Using liposomes to target infection and inflammation induced by foreign body injuries or medical implants

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

Volumn 7, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 1175-1189

  Schroeder, Avi ^a   Turjeman, Keren ^a   Schroeder, Josh E ^c   Leibergall, Meir ^c   Barenholz, Yechezkel ^a,b  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^c Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Dexamethasone; Foreign body; Infection; Inflammation; Liposome; Medical device; Nanotechnology; Steroid

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFTAZIDIME; GENTAMICIN; LIPOSOME;

DEVICE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; ENTERITIS; FOREIGN BODY; FOREIGN BODY REACTION; IMPLANT; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE INFECTION; LIPID COMPOSITION; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PAIN; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; FOREIGN BODIES; HUMANS; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; LIPIDS; LIPOSOMES; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NANOPARTICLES; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS;

EID: 77957191301     PISSN: 17425247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.517519     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Milkovich SM, Rider G, Greaves D, et al. Application of data for prevention of foreign body injury in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2003;67(Suppl 1):S179-82
2. Losanoff JE, Richman BW, Jones JW. Foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract: when to wait and which to extract? Surg Endosc 2002;16(10):1498-1499
3. Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses requiring days away from work, 2007 United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
4. Occupational injury and illness classification manual US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 1992
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NIfOSaH, Division of Safety Research. Rate estimates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments, Atlanta, GA, 2000 http://www2a.cdc. gov/risqs/wrinjrate2.asp. [Updated 2000]
6. Dufort VM, Kotch JB, Marshall SW, et al. Occupational injuries among adolescents in Dunedin, New Zealand, 1990-1993. Ann Emerg Med 1997;30(3):266-273
7. Brooks DR, Davis LK, Gallagher SS. Work-related injuries among Massachusetts children: a study based on emergency department data. Am J Ind Med 2007;24(3):313-324
8. Barreto SM, Swerdlow AJ, Schoemaker MJ, Smith PG. Predictors of first nonfatal occupational injury following employment in a Brazilian steelworks. Scand J Work Environ Health 2000;26(6):523-528
9. Layde PM, Nordstrom DL, Stueland D, et al. Machine-related occupational injuries in farm residents. Ann Epidemiol 1995;5(6):419-426
10. Courtney TK, Matz S, Webster BS. Disabling occupational injury in the US construction industry, 1996. J Occup Environ Med 2002;44(12):1161-1168
11. Rom WM, Markowitz S. Environmental and occupational medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA; 2006
12. Thompson GJ, Mollan SP. Occupational eye injuries: acontinuing problem. Occup Med (Lond) 2009;59(2):123-125
13. Harris PM. Nonfatal occupational injuries involving the eyes, 2002. US Bureau of Labor Statistics
14. Parver LM, Dannenberg AL, Blacklow B, et al. Characteristics and causes of penetrating eye injuries reported to the National Eye Trauma System Registry, 1985-1991. Public Health Rep 1993;108(5):625-632
15. Malik SR, Gupta AK, Chaudhry S. A study on pattern of ocular injuries in Delhi. J All India Ophthalmol Soc 1968;16(4):178-182
16. Schultz RC. Facial injuries from automobile accidents: a study of 400 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 1967;40(5):415-425
17. Spallaccia F, Valentini V, Brunelli A, et al. Trauma to the anterior cranial base. Report of a case. Minerva Stomatol 1996;45(6):289-293
18. Ghoraba H. Posterior segment glass intraocular foreign bodies following car accident or explosion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2002;240(7):524-528
