Self-consistent modelling of Mercury's exosphere by sputtering, micro-meteorite impact and photon-stimulated desorption

Planetary and Space Science

Volumn 58, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 1599-1616

  Wurz, P ^a   Whitby, J A ^a,d   Rohner, U ^a,e   Martn Fernndez, J A ^b   Lammer, H ^c   Kolb, C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GIRONA   (Spain)

^c Austrian Academy of Sciences   (Austria)

^d SWISS FEDERAL LABORATORIES FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^e TOFWERK AG   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Exosphere modelling; Mercury's exosphere; Mercury's surface mineralogy; Sputtering

Indexed keywords

ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; EXOSPHERE MODELLING; GLOBAL MODELS; GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS; ION-INDUCED SPUTTERING; LITERATURE DATA; MERCURY'S EXOSPHERE; MERCURY'S SURFACE MINERALOGY; METEORITE IMPACT; MINERAL SURFACES; MONTE CARLO; PARTICLE RELEASE; PHOTON STIMULATED DESORPTION; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; RELEASE MECHANISM; SPUTTERED ATOMS; SURFACE COMPOSITIONS; SURFACE MINERALOGY; TIME-SCALES; UPPER LIMITS; VAPORISATION;

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; DESORPTION; MERCURY (METAL); METEORITES; MINERALOGY; MINERALS; PHOTONS; SOLAR WIND; SPUTTERING;

METEOR IMPACTS;

EID: 77956609642     PISSN: 00320633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2010.08.003     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. M.R. Aellig, S. Hefti, H. Grnwaldt, P. Bochsler, P. Wurz, F.M. Ipavich, and D. Hovestadt The Fe/O elemental abundance ratio in the solar wind as observed with SOHO/CELIAS/CTOF J. Geophys. Res. 104 A11 1999 24769 24780
2. M.R. Aellig, P. Bochsler, H. Grnwaldt, S. Hefti, P. Wurz, M. Hilchenbach, D. Hovestadt, F.M. Ipavich, and F. Gliem The influence of suprathermal electrons on the derivation of the coronal electron temperatures from solar wind minor ion charge states Phys. Chem. Earth (C) 24 4 1999 407 414
3. Aitchison, J., 1986. The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data. Chapman& Hall, London. Reprinted in 2003 by The Blackburn Press, Caldwell, New York.
4. Aitchison, J., Barcel-Vidal, C., 2002. Compositional processes: a statistical search for understanding. In: Terra Nostra, Proceedings of IAMG'02 Eighth Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, Germany, Berlin, vol. 3, pp. 381383.
5. A. Arnau, F. Aumayr, P.M. Echenique, M. Grether, W. Heiland, J. Limburg, R. Morgenstern, P. Roncin, S. Schippers, R. Schuch, N. Stolterfoht, P. Varga, T.J.M. Zouros, and H.P. Winter Interaction of slow multicharged ions with solid surfaces Surf. Sci. Rep. 27 1997 113 239
6. F. Aumayr, and H. Winter Potential sputtering Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 362 2004 77 102
7. G. Betz, and G.K. Wehner Sputtering of multicomponent materials R. Berisch, Sputtering by Particle Bombardment II 1983 Springer-Verlag New York 11 90
8. T.A. Bida, R.M. Killen, and T.H. Morgan Discovery of calcium in Mercury's atmosphere Nature 404 2000 159 161
9. J.P. Biersack, and W. Eckstein Sputtering of solids with the Monte Carlo program TRIM.SP Appl. Phys. A 34 1984 73 94
10. D.T. Blewett, P.G. Lucey, B.R. Hawke, G.G. Ling, and M.S. Robinson A comparison of Mercurian reflectance and spectral quantities with those of the Moon Icarus 129 1997 217 231
11. D.T. Blewett, B.R. Hawke, and P.G. Lucey Lunar anorthosite as a spectral analog for Mercury Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37 2002 1245 1254
12. P. Borin, G. Cremonese, F. Marzari, M. Bruno, and S. Marchi Statistical analysis of micrometeoroids flux on Mercury Astron. Astrophys. 503 2009 259 264
13. A.L. Broadfoot, D.E. Shemansky, and S. Kumar Mariner 10: Mercury atmosphere Geophys. Res. Lett. 3 1976 577 580
14. F. Bhler, J. Geiss, J. Meister, P. Eberhardt, J.C. Huneke, and P. Signer Trapping of the solar wind in solidsI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1 1966 249 255
15. T.H. Burbine, T.J. McCoy, L.R. Nittler, G.K. Benedix, E.A. Cloutis, and T.L. Dickinson Spectra of extremely reduced assemblages: implications for Mercury Meteor. Plan. Sci. 37 2002 1233 1244
16. W. Cassidy, and R.E. Johnson Monte Carlo model of sputtering and other ejection processes within a regolith Icarus 176 2005 499 507
17. M.J. Cintala Impact-induced thermal effects in the lunar and Mercurian regoliths J. Geophys. Res. 97 1992 947 973
18. G. Cremonese, M. Bruno, V. Mangano, S. Marchi, and A. Milillo Release of neutral sodium from the surface of Mercury induced by meteorid impacts Icarus 177 2005 122 128
19. Cremonese, G., Bruno, M., Mangano, V., Marchi, S., Milillo, A., 2006. Corrigendum to "Release of neutral sodium atoms from the surface of Mercury induced by meteoroid impacts" (Icarus 177 (2005) 122128). Icarus 182, 297298.
