Chapter 8 Influence of Nonlamellar-Forming Lipids on Rhodopsin

Current Topics in Membranes and Transport

Volumn 44, Issue C, 1997, Pages 285-356

  Brown, Michael F ^a  

^a University of Arizona   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956683194     PISSN: 00702161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0070-2161(08)60212-9     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Adamson A.W. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. (1990), John Wiley & Sons, New York
2. Altenbach C., Yang K., Farrens D.L., Farahbakhsh Z.T., Khorana H.G., and Hubbell W.L. Structural features and light-dependent changes in the cytoplasmic interhelical E/F loop region of rhodopsin: A site-directed spin-labeling study. Biochemistry 35 (1996) 12470-12478
3. Anderson D.M., Gruner S.M., and Leibler S. Geometrical aspects of the frustration in the cubic phases of lyotropic liquid crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (1988) 5364-5368
4. 3 phase. J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 4243-4253
5. Anderson R.E., Benolken R.M., Dudley P.A., Landis D.J., and Wheeler T.G. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of photoreceptor membranes. Exp. Eye Res. 18 (1974) 205-213
6. Anderson R.E., Maude M.B., Lewis R.A., Newsome D.A., and Fishman G.A. Abnormal plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Exp. Eye Res. 44 (1987) 155-159
7. Applebury M.L., and Hargrave P.A. Molecular biology of the visual pigments. Vision Res. 26 (1986) 1881-1895
8. Applebury M.L., Zuckerman D.M., Lamola A.A., and Jovin T.M. Rhodopsin: Purification and recombination with phospholipids assayed by the metarhodopsin Imetarhodopsin II transition. Biochemistry 13 (1974) 3448-3458
9. Arnis S., and Hofmann K.P. Two different forms of metarhodopsin II: Schiff base deprotonation precedes proton uptake and signaling state. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (1993) 7849-7853
10. Baldwin J. The probable arrangement of the helices in G protein-coupled receptors. EMBO J. 12 (1993) 1693-1703
11. Baldwin P.A., and Hubbell W.L. Effects of lipid environment on the light-induced conformational changes of rhodopsin. 1. Absence of metarhodopsin II production in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine recombinant membranes. Biochemistry 24 (1985) 2624-2632
12. Baldwin P.A., and Hubbell W.L. Effects of lipid environment on the light-induced conformational changes of rhodopsin. 2. Roles of lipid chain length. unsaturation, and phase state. Biochemistry 24 (1985) 2633-2639
13. Bazan N.G., Scott B.L., Reddy T.S., and Pelias M.Z. Decreased content of docosahexaenoate and arachidonate in plasma phospholipids in Usher's syndrome. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 141 (1986) 600-604
14. Beach J.M., Pates R.D., Ellena J.F., and Brown M.F. Flash photolysis studies of rhodopsin function in recombinant membranes. Biophys. J. 45 (1984) 292a
15. Beblik G., Servuss R.-M., and Helfrich W. Bilayer bending rigidity of some synthetic lecithins. J. Phys. (France) 46 (1985) 1773-1778
16. Bennett N. Optical study of the light-induced protonation changes associated with the metarhodopsin II intermediate in rod-outer-segment membranes. Eur. J. Biochem. 111 (1980) 99-103
17. Benolken R.M., Anderson R.E., and Wheeler T.G. Membrane fatty acids associated with the electrical response in visual excitation. Science 182 (1973) 1253-1254
18. Bienvenue A., Bloom M., Davis J.H., and Devaux P.F. Evidence of protein associated lipids from deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance studies of rhodopsin-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine recombinants. J. Biol. Chem. 257 (1982) 3032-3038
19. Brown M.F. Modulation of rhodopsin function by properties of the membrane bilayer. Chem. Phys. Lipids 73 (1994) 159-180
