Determination of leaf area index in agricultural systems

Micrometeorology in Agricultural Systems

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 179-198

  Strachan, I B ^a   Stewart, D W ^b   Pattey, E ^b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Agricultural systems; Canopy reflectance; Direct LAI measurement; Indirect LAI estimation; Leaf area index; Meteorological processes; Remote sensing applications

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956731757     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr47.c9     Document Type: Chapter

References (108)

1. Anderson, M.C., 1964. Studies of the woodland light climate: 1. The photographic computation of light conditions. J. Ecol. 52:27-41.
2. Andrieu, B., and F. Baret. 1993. Indirect methods of estimating crop structure from optical measurements. p. 285-322. In C. Varlet-Grancheret al. (ed.) Crop structure and light microclimate: Characterization and applications. INRA, Paris.
3. Asrar, G., M. Fuchs, E.T. Kanemasu, and J.L. Hatfield. 1984. Estimating absorbed photosynthetic radiation and leaf area index from spectral reflectance in wheat. Agron. J. 76:300-306.
4. Bacour, C., S. Jacquemoud, Y. Tourbier, M. Dechambre, and J.-P. Frangi. 2002. Design and analysis of numerical experiments to compare four canopy reflectance models. Remote Sensing Environ. 79:72-83.
5. Bannari, A., A.R. Huete, D. Morin, and F. Zagolski. 1996. Effects of soil color and brightness on vegetation indices. Int. J. Remote Sensing 17:1885-1906.
6. Becker, P., D.W. Erhart, and A.P. Smith. 1989. Analysis of forest light environments. Part I. Computerized estimation of solar radiation from hemispherical canopy photographs. Agric. For. Meteorol. 44:217-232.
7. Best, E.G., and J.C. Harlan. 1983. Spectral estimation of green leaf area index of oats. Remote Sensing Environ. 62:241-252.
8. Beverly, R.B., and M.W. van Iersel. 1998. Calibration of a video image analysis system for measurement of stem length, leaf area and percent ground cover. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 29:1071-1081.
9. Boedham, N., T.J. Arkebauer. and W.D. Batchelor. 2001. Season-long characterization of vertical distribution of leaf area in corn. Agron. J. 93:1235-1242.
10. Boissard, P., J.-G. Pointel, and P. Huet. 1993. Reflectance, green leaf area index and ear hydric status of wheat from anthesis until maturity. Int J. Remote Sensing 14:2713-2729.
11. Bonhomme, R., and P. Chartier. 1972. The interpretation and automatic measurement of hemispherical photographs to obtain sunlit foliage area and gap frequency. Israeli J. Agric. Res. 22:53-61.
12. Bouman, B.A.M., H.W.J. Kasteren, and D. Uenk. 1992. Standard relations to estimate ground cover and LAI of agricultural crops from reflectance measurements. Eur. J. Agric. 1:249-262.
13. Brenner, A.J., M. Cueto Romera, J. Garcia Haro, M.A. Gilabert, L.D. Incoll, J. Martinez Fernandez, E. Porter, F.I. Pugnaire, and M.T. Younis. 1995. A comparison of direct and indirect methods of measuring leaf and surface areas. Plant Cell Environ. 18:1332-1340.
14. Campbell, G.S. 1986. Extinction coefficients for radiation in plant canopies calculated using an ellipsoidal inclination angle distribution. Agric. For. Meteorol. 36:317-321.
15. Carlson, T.N., E.M. Perry, and T.J. Schmugge. 1990. Remote estimation of soil moisture availability and fractional vegetation cover for agricultural fields. Agric. For. Meteorol. 52:45-69.
16. Carlson, T.N., and D.A. Ripley. 1997. On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index. Remote Sensing Environ. 62:241-252.
17. Casanova, D., G.F. Epema, and J. Goudriaan. 1998. Monitoring rice reflectance at field level for estimating biomass and LAI. Field Crops Res. 55:83-92.
18. Chason, J.W., D.D. Baldocchi, and M.A. Huston. 1991. A comparison of direct and indirect methods for estimating forest canopy leaf area. Agric. For. Meteorol. 57:107-128.
