Linguistic and human effects on Fo in a tonal dialect of Qiang

Phonetica

Volumn 67, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 82-99

  Evans, Jonathan ^a   Chu, Man Ni ^a   Aston, John A D ^b,c   Su, Chao Yu ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS   (Taiwan)

^b INSTITUTE OF STATISTICAL SCIENCE   (Taiwan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHINA; FEMALE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; LINGUISTICS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHONATION; PHONETICS; SEMANTICS; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOUND DETECTION; SPEECH; SPEECH ANALYSIS; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

ADULT; CHINA; FEMALE; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHONATION; PHONETICS; PSYCHOLINGUISTICS; SEMANTICS; SEX FACTORS; SOUND SPECTROGRAPHY; SPEECH ACOUSTICS; SPEECH PRODUCTION MEASUREMENT; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 77956726276     PISSN: 00318388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000319380     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Aston, J.A.D.; Chiou, J.M.; Evans, J.P.: Linguistic pitch analysis using functional principal component mixed effect models. J. R. Statistical Soc. 59: 297-317 (2010).
2. Baayen, R.H.: LanguageR: Data sets and functions with 'Analyzing Linguistic Data: A practical introduction to statistics'. R package; version 0.4, computer software (2007).
3. Baayen, R.H.: Analyzing linguistic data: a practical introduction to statistics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008).
4. Baayen, R.H.; Davidson, D.J.; Bates, D.M.: Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Retrieved from: http://www.mpi.nl/world/persons/private/baayen/publications/baayenDavidsonBates. pdf/(2008).
5. Bates, D.; Maechler, M.: lme4: linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. R package; version 0.999375-31, computer software (2009).
6. Bates, D.M.; Pinheiro, J.C.: Computational methods for multi-level models. Tech. Memo No. BL0112140-980226- 01TM (Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill 1998).
7. Boersma, P.: Accurate short-term analysis of the fundamental frequency and the harmonics-to-noise ratio of a sampled sound. Proc. Inst. Phonet. Sci., Univ. Amsterdam 17: 97-110 (1993).
8. Boothroyd, A.: Speech acoustics and speech perception. Pro-Ed Ser. Commun. Disord. (Pro-Ed, Austin 1986).
9. Cunningham, E.P.; Henderson, C.R.: An iterative procedure for estimating fixed effects and variance components in mixed model situations. Biometrics 24: 13-25 (1968).
10. Draper, N. R.; Smith, H.: Applied regression analysis; 3rd ed. (Wiley, Chichester 1998).
11. Esposito, A.: On vowel height and consonantal voicing effects: data from Italian. Phonetica 59: 197-231 (2002).
12. Evans, J.P.: Contact-induced tonogenesis in Southern Qiang. Lang. Ling. 2: 63-110 (2001).
13. Evans, J.P.: How do you analyze a three-tone system, when all three tones are high? 39th ICSTLL, University of Washington, Seattle 2006. Evans, J.P.: 'African' tone in the Sinosphere. Lang. Ling 9: 463-490 (2008).
14. Faraway, J.: Extending the linear model with R: generalized linear, mixed effects and nonparametric regression models (Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton 2006).
15. Fry, D.: Experiments in the perception of stress. Lang. Speech 1: 126-152 (1958).
16. Gandour, J.: Consonant types and tone in Siamese. J. Phonet. 2: 237-250 (1974).
17. Gandour, J.: Perceptual dimensions of tone: evidence from Cantonese. J. Chinese Ling. 9: 20-36 (1981).