20. Brown M.F. Membrane structure and dynamics studied with NMR spectroscopy. In: Merz Jr. K., and Roux B. (Eds). Biological Membranes. A Molecular Perspective from Computation and Experiment (1996), Birkhäuser, Basel 175-252
21. Brown M.F., and Chan S.I. Bilayer membranes: Deuterium and carbon-13 NMR. In: Grant D.M., and Harris R.K. (Eds). Encylcopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1995), John Wiley & Sons, New York 871-885
22. Brown M.F., and Gibson N.J. Biological function of docosahexaenoic acid in the retinal rod disk membrane. In: Sinclair A., and Gibson R. (Eds). Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids (1992), American Oil Chemists' Society Press, Champaign, IL. 134-138
23. Brown M.F., Deese A.J., and Dratz E.A. Proton, carbon-13, and phosphorus-13 NMR methods for the investigation of rhodopsin-lipid interactions in retinal rod outer segment membranes. Methods Enzymol. 81 (1982) 709-728
24. Brown M.F., Gibson N.J., and Thurmond R.L. Membrane deformation energy, curvature frustration, and rhodopsin function. Biophys. J. 70 (1996) A442
25. Chabre M. Trigger and amplification mechanisms in visual phototransduction. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 14 (1985) 331-360
26. Chabre M., and Breton J. Orientation of aromatic residues in rhodopsin: Rotation of one tryptophan upon the meta I-meta II transition after illumination. Phorochem. Photobiol. 30 (1979) 295-299
27. Chabre M., and Breton J. The orientation of the chromophore of vertebrate rhodopsin in the "meta" intermediate states and the reversibility of the meta II-meta III transition. Vision Res. 19 (1979) 1005-1018
28. Chabre M., and Deterre P. Molecular mechanism of visual transduction. Eur. J. Biochem. 179 (1989) 255-266
29. 296. Biochemistry 31 (1992) 12592-12601
30. Cone R.A. Early receptor potential: Photoreversible charge displacement in rhodopsin. Science 155 (1967) 1128-1131
31. Cone R.A. Rotational diffusion of rhodopsin in the visual receptor membrane. Nature New Biol. 236 (1972) 39-43
32. Converse C.A., Hammer H.M., Packard C.J., and Shepherd J. Plasma lipid abnormalities in retinitis pigmentosa and related onditions. Trans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K. 103 (1983) 508-512
33. Converse C.A., McLachlan T., Bow A.G., Packard C.J., and Shepherd J. Plasma lipids in retinitis pigmentosa. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 15 (1987) 490-491
34. Corson D.W., Cornwall M.C., MacNichol E.F., Jin J., Johnson R., Derguini F., Crouch R.K., and Nakanishi K. Sensitization of bleached rod photoreceptors by ll-cis-locked analogues of retinal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (1990) 6823-6827
35. Crouch R.K. Studies of rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin using modified retinals. Photochem. Photobiol. 44 (1986) 803-807
36. Cullis P.R., and De Kruijff B. Lipid polymorphism and the functional roles of lipids in biological membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 559 (1979) 399-420
37. 31P NMR study. FEBS Lett. 124 (1981) 93-99
38. Demel R.A., Geurts Van Kessel W.S.M., and Van Deenen L.L.M. The properties of polyunsaturated lecithins in monolayers and liposomes and the interactions of these lecithins with cholesterol. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 266 (1972) 26-40
39. Dratz E.A., and Hargrave P.A. The structure of rhodopsin and the rod outer segment disk membrane. Trends Biochem. Sci. 8 (1983) 128-131
40. Ebrey T.G., and Honig B. Molecular aspects of photoreceptor function. Q. Rev. Biophys. 8 (1975) 129-184
41. 31P NMR spectra of rod outer segment and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes show no evidence of immobilized components due to lipid-protein interactions. Biochemistry 25 (1986) 3742-3748