19. Chen, J.M. 1996a. Optically-based methods for measuring seasonal variation in leaf area index of boreal conifer forests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 80:135-163.
20. Chen, J.M., 1996b. Canopy architecture and remote sensing of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation in boreal conifer stands. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 34:1353-1368.
21. Chen, J.M., T.A. Black and R.S. Adams. 1991. Evaluation of hemispherical photography for determining plant area index and geometry of a forest stand. Agric. For. Meteorol. 56:129-143.
22. Chen, J.M., and J. Cihlar. 1995a. Quantifying the effect of canopy architecture on optical measurements of leaf area index using two gap size analysis methods. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 33:777-787.
23. Chen, J.M., and J. Cihlar. 1995b. Plant canopy gap size analysis theory for improving optical measurements of leaf area index. Applied Optics 34:6211-6222.
24. Chen, J.M., and S. Leblanc. 1997. A 4-scale bidirectional reflection model based on canopy architecture. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sensing 35:1316-1337.
25. Chen, J.M., S.G. Leblanc, J.R. Miller, J. Freemantle, S.E. Loechel, C.L. Walthall, K.A. Innanen, and H.P. White. 1999. Compact airborne spectrographic imager (CASI) used for mapping biophysical parameters of Boreal forests. J. Geophys. Res. D 104:27945-27958.
26. Chen, J.M., P.M. Rich, T.S. Gower, J.M. Norman, and S. Plummer. 1997. Leaf area index of boreal forests: Theory, techniques and measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 102:29429-29444.
27. Curran, P.J., 1983. Multispectral remote sensing for the estimation of green leaf area index. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 309:257-270.
28. Daughtry, C.S.T., K.P. Gallo, S.N. Goward, S.D. Prince, and W.P. Kustas. 1992. Spectral estimates of absorbed radiation and phytomass production in corn and soybean canopies. Remote Sensing Environ. 39:141-152.
29. Daughtry, C.S.T., and S.E. Hollinger. 1984. Cost of measuring leaf area index in corn. Agron. J. 76:836-841.
30. Daynard, T.B. 1971. Characterization of corn (Zea mays L.) canopies from measurements of individual plants. Agron. J. 63:133-135.
31. de Jesus, W.C., Jr., F.X.R. do Vale, R.R. Coelho, and L.C. Costa. 2001. Comparison of two methods for estimating leaf area index on common bean. Agron. J. 93:989-991.
32. Dwyer, L.M., and D.W. Stewart. 1986. Leaf area development in field grown corn. Agron. J. 78:334-343.
33. Dwyer, L.M., D.W. Stewart, R.I. Hamilton, and L. Houwing. 1992. Ear position and vertical distribution of leaf area in corn. Agron. J. 84:430-438.
34. Eschenbach, C., and L. Kappen. 1996. Leaf area index determination in an alder forest: A comparison of three methods. J. Exp. Bot. 47:1457-1462.
35. España, M.L., F. Baret, F. Aries, M. Chelle, B. Andrieu, and L. Prevot. 1999. Modeling maize canopy 3D architecture: Application to reflectance simulation. Ecol. Model. 122:25-43.
36. Fassnacht, K.S., S.T. Gower, M.D. MacKenzie, E.V. Nordheim, and T.M. Lillesand. 1997. Estimating the leaf area index of North Central Wisconsin forests using the Landsat Thematic Mapper. Remote Sensing Environ. 61:229-245.
37. Fassnacht, K.S., S.T. Gower, J.M. Norman, and R.E. McMurtrie. 1994. A comparison of optical and direct methods for estimating foliage surface area index in forests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 71:183-207.
38. Fladung, M., and E. Ritter. 1991. Plant leaf area measurements by personal computer. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 166:69-70.
39. Francis, R.B., J.N. Rutger, and A.F.E. Palmer. 1969. A rapid method for plant leaf area estimation in maize. Crop Sci. 9:537-539.
40. Gemmell, F. 2000. Testing the utility of multi-angle spectral data for reducing the effects of background spectral variations in forest reflectance model inversion. Remote Sensing Environ. 72:46-63.
41. Goward, S.N., and K.F. Huemmrich. 1992. Vegetation canopy PAR absorptance and the normalized difference vegetation index: An assessment using the SAIL model. Remote Sensing Environ. 39:119-140.
