Understanding students' motivation in middle school physical education: Examining the mediating role of self-efficacy on physical activity

International Journal of Sport Psychology

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 199-215

  Gao, Zan ^a   Lee, Amelia M ^b   Kosma, Maria ^b   Solmon, Melinda A ^b  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Expectancy value model; Physical activity levels; Prospective design; Self efficacy theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957119604     PISSN: 00470767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. J. L. Arbuckle, Amos 5.0 update to the Amos user's guide (SPSS, Chicago, IL, 2003).
2. A. Bandura, Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986).
3. A. Bandura, Self-efficacy: The exercise of control (Freeman, New York, 1997).
4. Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 41, 586-598.
5. Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
6. Bouffard-Bouchard, T. (1990). Influence of self-efficacy on performance in a cognitive task. Journal of Social Psychology, 130, 353-363.
7. A. V. Carron, H. A. Hausenblas, and P. A. Estabrooks, The psychology of physical activity (The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY, 2003).
8. Corcoran, K.J., & Rutledge, M.W. (1989). Efficacy expectation changes as a function of hypothetical incentives in smokers. Psychology of Additive Behavior, 3, 22-29.
9. Cox, A.E., & Whaley, D.E. (2004). The influence of task value, expectancies for success, and identity on athletes' achievement behaviors. Journal ofApplied Sport Psychology, 16, 103-117.
10. Dasharnais, R., Bouillon, J., & Godin, G. (1986). Self-efficacy and outcome expectations as determinants of exercise adherence. Psychological Reports, 59, 1115-1159.
11. Dzewaltowski, D.A. (1989). Toward a model of exercise motivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 251-269.
12. Dzewaltowski, D.A., Noble, J.M., & Shaw, J.M. (1990). Physical activity participation: Social cognitive theory versus the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 388-405.
13. Eastman, C., & Marzillier, J. S. (1984). Theoretical and methodological difficulties in Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 8, 213-229.
14. J. S. Eccles, T. E. Adler, R. Futterman, S. B. Goff, C. M. Kaczala, J. Meece, and C. Midgley, in Achievement and achievement motives, edited by J. T. Spence (W.H. freeman, San Francisco, 1983), pp. 75-146.
15. Eccles, J.S., & Harold, R.D. (1991). Gender differences sport involvement: Applying the Eccles' expectancy-value model. Journal oj Applied Sport Psychology, 3, 7-35.
16. Fredricks, J.A., & Eccles, J.S. (2002). Children's competence and value beliefs from childhood through adolescence: Growth trajectories in two male-sex-types domains. Developmental Psychology, 35, 519-533.
17. Gao, Z. (2008). College students' motivation in weight training: A combined perspective. Journal of Sport Behavior, 31 (1), 22-43.
18. Gao, Z., & Kosma, M. (2008). Intention as a mediator of weight training behavior among college students: An integrative framework. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 363-374.
19. Gao, Z., Lee, A.M., & Harrison, L. Jr. (2008). Understanding students' motivation in sport and physical education: From the expectancy-value model and self-efficacy theory perspectives. Quest, 60, 236-254.
20. Gao, Z., Lodewyk, K., & Zhang, T. (2009). The role of ability beliefs and incentives in middle school students' intentions, cardiovascular fitness, and effort. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 28, 3-20.
21. Gao, Z., Newton, M., & Carson, R.L. (2008). Students' motivation, physical activity levels, and health-related physical fitness in fitness class. Middle Grades Research Journal, 3(4), 21-39.
22. Gao, Z., Xiang, P., Lee, A.M., & Harrison, L. Jr. (2008). Self-efficacy and outcome expectancy in beginning weight training class: Their relations to behavioral intentions and actual behavior. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79, 92-100.
23. Goudas, M., & Dermtizaki, I. (2004). Participation motives in PE: An expectancy-value approach. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 99, 1168-1170.
24. Graham. S. (1994). Motivation in African Americans. Review of Educational Research, 64, 55-117.
25. Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
26. Hu, L., McAuley, E., & Elavsky, S. (2005). Does the physical self-efficacy assess self-efficacy or self-esteem? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27, 152-170. (Pubitemid 40937733)
27. Jacobs, J.E., Lanza, S., Osgood, D.W., Eccles, J.S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Changes in children's self-competence and values: Gender and domain differences across grade one through twelve. Child Development, 73, 509-527. (Pubitemid 41692461)
28. R. B. Kline, Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 2nd ed. (The Guilford Press, New York, 2005).
29. I. Kirsch, in Self efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application (, edited by J. E. Maddux (Plenum Press, New York, 1995), pp. 331-345A.
30. Kosma, M., Ellis, R., Cardinal, B.J., Bauer, J.J., & McCubbin, J.A. (2007). The mediating role of intention and stages of change in physical activity among adults with physical disabilities: An integrative framework. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 21-38.
31. J. E. Maddux, in Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application, edited by J. E. Maddux (Plenum Press, New York, 1995), pp. 377-385.
32. J. E. Maddux, in Show expectancies shape experience, edited by I. Kirsch (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 1999), pp. 17-39.