18. Gussenhoven, C.: The phonology of tone and intonation (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2004).
19. Henderson, C.R.: Estimation of variance and covariance components. Biometrics 9: 226-252 (1953).
20. Hombert, J. M.: Towards a theory of tonogenesis: an empirical, physiologically and perceptually-based account of the development of tonal contrasts in language; doct. diss. University of California, Berkeley (unpublished, 1975).
21. Hombert, J.M.; Ohala, J.J.; Ewan, W.G.: Phonetic explanations for the development of tones. Language 55: 37-58 (1979).
22. Huss, V.: English word stress in the post-nuclear position. Phonetica 35: 85-105 (1978).
23. Hyman, L.M.: Privative tone in Bantu; in Kaji, Cross-linguistic studies of tonal phenomena: tonogenesis, Japanese accentology, and other topics, pp. 237-257 (Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures, Tokyo 2001).
24. Johnson, K.: Quantitative methods in linguistics (Blackwell, Malden 2008).
25. Khouw, E.; Ciocca, V.: Perceptual correlates of Cantonese tones. J. Phonet. 35: 104-117 (2007).
26. Kochanski, G.; Shih, C.; Jing, H.: Quantitative measurement of prosodic strength in Mandarin. Speech Commun. 41: 625-645 (2003).
27. Kohler, K.: The perception of prominence patterns. Phonetica 65: 257-269 (2008).
28. Ladd, R.: Declination 'reset' and the hierarchical organization of utterances. J. acoust. Soc. Am 84: 530-544 (1988).
29. Ladd, D.; Silverman, K.: Vowel intrinsic pitch in connected speech. Phonetica 41: 31-40 (1984).
30. Ladefoged, P.: Phonetic data analysis: an introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques (Blackwell, Malden 2003).
31. Laird, N.M.; Ware, J.H.: Random-effects models for longitudinal data. Biometrics 38: 963-974 (1982).
32. LaPolla, R J.; Huang, C.: A grammar of Qiang, with annotated texts and glossary (Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin 2003).
33. Liu, F.; Xu, Y.: Parallel encoding of focus and interrogative meaning in Mandarin intonation. Phonetica 62: 70-87 (2005).
34. Liu, G.: Mawo Qiangyu Yanjiu (Sichuan Nationalities Press, Chengdu 1998a).
35. Liu, G.: Lun Qiangyu shengdiao de chansheng he fazhan. Minzu Yuwen 2: 1-8 (1998b).
36. Mazaudon, M.; Michaud, A.: Tonal contrasts and initial consonants: a case study of Tamang, a 'missing link' in tonogenesis. Phonetica 65: 231-256 (2008).
37. Mishra, T.; van Santen, J.; Klabbers, E.: Decomposition of pitch curves in the general superpositional model. Proc. Prosody 2006, Germany 2006.
38. Myers, S.: Downdrift and pitch range in Chichewa intonation; in Ohala, Hasegawa, Ohala, Granville, Bailey, Proc. 14th Int. Congr. Phonet. Sci., Linguistics Department, University of California, Berkeley 1999, pp. 1981-1984.
39. Myers, J.; Tsay, J.: Neutralization in Taiwan Southern Min Tone sandhi; in Hsiao, Hsu, Wee, Ho, Interfaces in Chinese phonology: festschrift in honor of Matthew Y. Chen on his 70th birthday, pp. 47-78. Lang. Ling. Monogr. Ser. No.W-8 (Academia Sinica, Taipei 2008).
40. Nguyen, N.; Fagyal, Z.: Acoustic aspects of vowel harmony in French. J. Phonet. 36: 1-27 (2008).
41. Ohala, J.J.; Eukel, B.W.: Explaining the intrinsic pitch of vowels; in Channon, Shockey, In honor of Ilse Lehiste, pp. 207-215 (Foris, Dordrecht 1987).
42. Ohde, R.N.: Fundamental frequency as an acoustic correlate of stop consonant voicing. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 75: 224-230 (1984).
43. Pinheiro, J.C.; Bates, D.M.: Mixed-effects models in S and S-Plus: statistics and computing series (Springer, New York 2000).