42. Grantz, D.A., X.J. Zhang, P.D. Metheney, and D.W. Grimes, 1993. Indirect measurement of leaf area index in Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) using a commercial gap inversion method. Agric. For. Meteorol. 67:1-12.
43. Haboudane, D., J.R. Miller, E. Pattey, I.B. Strachan, and P.J. Zarco-Tejada. 2002. Effects of chlorophyll concentration on green LAI prediction in crop canopies: Modelling and assessment. p. 891-899. In Proc. of the 1st Int. Symp. on Recent Advances in Quantitative Remote Sensing, Sept. 16-20, 2002, Auditori de Torrent, Spain.
44. Hatfield, J.L., G. Asrar, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1984. Intercepted photosynthetically active radiation estimated by spectral reflectance. Remote Sensing Environ. 14:65-75.
45. Hatfield, J.L., E.T. Kanemasu, G. Asrar, R.D. Jackson, P.J. Pinter, Jr., R.J. Reginato, and S.B. Idso. 1985. Leaf-area estimates from spectral measurements over various planting dates of wheat. Int. J. Remote Sensing 6(1):167-175.
46. Hicks, S.K., and R.J. Lascano. 1995. Estimation of leaf area index for cotton canopies using the LICOR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer. Agron. J. 87:458-464.
47. Holben, B.N., C.J. Tucker, and C.J. Fan. 1980. Spectral assessment of soybean leaf area and leaf biomass. Photogramm. Eng. 45:651-656.
48. Hu., B., K. Inannen, and J.R. Miller. 2000. Retrieval of leaf area index and canopy closure from CASI data over the BOREAS flux tower sites. Remote Sensing Environ. 74:255-274.
49. Huete, A.R. 1988. A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Remote Sensing Environ. 25:295-309.
50. Jacquemoud, S., C. Bacour, H. Poilvé, and J.-P.Frangi. 2000. Comparison of four radiative transfer models to simulate plant canopy reflectance: Direct and inverse mode. Remote Sensing Environ. 74:471-481.
51. Jacquemoud, S., and F. Baret. 1990. Prospect: A model for leaf optical properties spectra. Remote Sensing Environ. 34:75-91.
52. Jacquemoud, S., S.L. Ustin, J. Verdebout, G. Schmuck, G. Andreoli, and B. Hosgood. 1996. Estimating leaf biochemistry using the PROSPECT leaf optical properties model. Remote Sensing Environ. 56:194-202.
53. Kucharik, C.J., J.M. Norman, and S.T. Gower. 1998a. Measurements of branch area and adjusting leaf area index indirect measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 91:69-88.
54. Kucharik, C.J., J.M. Norman, and S.T. Gower. 1998b. Measurements of leaf orientation, light distribution and sunlit leaf area in a boreal aspen forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 91:127-148.
55. Kucharik, C.J., J.M. Norman, and S.T. Gower. 1999. Characterization of radiation regimes in nonrandom forest canopies: Theory, measurements, and a simplified modeling approach. Tree Physiol. 19:695-706.
56. Kucharik, C.J., J.M. Norman, L.M., Murdock, and S.T. Gower. 1997. Characterizing canopy nonrandomness with a Multiband Vegetation Imager (MVI). J. Geophys. Res. 102:29455-29473.
57. Kuusk, A. 1985. The hot spot effect on a uniform vegetative cover. Sov. J. Remote Sensing 3:645-658.
58. Kvet, J., and J.K. Marshall. 1971. Assessment of leaf area and other assimilating plant surfaces. p. 517-574. In Z. Sestak et al. (ed.) Plant photosynthesis production: Manual of methods. W. Junk, the Hague, the Netherlands.
59. Lang, A.R.G. 1986. Leaf area and average leaf angle from transmission of direct sunlight. Aust. J. Bot. 34:349-355.
60. Lang, A.R.G. 1987. Simplified estimate of leaf area index from transmittance of the sun's beam. Agric. For. Meteorol. 41:179-186.
61. Lang, A.R.G., and Y. Xiang. 1986. Estimation of leaf area index from transmission of direct sunlight in discontinuous canopies. Agric. For. Meteorol. 37:229-243.