19. Okada N, Nakazato Y, Masuda T, et al. A case of glass foreign body migration originally caused by an automobile accident. Josai Shika Daigaku Kiyo 1983;12(2):267-272
20. Haoka N, Maeda Y. Foreign bodies in the paranasal sinuses following an automobile accident. Jibiinkoka 1972;44(5):357-360
21. Kosashvili Y, Hiss J, Davidovic N, et al. Influence of personal armor on distribution of entry wounds: lessons learned from urban-setting warfare fatalities. J Trauma 2005;58(6):1236-1240
22. Peyser A, Khoury A, Liebergall M. Shrapnel management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2006;14(10):S66-70
23. Peleg K, Rivkind A, Aharonson-Daniel L. Does body armor protect from firearm injuries? J Am Coll Surg 2006;202(4):643-648
24. Leibner ED, Weil Y, Gross E, et al. A broken bone without a fracture: traumatic foreign bone implantation resulting from a mass casualty bombing. J Trauma 2005;58(2):388-390
25. Belmont PJ Jr, Goodman GP, Zacchilli M, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of combat injuries sustained during the surge portion of operation Iraqi Freedom by a U.S. Army brigade combat team. J Trauma 2010;68(1):204-210
26. Aschkenasy-Steuer G, Shamir M, Rivkind A, et al. Clinical review: the Israeli experience: conventional terrorism and critical care. Crit Care 2005;9(5):490-499
27. McKenzie J, Tiernan E. Hidden shrapnel injury. Emerg Med J 2004;21:264-265
28. Stromberg BV. Symptomatic lead toxicity secondary to retained shotgun pellets: case report. J Trauma 1990;30(3):356-357
29. Kalinich JF, Emond CA, Dalton TK, et al. Embedded weapons-grade tungsten alloy shrapnel rapidly induces metastatic high-grade rhabdomyosarcomas in F344 rats. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113(6):729-734
30. Schroeder JE, Lowe J, Chaimsky G, et al. The migrating shrapnel - a rare cause of knee synovitis. Mil Med (In Press)
31. Thach AB, Ward TP, Dick JSN, et al. Intraocular foreign body injuries during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Ophthalmology 2005;112(10):1829-1833
32. Mines M, Thach A, Mallonee S, et al. Ocular injuries sustained by survivors of the oklahoma city bombing. Ophthalmology 2000;107(5):837-843
33. Thomas R, McManus JG, Johnson A, et al. Ocular injury reduction from ocular protection use in current combat operations. J Trauma 2009;66(4 Suppl):S99-103
34. Luttikhuizen DT, Harmsen MC, Van Luyn MJ. Cellular and molecular dynamics in the foreign body reaction. Tissue Eng 2006;12(7):1955-1970
35. Anderson JM. Biological responses to materials. Annu Rev Mater Res 2001;81-110:31
36. Wilson CJ, Clegg RE, Leavesley DI, Pearcy MJ. Mediation of biomaterial-cell interactions by adsorbed proteins: a review. Tissue Eng 2005;11(1-2):1-18
37. Honma T, Hamasaki T. Ultrastructure of multinucleated giant cell apoptosis in foreign-body granuloma. Virchows Arch 1996;428(3):165-176
38. Sakka S, Coulthard P. Implant failure: etiology and complications. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal In Press (Epub 2010 Jun 1; PMID: 20526267)
39. Brandt EN, editor. Improving medical implant performance through retrieval information: Challenges and opportunities. NIH Technology Assessment Conference Summary, Kensington, MD; 2000
40. Bergsma EJ, Rozema FR, Bos RR, de Bruijn WC. Foreign body reactions to resorbable poly(L-lactide) bone plates and screws used for the fixation of unstable zygomatic fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993;51(6):666-670
41. Bostman OM. Osteoarthritis of the ankle after foreign-body reaction to absorbable pins and screws: a three- to nine-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998;80(2):333-338
42. Bostman O, Hirvensalo E, Makinen J, Rokkanen P. Foreign-body reactions to fracture fixation implants of biodegradable synthetic polymers. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1990;72(4):592-596
43. Lim CB, Goldin RD, Darzi A, Hanna GB. Characterization of materials eliciting foreign body reaction in stapled human gastrointestinal anastomoses. Br J Surg 2008;95(8):1044-1050