44. Plag, I.: The variability of compound stress in English: structural, semantic and analogical factors. Engl. Lang. Ling. 10: 143-172 (2006).
45. R Development Core Team (Designers): The R Project for statistical computing; computer software and manual. Retrieved from: http://www.R-project. org/ (2009).
46. Shih, C.: A declination model of Mandarin Chinese; in Botinis, Intonation: analysis, modelling and technology, pp. 243-268 (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 2000).
47. Shih, C.; Ao, B.: Duration study for the Bell Laboratories Mandarin Text-to-Speech system; in van Santen, Sproat, Olive, Hirschberg, Progress in speech synthesis, pp. 383-399 (Springe, New York 1997).
48. Sluijter, A.; Terken, J.: Beyond sentence prosody: paragraph intonation in Dutch. Phonetica 50: 180-188 (1993).
49. Sulter, A.M.; Schutte, H.K.; Miller, D.G.: Standardized laryngeal videostroboscopic rating: differences between untrained and trained male and female subjects, and effects of varying sound intensity, fundamental frequency and age. J. Voice 10: 175-189 (1996).
50. Sun, H.: Qiangyu Jianzhi (Nationalities Press, Beijing 1981).
51. Traunmüller H.; Eriksson, A.: The frequency range of the voice fundamental in the speech of male and female adults (unpublished manuscript, 1995).
52. Tseng, C.Y.: Higher level organization and discourse prosody. 2nd Int. Symp. on Tonal Aspects of Languages, 2006a, pp. 23-34.
53. Tseng, C.Y.: Prosody analysis. Advances in Chinese spoken language processing, pp. 57-76 (World Scientific Publishing, Singapore 2006b).
54. Van Santen, J.: Assignment of segmental duration in text-to-speech synthesis. Computer Speech Lang. 8: 95-128 (1994).
55. Van Santen, J.: Prosodic modeling in text-to-speech synthesis. Proc. Eurospeech-97, Rhodes 1997.
56. Van Santen, J.; Mishra, T.; Klabbers, E.: Estimating phrase curves in the general superpositional intonation model. ISCA Speech Synthesis Workshop 5, Pittsburgh 2003.
57. Van Santen, J.; Shih, C. :Suprasegmental and segmental timing models in Mandarin Chinese and American English. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 107: 1012-1026 (2000).
58. Venables, W.N.; Ripley, B.D.: Modern applied statistics with S; 4th ed. (Springer, New York 2002).
59. Wen, Yu.: Wenzhou Qiangyu Cihui Jianbian (Luobuzhai Fangyan). Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiu Huikan 10 (1951).
60. Wen, Y.; Fu, M.: Wenchuan Lobuzhai Qiangyu yinxi. Studia Serica 3: 14-25 (1943).
61. Werner, S.; Keller, E.: Prosodic aspects of speech; in Keller, Fundamentals of speech synthesis and speech recognition: basic concepts, state of the art, and future challenges, pp. 23-40 (Wiley, Chichester 1994).
62. Whalen, D.H.; Levitt, A.G.: The universality of intrinsic F0 of vowels. J. Phonet. 23: 349-366 (1995).
63. Xu, Y.: Effects of tone and focus on the formation and alignment of F0 contours. J. Phonet. 27: 55-105 (1999).
64. Xu, Y.: Principles of tone research. Proc. Int. Symp. on Tonal Aspects of Lang., La Rochelle 2006, pp. 3-13.
65. Yip, M.: Tone (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002).
66. Yuan, J.; Shih, C.; Kochanski, G.: Comparison of declarative and interrogative intonation in Chinese; in Bel, Marlien, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Speech Prosody, Aix-en-Provence 2002, pp. 711-714.
67. Zeng, X.; Martin, P.; Boulakia, G.: Tones and intonation in declarative and interrogative sentences in Mandarin. Proc. Tonal Aspects of Lang., pp. 235-238 (Chian, Beijing 2004).
68. Zhao, Y.; Jurafsky, D.: The effect of lexical frequency and Lombard reflex on tone hyperarticulation. J. Phonet. 37: 231-247 (2009).