20. D.C. Delcourt, S. Grimald, F. Leblanc, J.-J. Berthelier, A. Millilo, A. Mura, S. Orsini, and T.E. Moore A quantitative model of the planetary Na contribution to Mercury's magnetosphere Ann. Geophys. 21 2003 1723 1736
21. B.W. Denevi, M.S. Robinson, S.C. Solomon, S.L. Murchie, D.T. Blewett, D.L. Dominiqu, T.J. McCoy, C.M. Ernst, J.W. Head, T.R. Watters, and N.L. Chabot The evolution of Mercury's crust: a global perspective from MESSENGER Science 324 2009 613 618
22. J.P. Emery, A.L. Sprague, F.C. Witteborn, J.E. Colwell, R.W.H. Kozlowski, and D.H. Wooden Mercury: thermal modelling and mid-infrared (512 μm) observations Icarus 136 1998 104 123
23. B. Fegley Jr., and A.G.W. Cameron A vaporization model for iron/silicate fractionation in the Mercury protoplanet Earth Planet. Sci. 82 1987 207 222
24. G. Fjeldbo, A. Kliore, D. Sweetnam, P. Esposito, B. Seidel, and T. Howard The occultation of Mariner 10 by Mercury Icarus 29 1976 407 415
25. Goettel, K.A., 1988. Present bounds on the bulk composition of Mercury: implications for planetary formation processes. In: Vilas, F., Chapman, C.R., Matthews, M.S. (Eds.), Mercury, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p. 613.
26. B. Hapke Space weathering from Mercury to the asteroid belt J. Geophys. Res. 106 E5 2001 10039 10074
27. J.K. Harmon, and M.A. Slade Radar mapping of Mercuryfull-disk images and polar anomalies Science 258 1992 640 643
28. G.S. Hayderer, S. Cernusca, M. Schmid, P. Varga, HP. Winter, F. Aumayr, D. Niemann, V. Hoffmann, N. Stolterfoht, C. Lemell, L. Wirtz, and J. Burgdrfer Kinetically assisted potential sputtering of insulators by highly charged ions Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001 3530 3533 (Pubitemid 32416169)
29. W.O. Hofer Angular, energy, and mass distribution of sputtered particles R. Behrisch, K. Wittmaack, Sputtering by Particle Bombardment 1991 15 90
30. W.F. Huebner, J.J. Keady, and S.P. Lyon Solar photo rates for planetary atmospheres and atmospheric pollutants Astrophys. Space Sci. 195 1992 1 294
31. D.M. Hunten, T.H. Morgan, and D. Shemansky The Mercury atmosphere F. Vilas, C.R. Chapman, M.S. Matthews, Mercury 1988 University of Arizona Press Tucson 562
32. W. Husinsky, I. Girgis, and G. Betz Doppler shift laser fluorescence spectroscopy of sputtered and evaporated atoms under Arbombardment J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 3 5 1985 1543 1545
33. R.E. Johnson, F. Leblanc, B.V. Yakshinskiy, and T.E. Madey Energy distributions for desorption of sodium and potassium from ice: the Na/K ratio at Europa Icarus 156 2002 136 142
34. K. Kabin, T.I. Gombosi, D.L. DeZeeuw, and K.G. Powell Interaction of Mercury with the solar wind Icarus 143 2000 397 406
35. E. Kallio, and P. Janhunen Solar wind and magnetospheric ion impact on Mercury's surface Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003 30 10.1029/2003GL017842
36. S. Kameda, I. Yoshikawa, J. Ono, and H. Nozawa Time variation in exospheric sodium density on Mercury Planet. Space Sci. 55 11 2007 1509 1517
