2009 H1N1 influenza: A twenty-first century pandemic with roots in the early twentieth century

American Journal of the Medical Sciences

Volumn 340, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 202-208

  Farley, Monica M ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

H1N1; Hemagglutinin; Influenza; Pandemic; Swine origin

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; INFLUENZA VACCINE; OSELTAMIVIR; PERAMIVIR; RIMANTADINE; SIALIDASE INHIBITOR; ZANAMIVIR;

ANTIVIRAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BLOOD SAMPLING; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; COUGHING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG SAFETY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FEVER; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFLUENZA A (H1N1); INFLUENZA VACCINATION; INFLUENZA VIRUS; INFLUENZA VIRUS A H1N1; MORTALITY; ORTHOMYXOVIRUS; PANDEMIC INFLUENZA; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SEASONAL INFLUENZA; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SORE THROAT; SYMPTOM; UNITED STATES; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VIRUS VIRULENCE; EPIDEMIC; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; VIROLOGY;

DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HUMANS; INFLUENZA A VIRUS, H1N1 SUBTYPE; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INFLUENZA, HUMAN;

EID: 77956879499     PISSN: 00029629     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181e937b0     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (71)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Isolation of avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses from humans-Hong Kong, May- December 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997;46:1204-1207
2. Fauci AS. Pandemic influenza threat and preparedness. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:73-77
3. Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Investigation Team. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med 2009;25:2605-2615
4. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. The persistent legacy of the 1918 influenza virus. N Engl J Med 2009;361:225-229
5. Zimmer SM, Burke DS. Historical perspective-emergence of influenza A (H11N1) viruses. N Engl J Med 2009 361:279-285
6. Gatherer D. The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context. J Clin Virol 2009;45:174-178
7. Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics of the 20th century. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:9-14.
8. Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. 1918 influenza: The mother of all pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:15-22.
9. Koen JS. A practical method for field diagnosis of swine diseases. Am J Vet Med 1919;14:468-470
10. Kolata G. From sailors to swine. In: Kolata G, editor. Flu: The story of the great influenza pandemic of 1918 and the search for the virus that caused it. New York: Touchstone; 1999. p. 55-84.
11. Shope RE. Swine influenza III. Filtration experiments and etiology. J Exp Med 1931;54:373-385
12. Shope RE. The incidence of neutralizing antibodies for swine influenza virus in the sera of human beings of different ages. J Exp Med 1936;63:669-684
13. Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, et al. Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. Nature 2009;459:1122-1125
14. Dowdle WR. Influenza pandemic periodicity, virus recycling and the art of risk assessment. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:34-39
15. Gaydos JC, Top FH Jr, Hodder RA, et al. Swine influenza A outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:23-28
16. Kendal AP, Noble GR, Skehel JJ, et al. Antigenic similarity of influenza A (H1N1) viruses from epidemics in 1977-1978 to "Scandinavian" strains isolated in epidemics of 1950-1951. Virology 1978;89: 632-636
17. Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Krafft AE, et al. Initial genetic characterization of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus. Science 1997;275: 1793-1796
18. Olsen CW. The emergence of novel swine influenza viruses in North America. Virus Res 2002;85:199-210.
19. Newman AP, Reisdorf E, Beinemann J, et al. Human case of swine influenza A (H1N1) triple reassortant virus infection, Wisconsin. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1470-1472
20. Shinde V, Bridges CB, Uyeki TM, et al. Triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) in humans in the United States, 2005-2009. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2616-2625
21. Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Lourens RM, et al. Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes. Nature 2005;437:889-893
22. Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Aguilar PV, et al. Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science 2005; 310:77-80.
23. Homeland Security Council. National Strategy for pandemic influenza. November 2005. Available at: Http://www.flu.gov/professional/ federal/pandemic-influenza.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2010.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children-Southern California, March-April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:400-402
25. Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. Influenza revisited. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1-2.
26. Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, et al. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A (H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 2009;325:197-201.
27. Estimates of 2009 H1N1 influenza cases, hospitalizations and deaths in the United States, April 2009-January 16, 2010. Available at: Http:// www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/estimates-2009-h1n1.htm. Accessed March 20, 2010.
28. Cao B, Xing-Wang L, Mao Y, et al. Clinical features of the initial cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in China. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2507-2517
29. Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, et al. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April-June 2009. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1935-1944
30. Hancock K, Veguilla V, Lu X, et al. Cross-reactive antibody responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1945-1952
31. Miller E, Hoschler K, Hardedid P, et al. Incidence of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 infection in England: A cross-sectional serological study. Lancet 2010;6736:6216-6217
32. Libster R, Bugna J, Coviello S, et al. Pediatric hospitalizations associated with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Argentina. N Engl J Med 2010;362:45-54.