33. Maddux, J.E., Norton, L.W., & Stoltenberg, C.D. (1986). Self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and outcome value: Relative effects on behavioral intentions. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 51, 783-789.
34. Marzillier, J.S., & Eastman, C. (1984). Continuing problems with self-efficacy theory: A reply to Bandura. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 8, 257-262.
35. E. McAuley and S. L. Mihalko, in Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement, edited by J. L. Duda (Fitness Information Technology, Morgantown, WV, 1998), pp. 371-390.
36. McIver, K., Pfeiffer, K., Almeida, J., Dowda, M., & Pate, R. (2004). Validity of the Actigraph and Actical accelerometers in 3-5 year-old children. North American Society for Pediatric Exercise and Medicine.
37. Moritz, S.E., Feltz, D.L., Mack, D.L., & Fahrbach, K. (2000). The relation of self-efficacy measures to performance in sport: A meta-analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 71, 280-294.
38. Pajares, F., &Johnson, M.J. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in the writing of high school students: A path analysis. Psychology in the Schools, 33, 163-175. (Pubitemid 126321720)
39. Parish, L.E., & Treasure, D.C. (2003). Physical activity and situational motivation in physical education: Influence of the motivational climate and perceived ability. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 74, 173-182.
40. P. Pintrich, A. M. Ryan, and H. Patrick, in Interest and learning, edited by L. Hoffmann, A. Krapp, K. A. Renninger, and J. Baumert (Institute for Science Education, Kiel, Germany, 1998), pp. 337-354.
41. P. Pintrich and D. H. Schunk, Motivation in education: Theory, research & application (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1996).
42. Puyau, M.R., Adolph, A.L., Vohra, F.A., Zakeri, I., & Butte, N.F. (2004). Prediction of activity energy expenditure using accelerometers in children. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, 36, 1625-1631. (Pubitemid 39202634)
43. Randhawa, B. S., Beamer, J. E., & Lundberg, I. (1993). Role of mathematics self-efficacy in the structural model of mathematics achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 41-8.
44. Rodgers, W.M., & Brawley, L.R. (1991). The role of outcome expectations in participation motivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 13, 411-427.
45. Rodgers, W.M., & Brawley, L.R. (1993). Using both self-efficacy theory and the theory of planned behavior to discriminate adherers and dropouts from structured programs. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5, 195-206.
46. Rodgers, WM., & Brawley, L.R. (1996). The influence of outcome expectancy and self-efficacy on the behavioral intentions of novice exercisers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 618-634.
47. Rovniak, L.S., Anderson, E.S., Winett, R.A., & Stephen, R.S. (2002). Social cognitive determinants of physical activity in young adults: A prospective structural equation analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 149-156.
48. Schunk, D. H., & Hanson, A. R. (1985). Peer models: Influence on children's self-efficacy and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 313-322.
49. J. Stevens, Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences, 2nd ed. (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1992).
50. B. G. Tabachnick and L. S. Fidell, Using multivariate statistics, 4th ed. (Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA, 2001).
51. Trost, S.T., Ruth, S., & Dianne, S.W. (2002). Determinants of physical activity in middle school children. American Journal of Health Behavior, 26, 95-102.
52. Trudeau, F., & Shephard, R. J. (2005). Contribution of school programmes to physical activity levels and attitudes in children and adults. Sports Medicine, 35, 89-105. (Pubitemid 40343902)
53. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 1996).
54. U.S. Department of Health and Human services (USDHHS), The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, Rockville, MD, 2001).
55. Wallhead, TL., & Buckworth, J. (2004). The role of physical education in the promotion of youth physical activity. Quest, 56, 285-301.
56. Wigfield, A. (1994). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation: A developmental perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 6, 49-78.
57. Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J.S. (1992). The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis. Developmental Review, 12, 265-310.
58. Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J.S. (2000). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 116-119.
59. Williams, D.M., Anderson, E.S., & Winnet, R.A. (2005). A review of the outcome expectancy construct in physical activity research. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 70-79.
60. Xiang, P., Chen, A., & Bruene, A. (2005). Interactive impact of intrinsic motivators and extrinsic rewards on behavior and motivation outcomes after physical education. Journal of Teaching in PE, 24, 179-197. (Pubitemid 40653098)
61. Xiang, P., McBride, R., & Bruene, A. (2004). Fourth graders' motivation in an elementary physical education running program. The Elementary School Journal, 104, 253-266. (Pubitemid 38652565)
62. Xiang, P., McBride, R., & Bruene, A. (2006). Fourth graders' motivational changes in an elementary PE running program. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 77, 195-207. (Pubitemid 44146248)
63. Xiang, P., McBride, R., Guan, J., & Solmon, M. (2003). Children's motivation in elementary PE: An expectancy-value model of achievement choice. Research Quarterly for Sport & Exercise, 74, 25-35. (Pubitemid 44524933)