Renewable energy sources and frequency regulation: Survey and new perspectives

IET Renewable Power Generation

Volumn 4, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 438-457

  Bevrani, H ^a   Ghosh, A ^b   Ledwich, G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KURDISTAN   (Iran)

^b QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FREQUENCY PERFORMANCE; FREQUENCY REGULATIONS; KEY ISSUES; NON-LINEAR; POWER FLUCTUATIONS; POWER SYSTEM FREQUENCIES; POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS; POWER SYSTEMS; RENEWABLE ENERGIES; RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE; RENEWABLE SOURCES; SIMULATED RESULTS; SOLAR UNITS; SYSTEM FREQUENCY; TEST SYSTEMS;

ELECTRIC LOAD MANAGEMENT; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EMISSION; FREQUENCY RESPONSE; RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES; SURVEYS;

ELECTRIC FREQUENCY CONTROL;

EID: 77956533404     PISSN: 17521416     EISSN: 17521424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2009.0049     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: 'The Kyoto Protocol', [Online] available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf, 1997
2. Pecas Lopes, J.A. Hatziargyriou, N. Mutale, J.: et al. 'Integrating distributed generation into electric power systems: a review of drivers, challenges and opportunities', Electric Power Syst. Res., 2007, 77, p. 1189-1203
3. Gardner, P. Snodin, H. Higgins, A.: 'The impacts of increased levels of wind penetration on the electricity systems of the republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (final report)', et al. (Garrad Hassan and Partners Ltd. 2003),[Online] available at: http://www.cer.ie/cerdocs/cer03024.pdf
4. Makarov, Y.V. Reshetov, V.I. Stroev, V.A.: et al. 'Blackout prevention in the United States, Europe and Russia', Proc. IEEE, 2005, 93, (11), p. 1942-1955, 10.1109/JPROC.2005.857486, 0018-9219
5. Outhred, H. Bull, S.R. Kelly, S.: 'Meeting the challenges of integrating renewable energy into competitive electricity industries', [Online] available at: http://www.reilproject.org/documents/GridIntegrationFINAL.pdf, 2007
6. BTM Consult APS: 'International wind energy development world market update 2005'. Forecast 2006-2010, [Online] available at: http://www.btm.dk/Documents/Pressrelease.pdf, 2006
7. 'The energy challenge energy review report', (DTI, London 2006)
8. GWEC Latest News: 'US, China & Spain lead world wind power market in 2007'. The Global Wind Energy Council, [Online] available at: http://www.gwec.net/. Cited 28 February 2008
9. European Commission: 'Directive of the European Parliament and the council on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market', 2000
10. EWEA Publications: 'Wind energy leads EU power installations in 2007, but national growth is inconsistent'. The European Wind Energy Association, [Online] available at: http://www.ewea.org, 2008
11. EWIS: 'Towards a successful integration of wind power into European electricity grids (final report)', [Online] available at: http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/122302.pdf, 2007
12. AWEA Resources: U.S. Wind Energy Projects. The American Wind Energy Association, [Online] available at: http://www.awea.org, 2008
13. Sasaki, T. Kadoya, T. Enomoto, K.: 'Study on load frequency control using redox flow batteries', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2004, 19, (1), p. 660-667, 10.1109/TPWRS.2003.818724, 0885-8950
14. Asano, H. Yajima, K. Kaya, Y.: 'Influence of photovoltaic power generation on required capacity for load frequency control', IEEE Trans Energy Convers., 1996, 11, (1), p. 188-193, 0885-8969
15. Yanagawa, S. Kato, T. Wu, K.: et al. 'Evaluation of LFC capacity for output fluctuation of photovoltaic power generation systems based on multi-point observation of insolation', Proc. Conf. Energy, Economy and Environment, 2001, 17, p. 271-276
16. Muyeen, S.M. Tamura, J. Murata, T.: 'Stability augmentation of a grid-connected wind farm', (Springer, London 2009)
17. Parsons, B. Milligan, M. Zavadil, B.: 'Grid impacts of wind power: a summary of recent studies in the United States', Presented at the European Wind Energy Conf. and Exhibition, Madrid, Spain 2003
18. Koch, F. Erlich, I. Shewarega, F.: 'Dynamic simulation of large wind farms integrated in a multimachine network', Presented at the IEEE PES General Meeting, Ontario, Canada 2003
19. Erlich, I. Rensch, K. Shewarega, F.: 'Impact of large wind power generation on frequency stability', Proc. PES General Meeting, 2006
20. Li, W. Joos, G. Abbey, C.: 'Wind power impact on system frequency deviation and an ESS based power filtering algorithm solution', Proc. IEEE PSCE 2006, 2006, p. 2077-2084
21. Abe, K. Ohba, S. Iwamoto, S.: 'New load frequency control method suitable for large penetration of wind power generations', Proc. PES General Meeting, 2006, 2006