33. Louie JK, Acosta M, Winter K, et al. Factors associated with death or hospitalization due to pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection in California. JAMA 2009;302:1896-1902
34. Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Pinto R, et al. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection in Canada. JAMA 2009; 302:1872-1879
35. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: Implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J Infect Dis 2008;198: 962-970
36. McCullers JA. Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus. Clin Micro Rev 2006;19:571-582
37. Brundage JF, Shanks GD. Deaths from bacterial pneumonia during 1918-1919 influenza pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1193-1199
38. Brundage JF. Interactions between influenza and bacterial respiratory pathogens: Implications for pandemic preparedness. Lancet 2006;6: 303-312
39. Pfeiffer R. Vorläufige mittheilungen über die erreger der influenza. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1892;2:28.
40. Faix DJ, Sherman SS, Waterman SH. Rapid-test sensitivity for novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med 2009;361:728-729
41. WHO. CDC protocol of realtime RT-PCR for influenza A (H1N1). Geneva: World Health Organization, April 2009. Available at: Http:// www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/CDCrealtimeRTPC Rprotocol-20090428.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2010.
42. Blyth CC, Iredell JR, Dwyer DE. Rapid-test sensitivity for novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2493.
43. Chan KH, Lai ST, Poon LLM, et al. Analytical sensitivity of rapid influenza antigen detection tests for swine-origin influenza virus (H1N1). J Clin Virol 2009;45:205-207
44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Oseltamivirresistant novel influenza A (H1N1) infection in two immunosuppressed patients-Seattle, Washington, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:893-896
45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Oseltamivirresistant 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in two summer campers receiving prophylaxis-North Carolina, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:969-972
46. FDA authorizes emergency use of intravenous antiviral peramivir for 2009 H1N1 influenza for certain patients, settings. October 23, 2009. Available at: Http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ ucm187813.htm. Accessed March 20, 2010.
47. Emergency use of Tamiflu [oseltamivir] in infants less than 1 year of age. October 30, 2009. Available at: Http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/Drug Safety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ ucm183870.htm. Accessed March 20, 2010.
48. Updated interim recommendations for the use of antiviral medications in the treatment and prevention of influenza for the 2009-2010 season. Atlanta, GA: CDC; October 16, Available at: 2009. http://www. cdc.gov/h1n1flu/ recommendations.htm. Accessed March 20, 2010.
49. Palese P. Making better influenza virus vaccines? Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:61-65
50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update on influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:1100-1101
51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunizations Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009; 58:RR-10.
52. H1N1 vaccine: Implementation update, February 24, 2010; H1N1 vaccination coverage: Update interim results, February 24, 2010. Available at: Http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/acip/slides-feb10. htm#fluvac. Accessed March 20, 2010.
53. Protection against 2009 H1N1 to be included in 2010-2011 seasonal flu vaccine. Available at: Http://flu.gov/news/blogs/blog20100222.html. Accessed March 20, 2010.
54. World Health Organization. Recommended viruses for influenza vaccines for use in the 2010-2011 northern hemisphere influenza season. Available at: Http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/recommendations 2010-11north/en/index. html. Accessed March 20, 2010.
55. Halloran ME, Ferguson NM, Eubank S, et al. Modeling targeted layered containment of an influenza pandemic in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:4639-4644
56. Davey VJ, Glass RJ, Min JH, et al. Effective, robust design of community mitigation for pandemic influenza: A systematic examination of proposed US guidance. PLoS One 2008:1-14.
57. Pandemic Influenza Outbreak Research Modelling Team (Pan- InfORM). Modeling an influenza pandemic: A guide for the perplexed. Can J Med Assoc 2009;181:171-173
58. Barry JM. The great influenza: The epic story of the deadliest plague in history. New York (NY): Penguin Group; 2004. p. 197-219, 220-7.
59. Stein RA. Lessons from outbreaks of H1N1 influenza. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:59-62.
60. Hatchett RJ, Mecher CE, Lipsitch M. Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:7582-7587
61. Bootsma MCJ, Ferguson NM. The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:7688-7693
62. Bell DM; World Health Organization Writing Group. Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, national and community measures. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:88-94.
63. Bell DM; World Health Organization Writing Group. Nonpharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:81-87
64. Lurie N. The need for science in the practice of public health. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2571-2572
65. Patient care checklist: New influenza A (H1N1). June 2009. Available at: Http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/ah1n1-checklist.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2010.
66. Interim guidance on infection control measures for 2009 H1N1 influenza in healthcare settings, including protection of healthcare personnel. Available at: Http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidelines-infection-control.htm#g. Accessed March 20, 2010.
67. Jefferson T, Del Mar C, Dooley L, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (review). Cochrane Library 2010;1:1-76.
68. Gralton J, McLaws M-L. Protecting healthcare workers from pandemic influenza: N95 or surgical masks? Crit Care Med 2010; 38:657-667
69. Loeb M, Dafoe N, Mahony J, et al. Surgical mask vs. N95 respirator for preventing influenza among health care workers. JAMA 2009;302: 1865-1867
70. Doshi P. Trends in recorded influenza mortality: United States, 1900- 2004. Am J Public Health 2008;98:939-945
71. Reed C, Angulo FJ, Swerdlow DL, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States, April-July 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:2004-2007