44. Klinge U, Klosterhalfen B, Muller M, Schumpelick V. Foreign body reaction to meshes used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias. Eur J Surg 1999;165(7):665-673
45. Kronenberg J, Wolf M, Migirov L, et al. Foreign body reaction to cochlear implant. Otorhinolaryngol Nova 2001;11:207-209
46. Rudolph CM, Soyer HP, Schuller-Petrovic S, Kerl H. Foreign body granulomas due to injectable aesthetic microimplants. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23(1):113-117
47. Poveda R, Bagan JV, Murillo J, Jimenez Y. Granulomatous facial reaction to injected cosmetic fillers-a presentation of five cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2006;11(1):E1-5
48. Dijkema SJ, van der Lei B, Kibbelaar RE. New-fill injections may induce late-onset foreign body granulomatous reaction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115(5):76e-78e
49. Kawamura JY, Domaneschi C, Migliari DA, Sousa SO. Foreign body reaction due to skin filler: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;101(4):469-471
50. Jacobson JA, Powell A, Craig JG, et al. Wooden foreign bodies in soft tissue: detection at US. Radiology 1998;206(1):45-48
51. Sidharthan S, Mbako AN. Pitfalls in diagnosis and problems in extraction of retained wooden foreign bodies in the foot. Foot Ankle Surg 2010;16(2):e18-20
52. Boyse TD, Fessell DP, Jacobson JA, et al. US of soft-tissue foreign bodies and associated complications with surgical correlation. Radiographics 2001;21(5):1251-1256
53. Xing Y, Zhao J, Chen X, Song J. Elevated FDG uptake in right middle segmental bronchus impacted with foreign body. Clin Nucl Med 2009;34(4):241-242
54. Gasparovic H, Stern-Padovan R, Batinica S, et al. Intracardiac shrapnel in a polytraumatized child. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77(3):1083-1085
55. Symbas PN, Vlasis-Hale SE, Picone AL, Hatcher CR Jr. Missiles in the heart. Ann Thoracic Surg 1989;48:192-194
56. Chaudhry IA, Shamsi FA, Al-Harthi E, et al. Incidence and visual outcome of endophthalmitis associated with intraocular foreign bodies. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008;246(2):181-186
57. Mieler WF, Ellis MK, Williams DF, Han DP. Retained intraocular foreign bodies and endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 1990;97(11):1532-1538
58. Knox FA, Best RM, Kinsella F, et al. Management of endophthalmitis with retained intraocular foreign body. Eye 2004;18(2):179-182
59. Baumeister M, Kuhli-Hattenbach C, Luchtenberg M, Bendele AM. Corneal ulcer caused by a wooden foreign body in the upper eyelid 6 months after minor injury. Ophthalmologica 2006;220:397-399
60. Colyer MH, Weber ED, Weichel ED, et al. Delayed intraocular foreign body removal without endophthalmitis during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Ophthalmology 2007;114(8):1439-1447
61. Torchilin VP. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005;4(2):145-160
62. Schroeder A, Kost J, Barenholz Y. Ultrasound, liposomes, and drug delivery: principles for using ultrasound to control the release of drugs from liposomes. Chem Phys Lipids 2009;162(1-2):1-16
63. Barenholz Y. Amphipathic weak base loading into preformed liposomes having a transmembrane ammonium ion gradient: from the bench to approved Doxil. In: Gregoriadis G, editor, Liposome Technology. 3rd edition. Taylor & Francis, London; 2007
64. Gabizon AA. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: metamorphosis of an old drug into a new form of chemotherapy. Cancer Invest 2001;19(4):424-436
65. Gabizon A, Catane R, Uziely B, et al. Prolonged circulation time and enhanced accumulation in malignant exudates of doxorubicin encapsulated in polyethylene-glycol coated liposomes. Cancer Res 1994;54(4):987-992
66. Maeda H, Wu J, Sawa T, et al. Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: a review. J Control Release 2000;65(1-2):271-284
67. Yuan F, Leunig M, Huang SK, et al. Microvascular permeability and interstitial penetration of sterically stabilized (Stealth) liposomes in a human tumor xenograft. Cancer Res 1994;54:3352-3356