42. Epand R.M. Relationship of phospholipid hexagonal phases to biological phenomena. Biochem. Cell Biol. 68 (1990) 17-23
43. Evans D.F., and Wennerstrom H. The Colloidal Domain (1994), VCH, New York
44. Farahbakhsh Z.T., Ridge K.D., Khorana H.G., and Hubbell W.L. Mapping light-dependent structural changes in the cytoplasmic loop connecting helices C and D in rhodopsins: A site-directed spin labeling study. Biochemistry 34 (1995) 8812-8819
45. Farnsworth C.C., and Dratz E.A. Oxidative damage of retinal rod outer segment membranes and the role of vitamin E. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443 (1976) 556-570
46. Farrens D.L., Altenbach C., Kang K., Hubbell W.L., and Khorana H.G. Requirement of rigid-body motion of transmembrane helices for light activation of rhodopsin. Science 274 (1996) 768-770
47. Franke R.R., Sakmar T.P., Oprian D.D., and Khorana H.G. A single amino acid substitution in rhodopsin (lysine 248-leucine) prevents activation of transducin. J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 2119-2122
48. Franke R.R., Konig B., Sakmar T.P., Khorana H.G., and Hofmann K.P. Rhodopsin mutants that bind but fail to activate transducin. Science 250 (1990) 123-125
49. Fung B.K.-K., and Hubbell W.L. Organization of rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes. 2. Transmembrane organization of bovine rhodopsin: Evidence from proteolysis and lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of native and reconstituted membranes. Biochemistry 17 (1978) 4403-4410
50. Gibson N.J., and Brown M.F. Influence of pH on the MI-MII equilibrium of rhodopsin in recombinant membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 169 (1990) 1028-1034
51. Gibson N.J., and Brown M.F. Membrane lipid influences on the energetics of the metarhodopsin I and metarhodopsin II conformational states of rhodopsin probed by flash photolysis. Photochem. Photobiol. 54 (1991) 985-992
52. Gibson N.J., and Brown M.F. Role of phosphatidylserine in the MI-MII equilibrium of rhodopsin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 176 (1991) 915-921
53. Gibson N.J., and Brown M.F. Lipid headgroup and acyl chain composition modulates the MI-MII equilibrium of rhodopsin in recombinant membranes. Biochemistry 32 (1993) 2438-2454
54. Gibson N.J., Thurmond R.L., and Brown M.F. Non-bilayer forming lipids influence rhodopsin photochemical function. Biophys. J. 64 (1993) A289
55. Gruner S.M. Intrinsic curvature hypothesis for biomembrane lipid composition: A role for nonbilayer lipids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (1985) 3665-3669
56. Gruner S.M. Stability of lyotropic phases with curved interfaces. J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 7562-7570
57. Hamm H.E., Deretic D., Arendt A., Hargrave P.A., Koenig B., and Hofmann K.P. Site of G protein binding to rhodopsin mapped with synthetic peptides from the α subunit. Science 241 (1988) 832-835
58. Hargrave P.A. Rhodopsin chemistry, structure and topography. Prog. Retinal Res. 1 (1982) 1-51
59. Hargrave P.A., and McDowell J.H. Rhodopsin and phototransduction: A model system for G protein-linked receptors. FASEB J. 6 (1992) 2323-2331
60. Hauser H., Pascher I., Pearson R.H., and Sundell S. Preferred conformation and molecular packing of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 650 (1981) 21-51
61. Helfrich W. Elastic properties of lipid bilayers: Theory and possible experiments. Z. Naturforsch. 28c (1973) 693-703
62. Hofmann K.P., Jäger S., and Ernst O.P. Structure and function of activated rhodopsin. Isr. J. Chem. 35 (1995) 339-355
63. Holman R.T., Johnson S.B., and Hatch T.F. A case of human linolenic acid deficiency involving neurological abnormalities. Am. J. Clin. Natr. 35 (1982) 617-623
64. Hubbell W.L. Characterization of rhodopsin in synthetic systems. Acc. Chem. Res. 8 (1975) 85-91