37. S. Kameda, I. Yoshikawa, M. Kagitani, and S. Okano Interplanetary dust distribution and temporal variability of Mercury's atmospheric Na Geophys. Res. Lett. 36 2009 L15201 10.1029/2009GL039036
38. L. Kerber, J.W. Head, S.C. Solomon, S.L. Murchie, D.T. Blewett, and L. Wildon Explosive volcanic eruptions on Mercury: eruption conditions, magma volatile content and implications for interior volatile abundances Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 285 2009 263 271
39. R.M. Killen, A.E. Potter, and T.H. Morgan Spatial distribution of sodium vapor in the atmosphere of Mercury Icarus 85 1990 145 167
40. R.M. Killen, A. Potter, A. Fitzsimmons, and T.H. Morgan Sodium D2 line profiles: clues to the temperature structure of Mercury's exosphere Planet. Space Sci. 47 1999 1449 1458
41. R.M. Killen, and W.-H. Ip The surface-bounded atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon Rev. Geophys. 37 3 1999 361 406
42. R.M. Killen, T.H. Bida, and T.H. Morgan The calcium exosphere of Mercury Icarus 173 2005 300 311
43. R. Killen, G. Cremonese, H. Lammer, S. Orsini, A.E. Potter, A.L. Sprague, P. Wurz, M.L. Khodachenko, H.I.M. Lichtenegger, A. Milillo, and A. Mura Processes that promote and deplete the exosphere of Mercury Space Sci. Rev. 132 2007 433 509
44. C. Kolb, J.A. Martn-Fernndez, R. Abart, and H. Lammer The chemical variability at the surface of Mars Icarus 183 1 2006 10 29
45. H. Lammer, P. Wurz, M.R. Patel, R. Killen, C. Kolb, S. Massetti, S. Orsini, and A. Milillo The variability of Mercury's exosphere by particle and radiation induced surface release processes Icarus 166 2003 238 247
46. Y. Langevin The regolith of Mercury: present knowledge and implications for the Mercury Orbiter Planet. Space Sci. 45 1997 31 38
47. F. Leblanc, D. Delcourt, and R.E. Johnson Mercury's sodium exosphere: magnetospheric ion recycling J. Geophys. Res. 108 2003 5136 10.1029/2003JE002151
48. F. Leblanc, A. Doressoundiram, N. Schneider, S. Massetti, M. Wedlund, A. Lpez Ariste, C. Barbieri, V. Mangano, and G. Cremonese Short-term variations of Mercury's Na exosphere observed with very high spectral resolution Geophys. Res. Lett. 36 2009 L07201 10.1029/2009GL038089
49. T.E. Madey, B.V. Yakshinskiy, V.N. Ageev, and R.E. Johnson Desorption of alkali atoms and ions from oxide surfaces: relevance to origins of Na and K in atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon. J. Geophys. Res. 103 1998 5873 5887
50. V. Mangano, A. Milillo, A. Mura, S. Orsini, E. DeAngelis, A.M. DiLellis, and P. Wurz The contribution of impact-generated vapour to the Hermean atmosphere Planet. Space Sci. 55 11 2007 1541 1556
51. R.H. Manka, and F.C. Michel Lunar atmosphere as a source of Argon-40 and other lunar surface elements Science 169 1970 278 280
52. Martn-Fernndez J.A., Bren, M., 2001. Some practical aspects on multidimensional scaling of compositional data. In: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, Cancun (Mexico), CD-ROM, p. 16.