68. Cui H-F, Ye J-S, Leitmannova A, Tien HT. Advances in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes, lipid microvesicles: on the four decades of liposome research. Elsevier, Amsterdam; 2006
69. Rhen T, Cidlowski JA. Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids-new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med 2005;353(16):1711-1723
70. Stevens A, Lowe J, Young B. Acute inflammation, healing and repair in Wheaters Basic Histopathology. 4th edition. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, Scotland; 2002
71. Playfair JHL, Chain B. Acute inflammation in immunology at a glance. 8th edition. Blackwell, Oxford; 2005
72. Janeway C, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M. Immunobiology. 6th edition. Garland Publishing, New York; 2004
73. Kizelsztein P, Ovadia H, Garbuzenko O, et al. Pegylated nanoliposomes remote-loaded with the antioxidant tempamine ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2009;213(1):20-25
74. McDougall R, Sibley J, Haga M, Russell A. Outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving prednisone compared to matched controls. J Rheumatol 1994;21(7):1207-1213
75. Schmidt J, Metselaar JM, Wauben MH, et al. Drug targeting by long-circulating liposomal glucocorticosteroids increases therapeutic efficacy in a model of multiple sclerosis. Brain 2003;126(Pt 8):1895-1904
76. Metselaar JM, Wauben MH, Wagenaar-Hilbers JP, et al. Complete remission of experimental arthritis by joint targeting of glucocorticoids with long-circulating liposomes. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(7):2059-2066
77. Fielding RM, Abra RM. Factors affecting the release rate of terbutaline from liposome formulations after intratracheal instillation in the guinea pig. Pharm Res 1992;9(2):220-223
78. Garbuzenko OB, Saad M, Betigeri S, et al. Intratracheal versus intravenous liposomal delivery of siRNA, antisense oligonucleotides and anticancer drug. Pharm Res 2009;26(2):382-394
79. Sivan S, Schroeder A, Verberne G, et al. Liposomes act as effective biolubricants for friction reduction in human synovial joints. Langmuir 2010;26(2):1107-1116
80. Vail DM, Kurzman ID, Glawe PC, et al. STEALTH liposome-encapsulated cisplatin (SPI-77) versus carboplatin as adjuvant therapy for spontaneously arising osteosarcoma (OSA) in the dog: a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002;50(2):131-136
81. Wijagkanalan W, Higuchi Y, Kawakami S, et al. Enhanced anti-inflammation of inhaled dexamethasone palmitate using mannosylated liposomes in an endotoxin-induced lung inflammation model. Mol Pharmacol 2008;74(5):1183-1192
82. Banciu M, Schiffelers RM, Metselaar JM, Storm G. Utility of targeted glucocorticoids in cancer therapy. J Liposome Res 2008;18(1):47-57
83. Schiffelers RM, Metselaar JM, Fens MH, et al. Liposome-encapsulated prednisolone phosphate inhibits growth of established tumors in mice. Neoplasia 2005;7(2):118-127
84. Folkman J, Langer R, Linhardt RJ, et al. Angiogenesis inhibition and tumor regression caused by heparin or a heparin fragment in the presence of cortisone. Science 1983;221(4612):719-725
85. Lee K, Erturk E, Mayer R, Cockett AT. Efficacy of antitumor chemotherapy in C3H mice enhanced by the antiangiogenesis steroid, cortisone acetate. Cancer Res 1987;47(19):5021-5024
86. Penhaligon M, Camplejohn RS. Combination heparin plus cortisone treatment of two transplanted tumors in C3H/He mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985;74(4):869-873
87. Pucci M, Lotti T, Tuci F, et al. Modulation of growth of melanoma. Int J Dermatol 1988;27(3):167-169
88. Schmidt J, Gold R, Schonrock L, et al. T-cell apoptosis in situ in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis following methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Brain 2000;123(Pt 7):1431-1441
89. Zivadinov R. Steroids and brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2005;233(1-2):73-81
90. Linker RA, Weller C, Luhder F, et al. Liposomal glucocorticosteroids in treatment of chronic autoimmune demyelination: long-term protective effects and enhanced efficacy of methylprednisolone formulations. Exp Neurol 2008;211(2):397-406
