Establishing the psychometric qualities of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a trauma survivor sample

Psychiatry Research

Volumn 179, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 350-356

  Karairmak, Özlem ^a  

^a KOCAELI UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

CD RISC; Connor Davidson Resilience Scale; Resilience; Validity and reliability

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONNOR DAVIDSON RESILIENCE SCALE; CONTROLLED STUDY; COPING BEHAVIOR; CRONBACH ALPHA COEFFICIENT; CULTURAL FACTOR; EARTHQUAKE; EDUCATION; EGO STRENGTH; EXPLORATORY RESEARCH; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYNDROME SCALE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOMETRY; RELIABILITY; ROSENBERG SELF-ESTEEM SCALE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SURVIVOR; TURKEY (REPUBLIC); VALIDITY;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DISASTERS; EARTHQUAKES; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RESILIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SEX FACTORS; SURVIVORS; TURKEY;

EID: 77957229287     PISSN: 01651781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.09.012     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ahern N.R. Using the Internet to conduct research. Nurse Researcher 2005, 13(2):55-69.
2. Benetti C., Kambouropoulos N. Affect-regulated indirect effects of trait anxiety and trait resilience on self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences 2006, 41:341-352.
3. Bentler P.M. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin 1990, 107(2):238-246.
4. Block J., Kremen A.M. IQ and ego-resiliency: conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:349-361.
5. Bonanno G.A. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American Psychologist 2004, 59:20-28.
6. Campbell-Sills L., Cohan S.L., Stein M.B. Relationship of resilience to personality, coping and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006, 44:585-599.
7. Carbonaro M., Bainbridge J. Design and development of a process for web-based survey research. Alberta Journal of Educational Research 2000, 46(4):392-394.
8. Cobanoglu C., Warde B., Moreo P.J. A comparison of mail, fax and web-based survey methods. International Journal of Market Research 2001, 43(4):441-452.
9. Connor K.M., Davidson J.R.T. Development of a new resilience scale the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety 2003, 18:76-82.
10. Cuomo C., Sarchiapone M., Giannantonio M.D., Mancini M., Roy A. Aggression, impulsivity, personality traits, and childhood trauma of prisoners with substance abuse and addiction. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2008, 34:339-345.
11. Davidson J.R.T., Payne V.M., Connor K.M., Foa E.B., Rothbaum B.O., Hertzberg M.A., Weisler R.H. Trauma, resilience and saliostasis: effects of treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005, 20:43-48.
12. Davidson, D.S., Baldwin, D. J., Stein, R., Pedersen, R., Ahmed, S., Musgnung, J., et al., 2008. Effects of venlafaxine extended release on resilience in posttraumatic stress disorder: an item analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 23 (5), 299-303.
13. Dillman D.A. Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method 2000, Wiley, New York.
14. Dodding C.J., Nasel D.D., Murphy M., Howell C. All in for mental health: a pilot study of group therapy for people experiencing anxiety and/or depression and a significant other of their choice. Mental Health in Family Medicine 2008, 5:41-49.
15. Ertem Ö.I., Cin S. Responses to the 1999 earthquakes by pediatric training centers in Turkey: a call for action. Ambulatory Child Health 2001, 7:65-73.
16. Fava G.A. Well-being therapy: conceptual and technical issues. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1999, 68(4):171-179.
17. Fava G.A., Ruini C., Rafanelli C., Finos L., Salmaso L., Mangelli L., et al. Wellbeing therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2005, 74:26-30.
18. Flach F. Resilience: Discovering a New Strength in Times of Stress 1988, Ballantine, New York.
19. Flach F. Resilience: How to Bounce Back When the Going Gets Tough 1997, Hatherleigh Press, New York.
20. Floyd C. Achieving despite the odds: a study of resilience among a group of African American high school seniors. Journal of Negro Education 1996, 65(2):181-189.
21. Fredrickson B.L., Tugade M.M., Waugh C.E., Larkin G.R. What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th. 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84(2):365-376.
22. Gilgun J.F. Mapping resilience as process among adults with childhood adversities. The Dynamics of Resilient Families 1999, 41-70. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. H.I. McCubbin, E.A. Thompson, A.I. Thompson, J.A. Futrell (Eds.).
23. Gillespie B.M., Chaboyer W., Wallis M. The influence of personal characteristics on the resilience of operating room nurses: a predictor study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2007, 46(7):968-976.
24. Gordon E.W., Song L.D. Variations in the experience of resilience. Educational resilience in inner-city America: Challenges and prospects 1994, 27-43. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. M.C. Wang, E.W. Gordon (Eds.).
25. Hu L.T., Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 1999, 6:1-55.
26. Ilieva J., Baron S., Healey H.M. Online surveys in marketing research: pros and cons. International Journal of Market Research 2002, 44(3):362-380.
27. Jew C.L., Green K.E., Kroger J. Development and validation of a measure of resiliency. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 1999, 32(2):75-89.
28. Jöreskog K., Sörbom D. LISREL 8.50: Structural Equation Modeling 2001, vol. 1. Software International, Inc., Chicago.
