메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 250-267

The importance of covariate selection in controlling for selection bias in observational studies

Author keywords

Hidden bias; Propensity score; Selection bias; Strong ignorability; Within study comparison

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; EDUCATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN; MATHEMATICS; METHODOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PROPENSITY SCORE; RANDOMIZATION; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS;

EID: 77956791074     PISSN: 1082989X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0018719     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (311)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 1842533910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are experiments the only option? A look at dropout prevention programs
    • Agodini R., Dynarski M. Are experiments the only option? A look at dropout prevention programs. The Review of Economics and Statistics 2004, 86:180-194.
    • (2004) The Review of Economics and Statistics , vol.86 , pp. 180-194
    • Agodini, R.1    Dynarski, M.2
  • 2
    • 0009979602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a randomized and two quasi-experimental designs in a single outcome evaluation: Efficacy of a university-level remedial writing program
    • Aiken L.S., West S.G., Schwalm D.E., Carroll J., Hsuing S. Comparison of a randomized and two quasi-experimental designs in a single outcome evaluation: Efficacy of a university-level remedial writing program. Evaluation Review 1998, 22:207-244.
    • (1998) Evaluation Review , vol.22 , pp. 207-244
    • Aiken, L.S.1    West, S.G.2    Schwalm, D.E.3    Carroll, J.4    Hsuing, S.5
  • 3
    • 33644851650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models
    • Bang H., Robins J.M. Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models. Biometrics 2005, 61:962-972.
    • (2005) Biometrics , vol.61 , pp. 962-972
    • Bang, H.1    Robins, J.M.2
  • 4
    • 0015465252 scopus 로고
    • Screening depressed patients in family practice: A rapid technic
    • Beck A.T., Beck R.W. Screening depressed patients in family practice: A rapid technic. Postgraduate Medicine 1972, 51:81-85.
    • (1972) Postgraduate Medicine , vol.51 , pp. 81-85
    • Beck, A.T.1    Beck, R.W.2
  • 8
    • 0014297593 scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of adjustment by subclassification in removing bias in observational studies
    • Cochran W.G. The effectiveness of adjustment by subclassification in removing bias in observational studies. Biometrics 1968, 24:295-313.
    • (1968) Biometrics , vol.24 , pp. 295-313
    • Cochran, W.G.1
  • 9
    • 36849015758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Waiting for life to arrive": A history of the regression-discontinuity design in psychology, statistics and economics
    • Cook T.D. "Waiting for life to arrive": A history of the regression-discontinuity design in psychology, statistics and economics. Journal of Econometrics 2008, 142:636-654.
    • (2008) Journal of Econometrics , vol.142 , pp. 636-654
    • Cook, T.D.1
  • 10
    • 56749125132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three conditions under which experiments and observational studies produce comparable causal estimates: New findings from within-study comparisons
    • Cook T.D., Shadish W.R., Wong V.C. Three conditions under which experiments and observational studies produce comparable causal estimates: New findings from within-study comparisons. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2008, 27:724-750.
    • (2008) Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , vol.27 , pp. 724-750
    • Cook, T.D.1    Shadish, W.R.2    Wong, V.C.3
  • 11
    • 77951656304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing how bias reduction is influenced by covariate choice, unreliability, and data analytic mode: An analysis of different kinds of within-study comparisons in different substantive domains
    • Cook T.D., Steiner P.M., Pohl S. Assessing how bias reduction is influenced by covariate choice, unreliability, and data analytic mode: An analysis of different kinds of within-study comparisons in different substantive domains. Multivariate Behavioral Research 2009, 44:828-847.
    • (2009) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.44 , pp. 828-847
    • Cook, T.D.1    Steiner, P.M.2    Pohl, S.3
  • 12
    • 0442309558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal effects in non-experimental studies: Re-evaluating the evaluation of training programs
    • Dehejia R., Wahba S. Causal effects in non-experimental studies: Re-evaluating the evaluation of training programs. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1999, 94:1053-1062.
    • (1999) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.94 , pp. 1053-1062
    • Dehejia, R.1    Wahba, S.2
  • 13
    • 33745098076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assessment of propensity score matching as a nonexperimental impact estimator
    • Diaz J.J., Handa S. An assessment of propensity score matching as a nonexperimental impact estimator. The Journal of Human Resources 2006, 41:319-345.
    • (2006) The Journal of Human Resources , vol.41 , pp. 319-345
    • Diaz, J.J.1    Handa, S.2
  • 17
    • 0002634683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematics anxiety effects in simple and complex addition
    • Faust M.W., Ashcraft M.H., Fleck D.E. Mathematics anxiety effects in simple and complex addition. Mathematical Cognition 1996, 2:25-62.
    • (1996) Mathematical Cognition , vol.2 , pp. 25-62
    • Faust, M.W.1    Ashcraft, M.H.2    Fleck, D.E.3
  • 19
    • 58149208119 scopus 로고
    • The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure
    • Goldberg L.R. The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment 1992, 4:26-42.
    • (1992) Psychological Assessment , vol.4 , pp. 26-42
    • Goldberg, L.R.1
  • 22