65. Israelachvili J.N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces (1985), Academic Press, New York
66. Jansson M., Thurmond R.L., Barry J.A., and Brown M.F. Deuterium NMR study of intermolecular interactions in lamellar phases containing palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine. J. Phys. Chem. 96 (1992) 9532-9544
67. Jensen J.W., and Schutzbach J.S. Activation of mannosyltransferase II by nonbilayer phospholipids. Biochemistry 23 (1984) 1115-1119
68. Jensen J.W., and Schutzbach J.S. Modulation of dolichylphosphomannose synthase activity by changes in the lipid environment of the enzyme. Biochemistry 27 (1988) 6315-6320
69. 2+)-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 1643-1650
70. Kang K., Farrens D.L., Hubbell W.L., and Khorana H.G. Structure and function in rhodopsin. Single cysteine substitution mutants in the cytoplasmic interhelical E-F loop region show position-specific effects in transducin activation. Biochemistry 35 (1996) 12464-12469
71. Katz M.L., Parkes K.R., Handelman G.J., Bramel T.L., and Dratz E.A. Effects of antioxidant nutrient deficiency on the retina and retinal pigment epithelium of albino rats: A light and electron microscopy study. Exp. Eye Res. 34 (1982) 339-369
72. Khorana H.G. Rhodopsin, photoreceptor of the rod cell. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 1-4
73. 1-activating form of photolyzed bovine rhodopsin. Biochemistry 30 (1991) 6761-6768
74. King P.J., and Gutfreund H. Kinetic studies on the formation and decay of metarhodopsins from bovine retinas. Vision Res. 24 (1984) 1471-1475
75. Kinnunen P. On the molecular-level mechanisms of peripheral protein-membrane interactions induced by lipids forming inverted non-lamellar phases. Chem. Phys. Lipids 81 (1996) 151-166
76. Kinnunen P.K.J., Kõiv A., Lehtonen J.Y.A., Rytömaa M., and Mustonen P. Lipid dynamics and peripheral interactions of proteins with membrane surfaces. Chem. Phys. Lipids 73 (1994) 181-207
77. Kliger D.S., and Lewis J.W. Spectral and kinetic characterization of visual pigment photointermediates. Isr. J. Chem. 35 (1995) 289-307
78. Kochendoerfer G.D., and Mathies R.A. Ultrafast spectroscopy of rhodopsins-photochemistry at its best!. Isr. J. Chem. 35 (1995) 211-226
79. König B., Arendt A., McDowell J.H., Kahlert M., Hargrave P.A., and Hofmann K.P. Three cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin interact with transducin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (1989) 6878-6882
80. Kühn H., Mommertz O., and Hargrave P.A. Light-dependent conformational change at rhodopsin's cytoplasmic surface detected by increased susceptibility to proteolysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 679 (1982) 95-100
81. Kusumi A., and Hyde J.S. Spin-label saturation-transfer electron spin resonance detection of transient association of rhodopsin in reconstituted membranes. Biochemistry 21 (1982) 5978-5983
82. Lamola A.A., Yamane T., and Zipp A. Effects of detergents and high pressures upon the metarhodopsin I-metarhodopsin II equilibrium. Biochemistry 13 (1974) 738-745
83. Landis D.J., Dudley P.A., and Anderson R.E. Alteration of disc formation in photoreceptors of rat retina. Science 182 (1973) 1144-1146
84. 2+ -ATPase function. Biosci. Rep. 15 (1995) 289-298
85. Lewis J.W., Winterle J.S., Powers M.A., Kliger D.S., and Dratz E.A. Kinetics of rhodopsin photolysis intermediates in retinal rod disk membranes-I. Temperature dependence of lumirhodopsin and metarhodopsin I kinetics. Photochem. Photobiol. 34 (1981) 375-384
86. Liebman P.A., and Entine G. Lateral diffusion of visual pigment in photoreceptor disk membranes. Science 185 (1974) 457-459
87. Liebman P.A., Parker K.R., and Dratz E.A. The molecular mechanism of visual excitation and its relation to the structure and composition of the rod outer segment. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 49 (1987) 765-791