62. Lang, A.R.G., Y. Xiang, and JM. Norman. 1985. Crop structure and the penetration of direct sunlight. Agric. For. Meteorol. 35:83-101.
63. Liu, Q., and A. Huete. 1995. A feedback based modification of the NDVI to minimize canopy background and atmospheric noise. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 33:457-465.
64. Leblanc, S.G., and J.M. Chen. 2001. A practical scheme for correcting multiple scattering effects on optical LAI measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 110:125-139.
65. Maas, S.J. 1998. Estimating cotton canopy ground cover from remotely sensed scene reflectance. Agron. J. 90:384-388.
66. Marshall, J.K. 1968. Methods for leaf area measurements of large and small leaf samples. Photosynthetica 2:41-47.
67. McKee, G.W. 1964. A coefficient for computing leaf area in hybrid corn. Agron. J. 56:240-241.
68. Miller, E.E., and J.M. Norman. 1971. A sunfleck theory for plant canopies: I. Length of sunlit segments along a transect. Agron. J. 63:735-738.
69. Miller, J.B. 1967. A formula for average foliage density. Aust. J. Bot. 15:141-144.
70. Montgomery, F.G. 1911. Correlation studies in corn. Nebraska Agric. Exp. Stn. 24th Annual Report.
71. Neumann, H.H., G. Den Hartog, and R.H. Shaw. 1989. Leaf area measurements based on hemispherical photographs and leaf-litter collection in a deciduous forest during autumn leaf-fall. Agric. For. Meteorol. 45:325-345.
72. Norman, J.M., and G.S. Campbell. 1989. Canopy structure. p. 301-325. In R.W. Pearcy et al. (ed.) Plant physiological ecology: Field methods and instrumentation. Chapman & Hall, New York.
73. Paltridge, G., and J. Barber. 1988. Monitoring grassland dryness and fire potential in Australia with NOAA/AVHRR data. Remote Sensing Environ. 28:384-393.
74. Pattey, E., I.B. Strachan, J.B. Boisvert, R.L. Desjardins, and N.B. McLaughlin. 2001. Detecting effects of nitrogen rate and weather on corn growth using micrometeorological and hyperspectral reflectance measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 108:85-99.
75. Pearce, R.B., J.J. Mock, and T.B. Bailey. 1975. Rapid method for estimating leaf area per plant in maize. Crop Sci. 15:691-694.
76. Perry, S.G., A.B. Fraser, D.W. Thomson, and J.M. Norman. 1988. Indirect sensing of plant canopy structure with simple radiation measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 42:255-278.
77. Pierce, L.L., and S.W. Running. 1988. Rapid estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index using a portable integrating radiometer. Ecology 69:1762-1767.
78. Pierce, L.L., S.W. Running, and J. Walker. 1994. Regional-scale relationships of leaf area index to specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content. Ecol. Appl. 4:313-321.
79. Qi, J., Y.H. Kerr, M.S. Moran, M. Weltz, A.R. Huete, S. Sorooshian, and R. Bryant. 2000. Leaf area index estimates using remotely sensed data and BRDF models in a semiarid region. Remote Sensing Environ. 73:18-30.
80. Redelfs, M.S., L.R. Stone, E.T. Kanemasu, and M.B. Kirkham. 1987. Greenness-leaf area index relationships for seven row-crops. Agron. J. 79:254-259.
81. Rich, M.P. 1990. Characterizing plant canopies with hemispherical photographs. Remote Sensing Rev. 5:13-29.
82. Rondeaux, G., M. Steven, and F. Baret. 1996. Optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation indices. Remote Sensing Environ. 55:95-107.
83. Ross, J.K. 1981. The radiation regime and the architecture of plant stands. W. Junk Publ., the Hague, the Netherlands.
84. Rover, A., and H.-J. Koch. 1994. Indirect determination of leaf area index of sugar beet canopies in comparison to direct measurement. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 174:189-195.
85. Sellers, P.J. 1985. Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration. Int. J. Remote Sensing 10:855-867.
86. Sommer, K.J., and A.R.G. Lang. 1994. Comparative analysis of two indirect methods of measuring leaf area index as applied to minimal and spur pruned grape vines. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 21:197-206.