    • 1842533946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using matching, instrumental variables, and control functions to estimate economic choice models
    • Heckman J.J., Navarro-Lozano S. Using matching, instrumental variables, and control functions to estimate economic choice models. The Review of Economics and Statistics 2004, 86:30-57.
    • (2004) The Review of Economics and Statistics , vol.86 , pp. 30-57
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Navarro-Lozano, S.2
  • 24
    • 0035761721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of causal effects using propensity score weighting: An application to data on right heart catheterization
    • Hirano K., Imbens G.W. Estimation of causal effects using propensity score weighting: An application to data on right heart catheterization. Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology 2001, 2:259-278.
    • (2001) Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology , vol.2 , pp. 259-278
    • Hirano, K.1    Imbens, G.W.2
  • 26
    • 70349469688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reading instruction time and homogeneous grouping in kindergarten: An application of marginal mean weighting through stratification
    • Hong G., Hong Y. Reading instruction time and homogeneous grouping in kindergarten: An application of marginal mean weighting through stratification. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2009, 31:54-81.
    • (2009) Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis , vol.31 , pp. 54-81
    • Hong, G.1    Hong, Y.2
  • 27
    • 33748876160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating kindergarten retention policy: A case study of causal inference for multilevel observational data
    • Hong G., Raudenbush S.W. Evaluating kindergarten retention policy: A case study of causal inference for multilevel observational data. Journal of the American Statistical Association 2006, 101:901-910.
    • (2006) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.101 , pp. 901-910
    • Hong, G.1    Raudenbush, S.W.2
  • 29
    • 46249131752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demystifying double robustness: A comparison of alternative strategies for estimating population means from incomplete data
    • Kang J., Schafer J.L. Demystifying double robustness: A comparison of alternative strategies for estimating population means from incomplete data. Statistical Science 2007, 26:523-539.
    • (2007) Statistical Science , vol.26 , pp. 523-539
    • Kang, J.1    Schafer, J.L.2
  • 30
    • 0033261299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An extension of the propensity score adjustment method for the analysis of group differences in MIMIC models
    • Kaplan D. An extension of the propensity score adjustment method for the analysis of group differences in MIMIC models. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1999, 34:467-492.
    • (1999) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.34 , pp. 467-492
    • Kaplan, D.1
  • 31
    • 4444230264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratification and weighting via propensity score in estimation of causal treatment effects: A comparative study
    • Lunceford J.K., Davidian M. Stratification and weighting via propensity score in estimation of causal treatment effects: A comparative study. Statistical Medicine 2004, 23:2937-2960.
    • (2004) Statistical Medicine , vol.23 , pp. 2937-2960
    • Lunceford, J.K.1    Davidian, M.2
  • 35
    • 35748932852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, Available from
    • R: A language and environment for statistical computing 2007, R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, Available from http://www.R-project.org.
    • (2007) R: A language and environment for statistical computing
  • 36
  • 37
    • 0005976738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment on "Inference for semiparametric models: Some questions and answers" by Bickel and Kwon
    • Robins J.M., Rotnitzky A. Comment on "Inference for semiparametric models: Some questions and answers" by Bickel and Kwon. Statistica Sinica 2001, 11:920-936.
    • (2001) Statistica Sinica , vol.11 , pp. 920-936
    • Robins, J.M.1    Rotnitzky, A.2
  • 38
    • 0242337835 scopus 로고
    • From association to causation in observational studies: The role of tests of strongly ignorable treatment assignment
    • Rosenbaum P.R. From association to causation in observational studies: The role of tests of strongly ignorable treatment assignment. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1984, 79:41-48.
    • (1984) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.79 , pp. 41-48
    • Rosenbaum, P.R.1
  • 39
    • 0000145567 scopus 로고
    • Dropping out of high school in the United States: An observational study
    • Rosenbaum P.R. Dropping out of high school in the United States: An observational study. Journal of Educational Statistics 1986, 11:207-224.
    • (1986) Journal of Educational Statistics , vol.11 , pp. 207-224
    • Rosenbaum, P.R.1
  • 41
    • 77951622706 scopus 로고
    • The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
    • Rosenbaum P.R., Rubin D.B. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 1983, 70:41-55.
    • (1983) Biometrika , vol.70 , pp. 41-55
    • Rosenbaum, P.R.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 42
    • 84949193513 scopus 로고
    • Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score
    • Rosenbaum P.R., Rubin D.B. Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1984, 79:516-524.
    • (1984) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.79 , pp. 516-524
    • Rosenbaum, P.R.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 43
    • 58149417330 scopus 로고
    • Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies
    • Rubin D.B. Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies. Journal of Educational Psychology 1974, 66:688-701.
    • (1974) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 688-701
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 44