91. Metselaar JM, Storm G. Liposomes in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005;2(3):465-476
92. van Everdingen AA, Jacobs JW, Siewertsz Van Reesema DR, Bijlsma JW. Low-dose prednisone therapy for patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis: clinical efficacy, disease-modifying properties, and side effects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2002;136(1):1-12
93. Kirwan JR, Bijlsma JW, Boers M, Shea BJ. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD006356
94. Avnir Y, Ulmansky R, Wasserman V, et al. Amphipathic weak acid glucocorticoid prodrugs remote-loaded into sterically stabilized nanoliposomes evaluated in arthritic rats and in a Beagle dog: a novel approach to treating autoimmune arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(1):119-129
95. Klotz U, Schwab M. Topical delivery of therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005;57(2):267-279
96. Howden CW, Robertson C, Duncan A, et al. Comparison of different measurements of intestinal permeability in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86(10):1445-1449
97. Teahon K, Somasundaram S, Smith T, et al. Assessing the site of increased intestinal permeability in coeliac and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996;38(6):864-869
98. Chourasia MK, Jain SK. Pharmaceutical approaches to colon targeted drug delivery systems. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2003;6(1):33-66
99. Press AG, Hauptmann IA, Hauptmann L, et al. Gastrointestinal pH profiles in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998;12(7):673-678
100. Gupta VK, Assmus MW, Beckert TE, Price JC. A novel pH- and time-based multi-unit potential colonic drug delivery system. II. Optimization of multiple response variables. Int J Pharm 2001;213(1-2):93-102
101. Van den Mooter G, Maris B, Samyn C, et al. Use of azo polymers for colon-specific drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 1997;86(12):1321-1327
102. Hu Z, Mawatari S, Shimokawa T, et al. Colon delivery efficiencies of intestinal pressure-controlled colon delivery capsules prepared by a coating machine in human subjects. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000;52(10):1187-1193
103. Meissner Y, Lamprecht A. Alternative drug delivery approaches for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. J Pharm Sci 2008;97(8):2878-2891
104. Jubeh TT, Barenholz Y, Rubinstein A. Differential adhesion of normal and inflamed rat colonic mucosa by charged liposomes. Pharm Res 2004;21(3):447-453
105. Sugarman B, Young EJ. Infections associated with prosthetic devices: magnitude of the problem. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1989;3(2):187-198
106. Bergan T. Pharmacokinetics of tissue penetration of antibiotics. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3(1):45-66
107. Fattal E, Rojas J, Youssef M, et al. Liposome-entrapped ampicillin in the treatment of experimental murine listeriosis and salmonellosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35(4):770-772
108. Bakker-Woudenberg IA, Lokerse AF, Roerdink FH, et al. Free versus liposome-entrapped ampicillin in treatment of infection due to Listeria monocytogenes in normal and athymic (nude) mice. J Infect Dis 1985;151(5):917-924
109. Desiderio JV, Campbell SG. Liposome-encapsulated cephalothin in the treatment of experimental murine salmonellosis. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1983;34(4):279-287
110. Tadakuma T, Ikewaki N, Yasuda T, et al. Treatment of experimental salmonellosis in mice with streptomycin entrapped in liposomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985;28(1):28-32
111. Fierer J, Hatlen L, Lin JP, et al. Successful treatment using gentamicin liposomes of Salmonella dublin infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34(2):343-348
112. Petersen EA, Grayson JB, Hersh EM, et al. Liposomal amikacin: improved treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the beige mouse model. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;38(5):819-828