29. Jorgensen I.E., Seedat S. Factor structure of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale in South African adolescents. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 2008, 20:23-32.
30. Judge T.A., Bono J.E. A rose by any other name: are neuroticism, self-esteem, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common construct?. Personality Psychology in the Workplace 2001, 93-118. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. B.W. Roberts, R.T. Hogan (Eds.).
31. Kashdan, T.B., Pelham, W.E., Lang, A.R., Loza, B., Jacob, R.G., Jennings, J.R., Blumenthal, J.D., Gnagy, E.M., 2002. Hope and optimism as human strengths in parents of children with externalizing disorders: stress is in the eye of the beholder. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 21 (4), 441-468.
32. Kelley T.M. Natural resilience and innate mental health. American Psychologist 2005, 60(3):265-271.
33. Khoshouei S.M. Psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) using Iranian students. International Journal of Testing 2009, 9:60-66.
34. Kline R.B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling 1998, The Guilford Press, New York.
35. Kobasa S.C. Stressful life events. personality. and health: an inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979, 37:1-11.
36. Lamond A.J., Depp C.A., Allison M., Langer R., Reichstadt J., Moore D.J., Golshan C., Ganiats T.G., Jeste D.V. Measurement and predictors of resilience among community-dwelling older women. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2009, 43:148-154.
37. Lyons J. Strategies for assessing the potential for positive adjustment following trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1991, 4:93-111.
38. Major B., Richards C., Cooper M.L., Cozarelli C., Zubek J. Personal resilience, cognitive appraisals, and coping: an integrative model of adjustment to abortion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74(3):735-752.
39. Miller E.D. Reconceptualizing the role of resiliency in coping and therapy. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2003, 8:239-246.
40. Miller E.D., Harvey J.H. The interface of positive psychology and a psychology of loss: a brave new world?. American Journal of Psychotherapy 2001, 55:313-322.
41. Pietrzak R.H., Dougles, C.J., Goldstein, M.B., Malley, J.C., Rivers, A.J., Morgan, C.A., Southwick, S.M., 2010. Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: the role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support. Journal of Affective Disorders 126 (1-2), 230-235.
42. Pyszczynski T., Greenberg J., Solomon S., Arndt J., Schimel J. Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin 2004, 130:435-468.
43. Rathunde K. Toward a psychology of optimal human functioning: what positive psychology can learn from the "experiential turns" of James, Dewey, and Maslow. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2001, 41(1):135-153.
44. Rew L., Taylor-Seehafer M., Thomas N.Y., Yockey R.D. Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2001, 33(1):33-40.
45. Richardson G.E., Neiger B.L., Jensen S., Kumpfer K.L. The resiliency model. Health Education 1990, 21(6):33-39.
46. Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-image 1965, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
47. Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-image 1989, Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, CT. Revised edition.
48. Roy A., Sarchiapone M., Carli V. Low resilience in suicide attempters: relationship to depressive symptoms. Depression and Anxiety 2007, 24:273-274.
49. Rutter M. Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985, 147:589-611.
50. Scheier M.F., Carver C.S. Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology 1985, 4:219-247.
51. Sedikides C., Rudich E.A., Gregg A.P., Kumashiro M., Rusbult C. Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy? Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 87:400-416.
52. Seligman M.E.P., Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology. American Psychologist 2000, 55:5-14.
53. Sexton, M.B., Byrd, M.R., von Kluge, S., 2010. Measuring resilience in women experiencing infertility using the CD-RISC: examining infertility-related stress, general distress, and coping styles. Journal of Psychiatric Research 44 (4), 236-241.
54. Snyder C.R., Harris C., Anderson J.R., Holleran S., Irving L.M., Gibb J., et al. The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991, 60:570-585.
55. Steiger J.H. Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1990, 25:173-180.
56. Steinhardt M., Dolbier C. Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. Journal of American College Health 2008, 56(4):445-453.
57. Tugade M.M., Frederickson B.L. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 86(2):320-333.
58. Wagnild G.M., Young H.M. Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement 1993, 1:165-178.
59. Wanberg C.R., Banas J.T. Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology 2000, 85:132-142.
60. Watson D., Clark L.A., Tellegen A. Development and validation of a brief measure of positive and negative affect: the PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 54:1063-1070.
61. Werner E., Smith R. Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood 1992, Cornell University Press, Ithica, NY.
62. Yu X., Zhang J. A comparison between the Chinese version of Ego-Resiliency Scale and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Psychological Science 2007, 30(5):1169-1171.
63. Yu X., Zhang J. Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson resilience-scale (CD-RISC). Social Behavior and Personality 2007, 35:19-30.