87. Stewart, D.W., and L.M. Dwyer. 1993. Mathematical characterization of maize canopies. Agric. For. Meteorol. 66:247-265.
88. Stewart, D.W., and L.M. Dwyer. 1999. Mathematical characterization of leaf shape and area of maize hybrids. Crop Sci. 39:422-427.
89. Stewart, D.W., and E.R. Lemon. 1969. A simulation of net photosynthesis of field corn. U.S. Army ECOM Technical Rep. 2-681-6. U.S. Army Electronic Command, Fort Huachuca, AZ.
90. Strachan, I.B., and J.H. McCaughey. 1996. Spatial and vertical leaf area index of a deciduous forest resolved using the LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer. Forest Sci. 42:176-181.
91. Strachan, I.B., E. Pattey, and J.B. Boisvert. 2002. Impact of environmental conditions on corn as detected by hyperspectral reflectance. Remote Sensing Environ. 80:213-224.
92. Thenkabail, P.S., R.B. Smith, and E. De Pauw. 2000. Hyperspectral vegetation indices and their relationships with agricultural crop characteristics. Remote Sensing Environ. 71:158-182.
93. Tucker, C.J. 1979. Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation. Remote Sensing Environ. 8:127-150.
94. Verhoef, W. 1984. Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling: The SAIL model. Remote Sensing Environ. 16:125-141.
95. Wang, Y.S., and D.R. Miller. 1987. Calibration of the hemispherical photographic technique to measure leaf area index distributions in hardwood forests. For. Sci. 33:210-216.
96. Warren Wilson, J. 1959. Analysis of the spatial distribution of foliage by two-dimensional point analysis. New Phytol. 58:92-101.
97. Watson, D.J. 1937. The estimation of leaf area in field crops. J. Agric. Sci. 27:474-483.
98. Watson, D.J. 1947. Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops: 1. Variation in net assimilation rate and leaf area between species and varieties, and within and between years. Ann. Bot. 11(41):41-76.
99. Weigand, C.L., A.H. Gerbermann, K.P. Gallo, B.L. Blad, and D. Dusek. 1990. Multisite analyses of spectral-biophysical data for corn. Remote Sensing Environ. 33:1-16.
100. Weigand, C.L., S.J. Maas, J.K. Aase, J.L. Hatfield, P.J. Pinter, Jr., R.D. Jackson, E.T. Kanemasu, and R.L. Lapitan. 1992. Multisite analyses of spectral-biophysical data for wheat. Remote Sensing Environ. 42:1-21.
101. Weigand, C.L., A.J. Richardson, D.E. Escobar, and A.H. Gerbermann. 1991. Vegetation indices in crop assessments. Remote Sensing Environ. 35:105-119.
102. Weiss, M., and F. Baret. 1999. Evaluation of canopy biophysical variable retrieval performances from the accumulation of large swath satellite data. Remote Sensing Environ. 70:293-306.
103. Weiss, M., D. Troufleau, F. Baret, H. Chauki, L. Prévot, A. Olioso, N. Bruguier, and N. Brisson. 2001. Coupling canopy functioning and radiative transfer models for remote sensing data assimilation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 108:113-128.
104. Welles, J.M. 1990. Some indirect methods of estimating canopy structure. Remote Sensing Rev. 5:31-43.
105. Welles, J.M., and S. Cohen. 1996. Canopy structure measurement by gap fraction analysis using commercial instrumentation. J. Exp. Bot. 47(302):1335-1342.
106. Welles, J.M., and J.M. Norman. 1991. Instrument for indirect measurement of canopy architecture. Agron. J. 83:818-825.
107. Whitford, K.R., I.J. Colquhoun, A.R.G. Lang, and B.M. Harper. 1995. Measuring leaf area index in a sparse eucalypt forest: A comparison of estimates from direct measurement, hemispherical photography, sunlight transmittance and allometric regression. Agric. For. Meteorol. 74:237-249.
108. Wilhelm, W.W., K. Ruwe, and M.R. Schlemmer. 2000. Comparison of three leaf area index meters in a corn canopy. Crop Sci. 40:1179-1183.