horizontally acquired mutualisms, an unsolved problem in ecology? Oikos 92(2):377-384.
151. Williams G C. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
152. Wilson D S. 1975. A general theory of group selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 72:143-146.
153. Wilson D S, Dugatkin L A. 1997. Group selection and assortative interactions. American Naturalist 149(2):336-351.