53. J.A. Martn-Fernndez, C. Barcel-Vidal, and V. Pawlowsky-Glahn Dealing with zeros and missing values in compositional data sets Math. Geol. 35 2003 253 278
54. Martn-Fernndez, J.A., Thi-Henestrosa, S., 2006. Rounded zeros: some practical aspects for compositional data. Compositional Data Analysis in the Geosciences: from Theory to Practice. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol. 264, pp. 191201.
55. S. Massetti, S. Orsini, A. Milillo, A. Mura, E. DeAngelis, H. Lammer, and P. Wurz Mapping of the cusp plasma precipitation on the surface of Mercury Icarus 166 2003 229 237
56. W.E. McClintock, E.T. Bradley, R.J. Vervack, R.M. Killen, A.L. Sprague, N.R. Izenberg, and S.C. Solomon Mercury's exosphere: observations during MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby Science 321 2008 92 95
57. W.E. McClintock, N.R. Izenberg, G.M. Holsclaw, D.T. Blewett, D.L. Domingue, J.W. Head III, J. Helbert, T.J. McCoy, S.L. Murchie, M.S. Robinson, S.C. Solomon, A.L. Sprague, and F. Vilas Spectroscopic observations of mercury's surface reflectance during MESSENGER's first Mercury Flyby Science 321 2008 62 65
58. W.E. McClintock, R.J. Vervack, E.T. Bradley, R.M. Killen, N. Mouawad, A.L. Sprague, M.H. Burger, S.C. Solomon, and N.R. Izenberg MESSENGER observations of Mercury's exosphere: detection of magnesium and distribution of constituents Science 324 2009 610 613
59. McCubbin, F.M., Steele, A., Hauri, E.H., Nekvasil, H., Yamashita, S., Hemley, R.J., Nominally hydrous magmatism on the Moon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., in press, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006677107.
60. A. Milillo, P. Wurz, S. Orsini, D. Delcourt, E. Kallio, R.M. Killen, H. Lammer, S. Massetti, A. Mura, S. Barabash, G. Cremonese, I.E. Daglis, E. DeAngelis, A.M. Di Lellis, S. Livi, V. Mangano, and K. Torkar Surfaceexospheremagnetosphere system of Mercury Space Sci. Rev. 117 2005 397 443
61. A. Milillo, M. Fujimoto, E. Kallio, S. Kameda, F. Leblanc, Y. Narita, G. Cremonese, H. Laakso, M. Laurenza, S. Massetti, S. McKenna-Lawlor, A. Mura, R. Nakamura, Y. Omura, D.A. Rothery, K. Seki, M. Storini, P. Wurz, W. Baumjohann, E. Bunce, Y. Kasaba, J. Helbert, and A. Sprague The BepiColombo mission: an outstanding tool for investigating the Hermean environment Planet. Space Sci. 58 2010 40 60
62. D. Mitchell, and I. de Pater Microwave imaging of Mercury's thermal emission at wavelengths from 0.3 to 20.5 cm Icarus 110 1994 2 32
63. J.W. Morgan, and E. Anders Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 1980 6973 6977
64. T.H. Morgan, H.A. Zook, and A.E. Potter Impact-driven supply of sodium and potasium to the atmosphere of Mercury Icarus 75 1988 156 170
65. M. Mller, S.F. Green, N. McBride, D. Koschny, J.C. Zarnecki, and M.S. Bentley Estimation of the dust flux near Mercury Planet. Space Sci. 50 2002 1101 1115
66. A. Mura, S. Orsini, A. Milillo, D. Delcourt, S. Massetti, and E. DeAngelis Dayside H circulation at Mercury and neutral particle emission Icarus 175 2005 305 319
67. A. Mura, P. Wurz, H.I.M. Lichtenegger, H. Lammer, A. Milillo, H. Schleicher, S. Massetti, and S. Orsini The sodium exosphere of Mercury: comparison between observations during Mercury's transit and model results Icarus 200 2009 1 11
68. S. Orsini, S. Livi, K. Torkar, S. Barabash, A. Milillo, P. Wurz, A.M. Di Lellis, E. Kallio and the SERENA team SERENA: a suite of four instruments (ELENA, STROFIO, PICAM and MIPA) on board BepiColombo-MPO for particle detection in the Hermean environment Planet. Space Sci. Planet. Space Sci. 58 2010 166 181
69. A.E. Potter Chemical sputtering could produce sodium vapour and ice on Mercury Geophys. Res. Lett. 22 1995 3289 3292
70. A.E. Potter, and T.H. Morgan Discovery of sodium in the atmosphere of Mercury Science 229 1985 651 653
71. A.E. Potter, and T.H. Morgan Potassium in the atmosphere of Mercury Icarus 67 1986 336 340
72. A.E. Potter, and T. Morgan Evidence for magnetospheric effects on the sodium atmosphere of Mercury Science 248 1990 835 838