113. Haber E, Danenberg HD, Koroukhov N, et al. Peritoneal macrophage depletion by liposomal bisphosphonate attenuates endometriosis in the rat model. Hum Reprod 2009;24(2):398-407
114. Pinto-Alphandary H, Andremont A, Couvreur P. Targeted delivery of antibiotics using liposomes and nanoparticles: research and applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;13(3):155-168
115. Bakker-Woudenberg IA, Schiffelers JM, Raymond M, et al. Long-circulating sterically stabilized liposomes in the treatment of infections. Methods Enzymol 2005;391:228-260
116. Okusanya OO, Bhavnani SM, Hammel J, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of liposomal amikacin for inhalation in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic pseudomonal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53(9):3847-3854
117. Dubey V, Nahar M, Mishra D, et al. Surface structured liposomes for site specific delivery of an antiviral agent-indinavir. J Drug Target in press (Epub 2010 Jul 7; PMID: 20604740)
118. Bakker-Woudenberg IA. Long-circulating sterically stabilized liposomes as carriers of agents for treatment of infection or for imaging infectious foci. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;19(4):299-311
119. Crommelin DJ, van Rensen AJ, Wauben MH, Storm G. Liposomes in autoimmune diseases: selected applications in immunotherapy and inflammation detection. J Control Release 1999;62(1-2):245-251
120. Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, Storm G, et al. Detecting infection and inflammation with technetium-99m-labeled Stealth liposomes. J Nucl Med 1996;37(8):1392-1397
121. Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, Storm G, et al. Labelled stealth liposomes in experimental infection: an alternative to leukocyte scintigraphy? Nucl Med Commun 1996;17(9):742-748
122. Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, van Bloois L, et al. Optimization of technetium-99m-labeled PEG liposomes to image focal infection: effects of particle size and circulation time. J Nucl Med 1997;38(3):489-493
123. Laverman P, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, et al. Liposomes for scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999;37:225-235
124. Dams ET, Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, et al. 99mTc-PEG liposomes for the scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation: clinical evaluation. J Nucl Med 2000;41(4):622-630
125. Schiffelers R, Storm G, Bakker-Woudenberg I. Liposome-encapsulated aminoglycosides in pre-clinical and clinical studies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;48(3):333-344
126. Davidson EM, Barenholz Y, Cohen R, et al. High-dose bupivacaine remotely loaded into multivesicular liposomes demonstrates slow drug release without systemic toxic plasma concentrations after subcutaneous administration in humans. Anesth Analg 2010;110(4):1018-1023
127. Gregoriadis G. Fate of injected liposomes: observations on entrapped solute retention vesicle clearance and tissue distribution in vivo in liposomes as drug carriers, recent trends and progress. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester; 1988
128. Morgan JR, Williams KE. Preparation and properties of liposome-associated gentamicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;17(4):544-548
129. Barza M, Baum J, Szoka F Jr. Pharmacokinetics of subconjunctival liposome-encapsulated gentamicin in normal rabbit eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25(4):486-490
130. Fishman PH, Peyman GA, Lesar T. Intravitreal liposome-encapsulated gentamicin in a rabbit model. Prolonged therapeutic levels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986;27(7):1103-1106
131. Barza M, Stuart M, Szoka F Jr. Effect of size and lipid composition on the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal liposomes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987;28(5):893-900
132. Kim EK, Kim HB. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreally injected liposome-encapsulated tobramycin in normal rabbits. Yonsei Med J 1990;31(4):308-314