88. Lindblom G., and Rilfors L. Cubic phases and isotropic structures formed by membrane lipids-possible biological relevance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 988 (1989) 221-256
89. Lindblom G., Brentel I., Sjölund M., Wikander G., and Wieslander A. Phase equilibria of membrane lipids from Acholeplasma laidlawii: The importance of a single lipid forming nonlamellar phases. Biochemistry 25 (1986) 7502-7510
90. Litman B.J., Kalisky O., and Ottolenghi M. Rhodopsin-phospholipid interactions: Dependence of rate of the meta I to meta II transition on the level of associated disk phospholipid. Biochemistry 20 (1981) 631-634
91. Marsh D. Intrinsic curvature in normal and inverted lipid structures and in membranes. Biophys. J. 70 (1996) 2248-2255
92. Matthews R.G., Hubbard R., Brown P.K., and Wald G. Tautomeric forms of metarhodopsin. J. Gen. Physiol. 47 (1963) 215-240
93. McElhaney R.N. The structure and function of the Acholeplasma laidlawii plasma membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 779 (1984) 1-42
94. 2+)-ATPase. Biochemistry 30 (1991) 342-351
95. Miljanich G.P., Sklar L.A., White D.L., and Dratz E.A. Disaturated and dipolyunsaturated phospholipids in the bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 552 (1979) 294-306
96. Miljanich G.P., Nemes P.P., White D.L., and Dratz E.A. The asymmetric transmembrane distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and fatty acids of the bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membrane. J. Membr. Biol. 60 (1981) 249-255
97. Miljanich G.P., Brown M.F., Mabrey-Gaud S., Dratz E.A., and Sturtevant J.M. Thermotropic behavior of retinal rod membranes and dispersions of extracted phospholipids. J. Membr. Biol. 85 (1985) 79-86
98. Mitchell D.C., Straume M., Miller J.L., and Litman B.J. Modulation of metarhodop-sin formation by cholesterol-induced ordering of bilayer lipids. Biochemistry 29 (1990) 9143-9149
99. Mitchell D.C., Kibelbek J., and Litman B.J. Rhodopsin in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-reconstituted bilayers forms metarhodopsin II and activates Gt. Biochemistry 30 (1991) 37-42
100. Moore B.M., Letttz B.R., Hoechli M., and Meissner G. Effect of lipid membrane structure on the adenosine 5′-triphosphate hydrolyzing activity of the calcium-stimulated adenosinetriphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biochemistry 20 (1981) 6810-6817
101. Morein S., Anderson A.-S., Rilfors L., and Lindblom G. Wild-type Escherichia coli cells regulate the membrane lipid composition in a "window" between gel and nonlamellar structures. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 6801-6809
102. Mouritsen O.G., and Bloom M. Models of lipid-protein interactions in membranes. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 22 (1993) 145-171
103. Nakanishi K., and Crouch R. Application of artificial pigments to structure determination and study of photoinduced transformations of retinal proteins. Isr. J. Chem. 35 (1995) 253-272
104. Nathans J. Determinants of visual pigment absorbance: Identification of the retinylidene Schiff's base counterion in bovine rhodopsin. Biochemistry 29 (1990) 9746-9752
105. Nathans J., Thomas D., and Hogness D.S. Molecular genetics of human color vision: The genes encoding blue, green, and red pigments. Science 232 (1986) 193-202
106. 2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biochemistry 23 (1984) 130-135
107. Nemes P.P., Miljanich G.P., White D.L., and Dratz E.A. Covalent modification of rhodopsin with imidoesters: Evidence for transmembrane arrangement of rhodopsin in rod outer segment disk membranes. Biochemistry 19 (1980) 2067-2074
108. Neuringer M. Cerebral cortex docosahexaenoic acid is lower in formula-fed than in breast fed infants. Natr. Rev. 51 (1993) 238-241