73. A.E. Potter, and T.H. Morgan Evidence for suprathermal sodium on Mercury Adv. Space Res. 19 1997 1571 1576
74. A.E. Potter, R.M. Killen, and T.H. Morgan Rapid changes in the sodium exosphere of Mercury Planet. Space Sci. 47 1999 1441 1448
75. A.E. Potter, C.M. Anderson, R.M. Killen, and T.H. Morgan Ratio of sodium to potassium in the Mercury exosphere J. Geophys. Res. 107 E6 2002 10.1029/2000JE001493
76. A.E. Potter, R.M. Killen, and T.H. Morgan Solar radiation acceleration effects on Mercury sodium emission Icarus 186 2 2007 571 580
77. D.A. Rothery, L. Marinangli, M. Anand, J. Carpenter, U. Christensen, M.C. De Santis, E.M. Epifani, S. Erard, A. Frigeri, G. Fraser, E. Haubner, J. Helbert, H. Hiesinger, K. Joy, Y. Langevin, M. Massironi, A. Milillo, I. Mitrifanov, K. Muinonen, J. Nrnen, C. Pauselli, P. Potts, and P. Wurz Mercury's surface and composition studied by BepiColombo Planet. Space Sci. 58 2010 21 39
78. M. Sarantos, P.H. Reiff, T.W. Hill, R.M. Killen, and A.L. Urquhart A Bx-interconnected magnetosphere model for Mercury Planet. Space Sci. 49 2001 1629 1635
79. T. Schenkel, A.V. Hamza, A.V. Barnes, and D.H. Schneider Interaction of slow, very highly charged ions with surfaces Progr. Surf. Sci. 61 1999 23 84
80. H. Schleicher, G. Wiedemann, H. Whl, T. Berkefeld, and D. Soltau Detection of neutral sodium above Mercury during the transit on 2003 May 7 Astron. Astrophys. 425 2004 1119 1124
81. D.E. Shemansky Revised atomic species abundances at Mercury: the debacle of bad g values Mercury Messenger 2 1988 (August)
82. Shemansky, D.E., 2003. The role of solar wind heavy ions in the space environment. In: Rarefied Gas Dynamics: 23rd International Symposium. AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 663, pp. 687695, doi:10.1063/1.1581610.
83. P. Sigmund Theory of sputtering. I. Sputtering yield of amorphous and polycrystalline targets Phys. Rev. 184 1969 383 416
84. G. Siscoe, and L. Christopher Variations in the solar wind stand-off distance at Mercury Geophys. Res. Lett. 2 1975 158 160
85. J.A. Slavin, and R.E. Holzer The effect of erosion on the solar wind stand-off distance at Mercury J. Geophys. Res. 84 1979 2076 2082
86. W.H. Smyth, and M.L. Marconi Theoretical overview and modeling of the sodium and potassium atmospheres of Mercury Astrophys. J. 441 1995 839 864
87. A.L. Sprague, R.W.H. Kozlowski, and D.M. Hunten An upper limit on neutral calcium in Mercury's atmosphere Icarus 104 1993 33 37
88. A.L. Sprague, R.W.H. Kozlowski, F.C. Witteborn, D.P. Cruikshank, and D.H. Wooden Mercury: mid-infrared (7.313.5 μm). Spectroscopic observations showing features characteristic of plagioclase Icarus 109 1994 156 167
89. A.L. Sprague, D.M. Hunten, and K. Lodders Sulfur at Mercury, elemental at the poles and sulfides in the regolith Icarus 118 1995 211 215
90. A.L. Sprague, R.W.H. Kozlowski, D.M. Hunten, N.M. Schneider, D.L. Domingue, W.K. Wells, W. Schmitt, and U. Fink Distribution and abundance of sodium in Mercury's atmosphere, 19851988 Icarus 129 1997 506 527
91. A. Sprague, J.P. Emery, K.L. Donaldson, R.W. Russel, D.K. Lynch, and A.L. Mazuk Mercury: mid-infrared (313.5 μm) observations show heterogeneous composition, presence of intermediate and basic soil types, and pyroxene Meteor Plan. Sci. 37 2002 1255 1268
92. A. Sprague, J. Warell, G. Cremonese, Y. Langevin, J. Helbert, P. Wurz, I. Veselovsky, S. Orsini, and A. Milillo Mercury's surface composition and character as measured by ground-based observations Space Sci. Rev. 132 2007 399 431
93. A.L. Sprague, K.L. Donaldson Hanna, R.W.H. Kozlowski, J. Helbert, A. Maturilli, J.B. Warell, and J.L. Hora Spectral emissivity measurements of Mercuy's surface indicate Mg- and Ca-rich mineralogy, K-spar, Na-rich plagioclase, rutile, with possible perovskite, and garnet Planet. Space Sci. 57 2009 364 38331
94. Thomas, C.W., Aitchison, J., 2006. Log-ratios and geochemical discrimination of Scottish Dalradian limestones: a case study. Compositional Data Analysis in the Geosciences: from Theory to Practice, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol. 264, pp. 2541.