133. Ladigina GA, Vladimirsky MA. The comparative pharmacokinetics of 3H-dihydrostreptomycin in solution and liposomal form in normal and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected mice. Biomed Pharmacother 1986;40(10):416-420
134. Swenson CE, Stewart KA, Hammett JL, et al. Pharmacokinetics and in vivo activity of liposome-encapsulated gentamicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34(2):235-240
135. Bermudez LE, Yau-Young AO, Lin JP, et al. Treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection of beige mice with liposome-encapsulated aminoglycosides. J Infect Dis 1990;161(6):1262-1268
136. Vladimirsky MA, Ladigina GA. Antibacterial activity of liposome-entrapped streptomycin in mice infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomed Pharmacother 1982;36(8-9):375-377
137. Li W, Szoka FC Jr. Lipid-based nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery. Pharm Res 2007;24(3):438-449
138. Xiong YQ, Kupferwasser LI, Zack PM, Bayer AS. Comparative efficacies of liposomal amikacin (MiKasome) plus oxacillin versus conventional amikacin plus oxacillin in experimental endocarditis induced by Staphylococcus aureus: microbiological and echocardiographic analyses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43(7):1737-1742
139. Litzinger DC, Buiting AM, van Rooijen N, Huang L. Effect of liposome size on the circulation time and intraorgan distribution of amphipathic poly(ethylene glycol)- containing liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1190(1):99-107
140. Schiffelers RM, Bakker-Woudenberg IA, Storm G. Localization of sterically stabilized liposomes in experimental rat Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia: dependence on circulation kinetics and presence of poly(ethylene)glycol coating. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1468(1-2):253-261
141. Soloman R, Gabizon AA. Clinical pharmacology of liposomal anthracyclines: focus on pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2008;8(1):21-32
142. Schroeder A, Sigal A, Turjeman K, Barenholz Y. Using PEGylated nano-liposomes to target tissue invaded by a foreign body. J Drug Targeting 2008;16(7-8):591-595
143. Danenberg HD, Golomb G, Groothuis A, et al. Liposomal alendronate inhibits systemic innate immunity and reduces in-stent neointimal hyperplasia in rabbits. Circulation 2003;108(22):2798-2804
144. Koromila G, Michanetzis GP, Missirlis YF, Antimisiaris SG. Heparin incorporating liposomes as a delivery system of heparin from PET-covered metallic stents: effect on haemocompatibility. Biomaterials 2006;27(12):2525- 2533
145. Antimisiaris SG, Koromila G, Michanetzis G, Missirlis YF. Liposome coated stents: a method to deliver drugs to the site of action and improve stent blood-compatibility. J Liposome Res 2006;16(3):303-309
146. Antimisiaris SG, Siablis D, Liatsikos E, et al. Liposome-coated metal stents: an in vitro evaluation of controlled-release modality in the ureter. J Endourol 2000;14(9):743-747
147. Kallinteri P, Antimisiaris SG, Karnabatidis D, et al. Dexamethasone incorporating liposomes: an in vitro study of their applicability as a slow releasing delivery system of dexamethasone from covered metallic stents. Biomaterials 2002;23(24):4819-4826
148. Joner M, Morimoto K, Kasukawa H, et al. Site-specific targeting of nanoparticle prednisolone reduces in-stent restenosis in a rabbit model of established atheroma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28(11):1960-1966
149. Huang G, Zhou Z, Srinivasan R, et al. Affinity manipulation of surface-conjugated RGD peptide to modulate binding of liposomes to activated platelets. Biomaterials 2008;29(11):1676-1685
150. Rossetti FF, Bally M, Michel R, et al. Interactions between titanium dioxide and phosphatidyl serine-containing liposomes: formation and patterning of supported phospholipid bilayers on the surface of a medically relevant material. Langmuir 2005;21(14):6443-6450
151. Kuznetsov AA, Filippov VI. Application of magnetic liposomes for magnetically guided transport of muscle relaxants and anti-cancer photodynamic drugs. J Magnetism Magnetic Materials 2001;225(1-2):95-100