Combination of high-performance refractometry and infrared spectroscopy as a probe for chemically induced gelation and vitrification of epoxies

New Journal of Physics

Volumn 12, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Muller U ^a   Philipp, M ^a   Gervais, P C ^a   Possart, W ^b   Wehlack, C ^b   Kieffer, J ^c   Sanctuary, R ^a   Kruger J K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LUXEMBOURG   (Luxembourg)

^b SAARLAND UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AVERAGE MOLECULAR; CHEMICAL CONVERSIONS; DIPOLE DIPOLE INTERACTIONS; ELECTRONIC-POLARIZABILITY; EXCESS POLARIZABILITY; GLASSY STATE; LIQUID STATE; MASS DENSITIES; REFRACTOMETRY;

COAGULATION; GELS; GLASS TRANSITION; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; POLARIZATION; REFRACTIVE INDEX; VITRIFICATION;

GELATION;

EID: 77956581130     PISSN: 13672630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/12/8/083036     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Krüger J K 2007 About the nature of the structural glass transition: An experimental approach Ageing and the Glass Transition ed M Henkel et al (Berlin: Springer)
2. Bat E, Grijpma D W and Feijen J 2008 Thermoreversible gelation behaviour of PTMC-PEG-PTMC triblock copolymers J. Control. Release 132 e37-9
3. Eloundou J-P, Gerard J-F, Harran D and Pascault J P 1996 Temperature dependence of the behavior of a reactive epoxy-amine system by means of dynamic rheology. 2. High-Tg epoxy-amine system Macromolecules 29 6917-27 (Pubitemid 126536663)
4. Firoozmand H, Murray B S and Dickinson E 2009 Microstructure and rheology of phase-separated gels of gelatin+oxidized starch Food Hydrocolloids 23 1081-8
5. Paquien J-N, Galy J, Gérard J-F and Pouchelon A 2005 Rheological studies of fumed silica-olydimethylsiloxane suspensions Colloids Surfaces A 260 165-72
6. Shenoy A V 1999 Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems (Dordrecht: Kluwer)
7. Cadenato A, Salla J M, Ramis X, Morancho J M, Marroyo L M and Martin J L 1997 Determination of gel and vitrification times of thermoset curing process by means of TMA, DMTA and DSC techniques-TTT diagram J. Therm. Anal 49 269-79
8. de Gennes P G 1979 Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics (London: Cornell University Press)
9. Krüger J K, Britz T, Le Coutre A, Baller J, Possart W, Alnot P and Sanctuary R 2003 Different glassy states, as indicated by a violation of the generalized Cauchy relation New J. Phys. 5 80.1-80.11
10. Donth E 2001 The Glass Transition (Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer)
11. Zarzycki J 1982 Les verres et l'état vitreux (Paris: Masson)
12. Adolf D, Martin J E and Wilcoxon J P 1990 Evolution of structure and viscoelasticity in an epoxy near the sol-gel transition Macromolecules 23 527-31 (Pubitemid 20645719)
13. Martin J E and Adolf D 1991 The sol-gel transition in chemical gels Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 42 311-39
14. Volponi R, Corezzi S and Fioretto D 2007 Correlation between structural relaxation and distribution of particle clusters in glass-forming epoxy-amine mixtures undergoing step polymerization Macromolecules 40 3450-60 (Pubitemid 46750651)
15. Mounif E, Bellenger V and Tcharkhtchi A 2008 Time-temperature- transformation (TTT) diagram of the isothermal crosslinking of an epoxy/amine system: curing kinetics and chemorheology J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 108 2908-16
16. Pascault J-P, Sautereau H, Verdu J and Williams R J J (ed) 2002 Thermosetting Polymers (New York: Marcel Dekker)
17. Harsch M, Herzog F and Karger-Kocsis J 2008 Cure-induced normal force development in unfilled and filled epoxy resins J. Compos. Mater. 42 2299-309
18. Casalini R, Corezzi S, Livi A, Levita G and Rolla P A 1997 Dielectric parameters to monitor the crosslink of epoxy resins J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 65 17-25
19. Kroutilová I, Matejka L, Sikora A, Soucek K and Stas L 2006 Curing of epoxy systems at sub-glass transition temperature J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 99 3669-76 (Pubitemid 43302476)
20. Núnez-Regueira L, Gracia-Fernández C A and Gómez-Barreiro S 2005 Use of rheology, dielectric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry for gel time determination of a thermoset Polymer 46 5979-85
21. Thomas R, Durix S, Sinturel C, Omonov T, Goossens S, Groeninckx G, Moldenaars P and Thomas S 2007 Cure kinetics, morphology and miscibility of modified DGEBA-based epoxy resin-effects of a liquid rubber inclusion Polymer 48 1695-710
22. Xie M, Zhang Z, Gu Y, Li M and Su Y 2009 A new method to characterize the cure state of epoxy prepreg by dynamic mechanical analysis Thermochim. Acta 487 8-17
23. Min B G, Stachurski Z H and Hodgkin J H 1993 Cure kinetics of elementary reactions of a DGEBA/DDS epoxy resin: 1. Glass transition temperature versus conversion Polymer 34 4908-12
24. Paz-Abuin S, Pellin M P, Paz-Pazos M and Lopez-Quintela A 1997 Influence of the reactivity of amine hydrogens and the evaporation of monomers on the cure kinetics of epoxy-amine: kinetic questions Polymer 38 3795-804 (Pubitemid 127421108)
25. Baller J, Becker N, Ziehmer M, Thomassey M, Zielinski B, Müller U and Sanctuary R 2009 Interactions between silica nanoparticles and an epoxy resin before and during network formation Polymer 50 3211-9