    • 0035761763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using propensity scores to help design observational studies: Application to the tobacco litigation
    • Rubin D.B. Using propensity scores to help design observational studies: Application to the tobacco litigation. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 2001, 2:169-188.
    • (2001) Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology , vol.2 , pp. 169-188
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 46
    • 33846253571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The design versus the analysis of observational studies for causal effects: Parallels with the design of randomized trials
    • Rubin D.B. The design versus the analysis of observational studies for causal effects: Parallels with the design of randomized trials. Statistics in Medicine 2007, 26:20-36.
    • (2007) Statistics in Medicine , vol.26 , pp. 20-36
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 47
    • 72749118438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The design and analysis of gold standard randomized experiments. Discussion of "Can nonrandomized experiments yield accurate answers? A randomized experiment comparing random to nonrandom assignment" by W. R. Shadish, M. H. Clark, and P. M. Steiner
    • Rubin D.B. The design and analysis of gold standard randomized experiments. Discussion of "Can nonrandomized experiments yield accurate answers? A randomized experiment comparing random to nonrandom assignment" by W. R. Shadish, M. H. Clark, and P. M. Steiner. Journal of the American Statistical Association 2008, 103:1350-1353.
    • (2008) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.103 , pp. 1350-1353
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 48
    • 64349088593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For objective causal inference, design trumps analysis
    • Rubin D.B. For objective causal inference, design trumps analysis. The Annals of Applied Statistics 2008, 2:808-840.
    • (2008) The Annals of Applied Statistics , vol.2 , pp. 808-840
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 49
    • 0029959044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matching using estimated propensity scores: Relating theory to practice
    • Rubin D.B., Thomas N. Matching using estimated propensity scores: Relating theory to practice. Biometrics 1996, 52:249-264.
    • (1996) Biometrics , vol.52 , pp. 249-264
    • Rubin, D.B.1    Thomas, N.2
  • 50
    • 85047673373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missing data: Our view of the state of the art
    • Schafer J.L., Graham J.W. Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods 2002, 7:147-177.
    • (2002) Psychological Methods , vol.7 , pp. 147-177
    • Schafer, J.L.1    Graham, J.W.2
  • 51
    • 57749105474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Average causal effects from non-randomized studies: A practical guide and simulated example
    • Schafer J.L., Kang J. Average causal effects from non-randomized studies: A practical guide and simulated example. Psychological Methods 2008, 13:279-313.
    • (2008) Psychological Methods , vol.13 , pp. 279-313
    • Schafer, J.L.1    Kang, J.2
  • 52
    • 72749127236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can nonrandomized experiments yield accurate answers? A randomized experiment comparing random to nonrandom assignment
    • Shadish W.R., Clark M.H., Steiner P.M. Can nonrandomized experiments yield accurate answers? A randomized experiment comparing random to nonrandom assignment. Journal of the American Statistical Association 2008, 103:1334-1343.
    • (2008) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.103 , pp. 1334-1343
    • Shadish, W.R.1    Clark, M.H.2    Steiner, P.M.3
  • 54
    • 18844452973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propensity score methods gave similar results to traditional regression modeling in observational studies: A systematic review
    • Shah B.R., Laupacis A., Hux J.E., Austin P.C. Propensity score methods gave similar results to traditional regression modeling in observational studies: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2005, 58:550-559.
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.58 , pp. 550-559
    • Shah, B.R.1    Laupacis, A.2    Hux, J.E.3    Austin, P.C.4
  • 55
    • 77956858470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In press. On the importance of reliable covariate measurement in selection bias adjustments using propensity scores. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics
    • Steiner, P. M., Cook, T. D., & Shadish, W. R. (in press). On the importance of reliable covariate measurement in selection bias adjustments using propensity scores. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics.
    • Steiner, P.M.1    Cook, T.D.2    Shadish, W.R.3
  • 56
    • 27744608443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyzing individual and average causal effects via structural equation models
    • Steyer R. Analyzing individual and average causal effects via structural equation models. Methodology 2005, 1:39-64.
    • (2005) Methodology , vol.1 , pp. 39-64
    • Steyer, R.1
  • 58
    • 33645226210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the application of propensity score methods yielded increasing use, advantages in specific settings, but not substantially different estimates compared with conventional multivariable methods
    • Stürmer T., Joshi M., Glynn R.J., Avorn J., Rothman K.J., Schneeweiss S. A review of the application of propensity score methods yielded increasing use, advantages in specific settings, but not substantially different estimates compared with conventional multivariable methods. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006, 59:437-447.
    • (2006) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.59 , pp. 437-447
    • Stürmer, T.1    Joshi, M.2    Glynn, R.J.3    Avorn, J.4    Rothman, K.J.5    Schneeweiss, S.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.