109. Neuringer M. The relationship of fatty acid composition to function in the retina and visual system. In: Dobbing J. (Ed). Lipids, Learning and the Brain: Fats in Infant Formula (1993), Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH. 88-94
110. Neuringer M., Conner W.E., Lin D.S., Barstad L., and Luck S. Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega 3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (1986) 4021-4025
111. Newsome D.A., Anderson R.E., May J.G., McKay T.A., and Maude M. Clinical and serum lipid findings in a large family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmology 95 (1988) 1691-1695
112. O'Brien D.F., Costa L.F., and Ott R.A. Photochemical functionality of rhodopsin-phospholipid recombinant membranes. Biochemistry 16 (1977) 1295-1303
113. Olsson U., and Wennerstriim H. Globular and bicontinuous phases of nonionic surfactant films. Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci. 49 (1994) 113-146
114. Parkes J.H., and Liebman P.A. Temperature and pH dependence of the metarhodopsin I-metarhodopsin II kinetics and equilibria in bovine rod disk membrane suspensions. Biochemistry 23 (1984) 5054-5061
115. Poo M., and Cone R.A. Lateral diffusion of rhodopsin in the photoreceptor membrane. Nature (London) 247 (1974) 438-441
116. Pugh E.N., and Lamb T.D. Cyclic GMP and calcium: The internal messengers of excitation and adaptation in vertebrate photoreceptors. Vision Res. 30 (1990) 1923-1948
117. Racker E. Efficient and decoupled ion pumps. Chem. Scr. 27B (1987) 131-135
118. 31P NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 30 (1991) 4204-4212
119. Rand R.P., Fuller N.L., Gruner S.M., and Parsegian V.A. Membrane curvature, lipid segregation, and structural transitions for phospholipids under dual-solvent stress. Biochemistry 29 (1990) 76-87
120. Rao V.R., Cohen G.B., and Oprian D.D. Rhodopsin mutation G90D and a molecular mechanism for cogenital night blindness. Nature (London) 367 (1994) 639-642
121. Rothschild K.J., Gillespie J., and DeGrip W.J. Evidence for rhodopsin refolding during the decay of meta II. Biophys. J. 51 (1987) 345-350
122. Ryba N.J.P., Horváth L.I., Watts A., and Marsh D. Molecular exchange at the lipid-rhodopsin interface: Spin-label electron spin resonance studies of rhodopsindimyristoylphosphatidylcholine recombinants. Biochemistry 26 (1987) 3234-3240
123. Sakmar T.P., and Fahmy K. Properties and photoactivity of rhodopsin mutants. Isr. J. Chem. 35 (1995) 325-337
124. Sakmar T.P., Franke R.R., and Khorana H.G. The role of the retinylidene Schiff base counterion in rhodopsin in determining wavelength absorbance and Schiff base pKa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 3079-3083
125. Salamon Z., Wang Y., Brown M.F., Macleod H.A., and Tollin G. Conformational changes in rhodopsin probed by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 33 (1994) 13706-13711
126. Salamon Z., Wang Y., Soulages J.L., Brown M.F., and Tollin G. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy studies of membrane proteins: Transducin binding and activation by rhodopsin monitored in thin membrane films. Biophys. J. 71 (1996) 283-294
127. Salem Jr. N., and Niebylski C.D. An evaluation of alternative hypotheses involved in the biological functions of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system. In: Sinclair A., and Gibson R. (Eds). Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids (1992), American Oil Chemists' Society Press, Champaign, IL. 84-86
128. 2H NMR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109 (1987) 2600-2609
129. Schertler G.F.X., Villa C., and Henderson R. Projection structure of rhodopsin. Nature (London) 362 (1993) 770-772
130. Scriven L.E. Equilibrium bicontinuous structures. Nature (London) 263 (1976) 123-125