26. 3 nanoparticles on the isothermal cure of an epoxy resin J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 035118
27. Philipp M, Sanctuary R, Baller J, Zielinski B and Krüger J-K 2007 Beiträge zur Experimentalphysik, Didaktik und computergestützten Physik (Berlin: Logos Verlag) p 20
28. Possart W, Krüger J K, Wehlack C, Müller U, Petersen C, Bactavatchalou R and Meiser A 2006 Formation and structure of epoxy network interphases at the contact to native metal surfaces C. R. Chim. 9 60-79 (Pubitemid 43091677)
29. Wehlack C, Possart W, Krüger J K and Müller U 2007 Epoxy and polyurethane networks in thin films on metals-formation, structure, properties Soft Mater. 5 87-134 (Pubitemid 47402961)
30. Mijovic J and Andjelic S 2002 A study of reaction kinetics by near-infrared spectroscopy. 1. Comprehensive analysis of a model epoxy/amine system Macromolecules 28 2787-96
31. Herraez J V and Belda R 2006 Refractive indices, densities and excess molar volumes of monoalcohols plus water J. Solution Chem. 35 1315-28 (Pubitemid 44627716)
32. Iglesias-Otero M A, Troncoso J, Carballo E and Romani L 2008 Density and refractive index in mixtures of ionic liquids and organic solvents: correlations and predictions J. Chem. Thermodyn. 40 949-56
33. Lorentz H A 1880 Wied. Ann. Phys. 9 641-65
34. Lorenz L V 1880 Wied. Ann. Phys. 11 70-103
35. Francesconi R and Ottani S 2007 Correlation of density and refraction index for liquid binary mixtures containing polyglycols. Use of the group contributions in the Lorentz-Lorenz, Gladstone-Dale and Vogel equations to evaluate density of mixtures J. Mol. Liquids 133 125-33 (Pubitemid 46138131)
36. Venermo J and Sihvola A 2005 Dielectric polarizability of circular cylinder J. Electrost. 63 101-17 (Pubitemid 40071746)
37. Sihvola A, Venermo J and Yla-Oijala P 2004 Dielectric response of matter with cubic, circular-cylindrical, and spherical microstructure Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 41 245-8
38. Hoenders B J 2007 The painful derivation of the refractive index from microscopical considerations 2nd Int. Engineer. Conf. on Light-Activated Tissue Regeneration and Therapy ed R Waynant (Tomar, Portugal: Springer) pp 297-305
39. Philipp M, Gervais P C, Sanctuary R, Müller U, Baller J, Wetzel B and Krüger J K 2008 Effect of mixing sequence on the curing of amine-hardened epoxy/alumina nanocomposites as assessed by optical refractometry Express Polym. Lett. 2 546-52
40. Krishnaswamy R K and Janzen J 2005 Exploiting refractometry to estimate the density of polyethylene: the Lorentz-Lorenz approach re-visited Polym. Test. 24 762-5 (Pubitemid 41165569)
41. Liu Y G and Daum P H 2008 Relationship of refractive index to mass density and self-consistency of mixing rules for multicomponent mixtures like ambient aerosols J. Aerosol Sci. 39 974-86
42. Sharma S, Patel P B, Patel R S and Vora J J 2009 Density and viscosity study of binary mixtures of eucalyptol with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-methylpropan-1-ol at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K J. Indian Chem. Soc. 86 419-24
43. Giner B, Villares A, Lopez M C, Royo F M and Lafuente C 2005 Refractive indices and molar refractions for isomeric chlorobutanes with isomeric butanols Phys. Chem. Liq. 43 13-23 (Pubitemid 40171743)
44. Tekin N, Cebe M and Tarimci C 2004 Polarizabilities and dipóle moments of benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and oxalic acid in polar and nonpolar solvents Chem. Phys. 300 239-46
45. Born M and Wolf E 1999 Principles of Optics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
46. Müller U, Bactavatchalou R, Bailer J, Philipp M, Sanctuary R, Zielinski B, Alnot P, Possart W and Krüger J K 2008 Acoustic profilometry of interphases in epoxy due to segregation and diffusion using Brillouin microscopy New J. Phys. 10 023031
47. Krevelen D W and Hoftyzer P J 1976 Properties of Polymers: Their Estimation and Correlation with Chemical Structure (Amsterdam: Elsevier)
48. Lee H and Neville K 1967 Handbook of Epoxy Resins (New York: McGraw-Hill)
49. Mijovic J and Wijaya J 1994 Reaction kinetics of epoxy/amine model systems: the effect of electrophilicity of amine molecule Macromolecules 27 7589-600
50. Philipp M, Sanctuary R, Gervais P-C, Wehlack C, Possart W, Müller U, Kieffer J and Krüger J K 2010 Influence of nanoparticles on the coupling strength between optical polarisability and structural formation during the chemically induced sol-gel and glass transitions of epoxy/silica nanocomposites J. Phys. Chem. B submitted
51. Kinloch A J, Mohammed R D, Taylor A C, Eger C, Sprenger S and Egan D 2005 The effect of silica nano particles and rubber particles on the toughness of multiphase thermosetting epoxy polymers J. Mater. Sci. 40 5083-6 (Pubitemid 41374555)
52. Paz-Abuin S, Lopez-Quintela A, Varela M, Pazos-Pellin M and Prendes P 1997 Method for determination of the ratio of rate constants, secondary to primary amine, in epoxy-amine systems Polymer 38 3117-20 (Pubitemid 127409744)
53. Philipp M, Vergnat C, Müller U, Sanctuary R, Baller J, Possart W, Alnot P and Krüger J K 2009 Second order elasticity at hypersonic frequencies of reactive polyurethanes as seen by generalized Cauchy relations J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21 035106