22. Kinjo, T. Senjyu, T. Urasaki, N.: et al. 'Output leveling of wind power generation system by EDLC energy storage', Proc. 40th Annual Conf of IEEE IECON 2004, 2004, 3, p. 3088-3093
23. Nomura, S. Ohata, Y. Hagita, T.: et al. 'Wind farms linked by SMES systems', IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconduct., 2005, 15, (2), p. 1951-1954, 10.1109/TASC.2005.849343, 1051-8223
24. Barton, J.P. Infield, D.G.: 'Energy storage and its use with intermittent renewable energy', IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2004, 19, (2), p. 441-448, 10.1109/TEC.2003.822305, 0885-8969
25. Strbac, G. Shakoor, A. Black, M.: et al. 'Impact of wind generation on the operation and development of the UK electricity systems', Electric Power Syst. Res., 2007, 77, p. 1214-1227, 10.1016/j.epsr.2006.08.014
26. Banakar, H. Luo, C. Ooi, B.T.: 'Impacts of wind power minute to minute variation on power system operation', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2008, 23, (1), p. 150-160, 0885-8950
27. Lalor, G. Mullane, A. O'Malley, M.: 'Frequency control and wind turbine technology', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2005, 20, (4), p. 1905-1913, 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.857393, 0885-8950
28. Morren, J. de Haan, S.W.H. Kling, W.L.: et al. 'Wind turbine emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2006, 21, (1), p. 433-434, 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.861956, 0885-8950
29. Luo, C. Golestani Far, H. Banakar, H.: et al. 'Estimation of wind penetration as limited by frequency deviation', IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2007, 22, (2), p. 783-791, 10.1109/TEC.2006.881082, 0885-8969
30. Courtecuisse, V. Mokadem, M.E. Saudemont, C.: et al. 'Experiment of a wind generator participation to frequency control', Presented at the 1st EPE-Wind Energy Chapter, Delft 2008
31. Rosas, P.: 'Dynamic influences of wind power on the power system', 2003, PhD, Technical University of Denmark
32. Ullah, N.R. Thiringer, T. Karlsson, D.: 'Temporary primary frequency control support by variable speed wind turbines: potential and applications', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2008, 23, (2), p. 601-612, 0885-8950
33. Morren, J. de Haan, S.W.H. Ferreira, J.A.: 'Primary power/frequency control with wind turbines and fuel cells', Proc. PES General Meeting 2006, 2006
34. Rajashekara, K.: 'Hybrid fuel-cell strategies for clean power generation', IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2005, 41, (3), p. 682-689, 10.1109/TIA.2005.847293, 0093-9994
35. AEMC: 'Draft national electricity amendment (technical standards for wind generation and other generator connections) Rule 2006', [Online] available at: http://www.aemc.gov.au, 2006
36. Amenedo, J.L.R. Arnalte, S. Burgos, J.C.: 'Automatic generation control of a wind farm with variable speed wind turbines', IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2002, 17, (2), p. 279-284, 0885-8969
37. Sebastian, R. Quuesada, J.: 'Distributed control system for frequency control in a isolated wind system', Renew. Energy, 2006, 31, p. 285-305, 10.1016/j.renene.2005.04.003, 0960-1481
38. Hirst, E.: 'Integrating wind output with bulk power operations and wholesale electricity markets', Wind Energy, 2002, 5, (1), p. 19-36
39. Milligan, M.: 'Wind power plants and system operation in the hourly time domain', (AWEA, Austin, TX 2003),Windpower 2003
40. Doherty, R. Outhred, H. O'Malley, M.: 'Establishing the role that wind generation may have in future generation portfolios', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2006, 21, p. 1415-1422, 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.879258, 0885-8950
41. Li, X. Song, Y.J. Han, S.B.: 'Frequency control in micro-grid power system combined with electrolyzer system and fuzzy PI controller', J Power Sources, 2008, 180, p. 468-475, 0378-7753
42. Slootweg, J.G. Kling, W.L.: 'The impact of large scale wind power generation on power system oscillations', Electric Power Syst. Res., 2003, 67, p. 9-20, 10.1016/S0378-7796(03)00089-0
43. Chompoo-inwai, C. Lee, W. Fuangfoo, P.: et al. 'System impact study for the interconnection of wind generation and utility system', IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2005, 41, p. 163-168, 0093-9994
44. Dechanupaprittha, S. Hongesombut, K. Mitani, Y.: et al. 'Frequency stabilization of interconnected power system with wind farms by controllable distributed generator', Proc. Power Engineering Conf. (IPEC), 2005, 2, p. 679-683
45. Black, J.W. Ilic, M.: 'Demand-based frequency control for distributed generation', Proc. IEEE PES Summer Meeting, 2002, 1, p. 427-432
46. Holttinen, H.: 'Impact of hourly wind power variation on the system operation in the Nordic Countries', Wind Energy, 2005, 8, (2), p. 197-218, 10.1002/we.143
47. Ackermann, T. Morthorst, P.E.: 'Economic aspects of wind power in power systems', Ackermann, T., Wind power in power systems, (Wiley, England 2005)