131. 11) phase, and nonlamellar phase transitions of lipids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1031 (1990) 1-69
132. Stone W.L., Farnsworth C.C., and Dratz E.A. A reinvestigation of the fatty acid content of bovine, rat and frog retinal rod outer segments. Exp. Eye Res. 28 (1979) 387-397
133. Straume M., Mitchell D.C., Miller J.L., and Litman B.J. Interconversion of metarhodopsins I and II: A branched photointermediate decay model. Biochemistry 29 (1990) 9135-9142
134. Stryer L. The molecules of visual excitation. Sci. Am. 257 (1987) 42-S0
135. Stryer L. Visual excitation and recovery. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 10711-10714
136. Stryer L., and Bourne H.R. G proteins: A family of signal transducers. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 2 (1986) 391-419
137. Tang L., Ebrey T.G., and Subramaniam S. Sequences and structures of retinal proteins. Isr. J. Chem. 35 (1995) 193-209
138. Taylor C.W. The role of G proteins in transmembrane signalling. Biochem. J. 272 (1990) 1-13
139. Thorgeirsson T.E., Lewis J.W., Wallace-Williams S.E., and Kliger D.S. Photolysis of rhodopsin results in deprotonation of its retinal Schiff's base prior to formation of metarhodopsin II. Photochem. Photobiol. 56 (1992) 1135-1144
140. Thurmond R.L., Lindblom G., and Brown M.F. Influences of membrane curvature in lipid hexagonal phases studied by deuterium NMR spectroscopy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173 (1990) 1231-1238
141. 2H NMR spectroscopy: Comparison of phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines. Biophys. J. 59 (1991) 108-113
142. Thurmond R.L., Lindblom G., and Brown M.F. Curvature, order, and dynamics of lipid hexagonal phases studied by deuterium NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 32 (1993) 5394-5410
143. Thurmond R.L., Otten D., Brown M.F., and Beyer K. Structure and packing of phosphatidylcholines in lamellar and hexagonal liquid-crystalline mixtures with a nonionic detergent: A wide-line deuterium and phosphorus-31 NMR study. J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 972-983
144. Trouard T.P., Alam T.M., and Brown M.F. Angular dependence of deuterium spin-lattice relaxation rates of macroscopically oriented dilaurylphosphatidylcholine in the liquid-crystalline state. J. Chem. Phys. 101 (1994) 5229-5261
145. a values for phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in phosphatidylcholine host bilayers. Biophys. J. 49 (1986) 459-468
146. Tsui F.C., Sundberg S.A., and Hubbell W.L. Distribution of charge on photoreceptor disc membranes and implications for charged lipid asymmetry. Biophys. J. 57 (1990) 85-97
147. Uauy R., Birch D., Birch E., Hoffman D., and Tyson J. Effect of dietary essential ω-3 fatty acids on retinal and brain development in premature infants. In: Sinclair A., and Gibson R. (Eds). Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids (1992), American Oil Chemists' Society Press, Champaign, IL. 197-202
148. Wald G. The molecular basis of visual excitation. Nature (London) 219 (1968) 800-807
149. Wetzel M.G., Fahlman C., O'Brien P.J., and Aguirre G.D. Metabolic labeling of rod outer segment phospholipids in miniature poodles with progressive rod-cone degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 50 (1990) 89-97
150. Wheeler T.G., Benolken R.M., and Anderson R.E. Visual membranes: Specificity of fatty acid precursors for the electrical response to illumination. Science 188 (1975) 1312-1314
151. Wiedmann T.S., Pates R.D., Beach J.M., Salmon A., and Brown M.F. Lipidprotein interactions mediate the photochemical function of rhodopsin. Biochemistry 27 (1988) 6469-6474
152. 2H, and diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Biochemistry 20 (1981) 730-735
153. Zurer P.S. The chemistry of vision. Chem. Eng. News 61 (1983) 24-35