95. M.W. Thompson, B.W. Farmery, and P.A. Newson A mechanical spectrometer for analysing the energy distribution of sputtered atoms of copper and gold Philos. Mag. 18 152 1968 361 383
96. J. Warell Properties of the Hermean regolith: III. Disk-resolved vis-NIR reflectance spectra and implications for the abundance of iron Icarus 161 2003 199 222
97. J. Warell, and D.T. Blewett Properties of the Hermean regolith: V. New optical reflectance spectra comparison with lunar anorthosites, and mineralogical modelling Icarus 168 2004 257 276
98. J. Warell, A.L. Sprague, J.P. Emery, R.W.H. Kozlowski, and A. Long The 0.75.3 μm IR spectra of Mercury and the Moon: evidence for high clinopyroxene on Mercury Icarus 180 2006 281 291
99. M.S. Westley, R.A. Baragiola, R.E. Johnson, and G.A. Baratta Ultraviolet photodesorption from water ice Planet. Space Sci. 43 10/11 1995 1311 1315
100. J.A. Wood, W.R. Buck, E. Anders, J.W. Morgan, E. Stolper, D.L. Anderson, W.M. Kaula, G.J. Consolmagno, A.E. Ringwood, and H. Wnke Geophysical and cosmophysical constraints on the properties of mantles of the terrestrial planets. Basaltic Volcanism on the Terrestrial Planets 1981 Pergamon Press pp. 633699
101. P. Wurz, and H. Lammer Monte-Carlo simulation of Mercury's exosphere Icarus 164 1 2003 1 13
102. P. Wurz, R. Wimmer-Schweingruber, P. Bochsler, A. Galvin, J.A. Paquette, and F. Ipavich Composition of magnetic cloud plasmas during 1997 and 1998 Solar Wind X. American Institute Physics, 679 2003 685 690
103. Wurz, P., 2005. Solar wind composition. The Dynamic Sun: Challenges for Theory and Observations, ESA SP-600, pp. 19.
104. P. Wurz, U. Rohner, J.A. Whitby, C. Kolb, H. Lammer, P. Dobnikar, and J.A. Martn-Fernndez The Lunar exosphere: the sputtering contribution Icarus 191 2007 486 496 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.034
105. B.V. Yakshinskiy, and T.E. Madey Photon-stimulated desorption as a substantial source of sodium in the lunar atmosphere Nature 400 1999 642 644
106. 2 films Surf. Sci. Lett. 7 2000 75 87
107. J.F. Ziegler SRIM-2003 Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 219 2004 1027 1036
108. J.F. Ziegler, J.P Biersack, and U. Littmark The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids, vol. 1 of series Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter 1984 Pergamon Press New York
109. T.H. Zurbuchen, J.M. Raines, G. Gloeckler, S.M. Krimigis, J.A. Slavin, P.L. Koehn, R.M. Killen, A.L. Sprague, R.L. McNutt Jr., and S.C. Solomon MESSENGER observations of the composition of Mercury's ionized exosphere and plasma environment Science 321 2008 90 10.1126/science.1159314