48. Kirby, B.: 'Frequency regulation basics and trends', (Oak Ridge National Lab. 2004),[Online] available at: http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cppr/y2001/rpt/122302.pdf
49. Donnelly, M.K. Dagle, J.E. Trudnowski, D.J.: et al. 'Impacts of the distributed utility on transmission system stability', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1996, 11, (2), p. 741-747, 10.1109/59.496148, 0885-8950
50. Xu, D. Girgis, A.A.: 'Optimal load shedding strategy in power systems with distributed generation', Proc. IEEE PES Winter Meeting, 2001, 2, p. 788-793
51. Bevrani, H.: 'Robust power system frequency control', (Springer, New York 2009)
52. Bevrani, H. Ledwich, G. Ford, J.J.: 'On the use of df/dt in power system emergency control', Proc. IEEE Power Systems Conf. & Exposition, Seattle, Washington, USA 2009
53. Erlich, I. Shewarega, F.: 'Insert impact of large-scale wind power generation on the dynamic behaviour of interconnected systems', Proc. iREP Symp.-Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control, Charleston, SC, USA 2007
54. IEEE 1547, Standard for interconnection distributed resources with electric power system, 2003
55. Thong, V.V. Driesen, J. Belmans, R.: 'Overview and comparisons of existing DG interconnection standards and technical guidelines', Proc. Int. Conf. Clean Electrical Power-ICCEP, 2007, p. 51-54
56. ESB National Grid: 'Options for operational rules to curtail wind generation', 2009 [Online] available at: www.cer.ie/cerdocs/cer04247.doc
57. 'Distributed generation (DG) protection overview', Technical report, University of Western Ontario, 2008 [Online] available at: http://www.eng.uwo.ca/people/tsidhu/Documents/DG%20Protection%20V4.pdf
58. Doumbia, M. Agbossou, K. Bose, T.: 'Islanding protection evaluation of inverter-based grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system', Proc. IEEE Conf. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2004, 2, p. 1081-1084
59. Maejima, H. Fujioka, Y. Kosima, Y.: et al. 'Structures of small power supply networks and a practical example with renewable energy resources', Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, 2007
60. Katiraei, F. Iravani, M.R. Lehn, P.W.: 'Micro-grid autonomous operation during and subsequent to islanding process', IEEE Trans. Power Del., 2005, 20, (1), p. 248-257
61. Katiraei, F. Iravani, M.R.: 'Power management strategies for a microgrid with multiple distributed generation units', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2006, 21, (4), p. 1821-1831, 0885-8950
62. Yazdani, A. Iravani, R.: 'A unified dynamic model and control for the voltage-sourced converter under unbalanced grid conditions', IEEE Trans. Power Del., 2006, 21, (3), p. 1620-1629
63. Karimi, H. Nikkhajoei, H. Iravani, R.: 'Control of an electronically-coupled distributed resource unit subsequent to an islanding event', IEEE Trans. Power Del., 2008, 23, (1), p. 493-501
64. Nikkhajoei, H. Iravani, R.: 'Steady-state model and power flow analysis of electronically-coupled distributed resource units', IEEE Trans. Power Del., 2007, 22, (1), p. 721-728
65. Nikkhajoei, H. Iravani, R.: 'Dynamic model and control of AC-DC-AC voltage-sourced converter system for distributed resources', IEEE Trans. Power Del., 2007, 22, (2), p. 1169-1178
66. Morren, J. Pierik, J. de Haan, S.W.H.: 'Inertial response of variable speed wind turbines', Electric Power Syst. Res., 2006, 76, (11), p. 980-987
67. Mullane, A. Oapos, MalleyM.: 'The inertial response of induction-machine-based wind turbine', IEEE Trans Power Syst., 2005, 20, (3), p. 1496-1503, 0885-8950
68. Ramtharan, G. Ekanayake, J.B. Jenkins, N.: 'Frequency support from doubly fed induction generator wind turbines', IET Renew. Power Gener., 2007, 1, (1), p. 3-9
69. Vital, E. Keane, A. O'Malley, M.: 'Varying penetration ratios of wind turbine technologies for voltage and frequency stability', Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA 2008
70. Gross, R. Heptonstall, P. Leach, M.: et al. 'Renewable and the grid: understanding intermittency', Energy, 2007, 160, p. 31-41, 0360-5442
71. Kundur, P.: 'Power system stability and control', (McGraw-Hill, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1994)
72. Knudsen, H. Nielsen, J.N.: 'Introduction to the modelling of wind turbines', Ackermann, T., Wind power in power systems, (Wiley, England 2005)
73. Grainger, J.J. Stevenson, W.D.: 'Power system analysis', (McGraw-Hill, New York 1994)
74. Bevrani, H. Mitani, Y. Tsuji, K.: 'Robust decentralized load-frequency control using an iterative linear matrix inequalities algorithm', IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2004, 150, (3), p. 347-354, 1350-2360
75. Bevrani, H. Hiyama, T.: 'On load-frequency regulation with time delays: design and real-time implementation', IEEE Trans Energy Convers., 2009, 24, (1), p. 292-300, 0885-8969
76. Bevrani, H.: 'Decentralized robust load-frequency control synthesis in restructured power systems', 2004, PhD, Osaka University
77. Elgerd, O.I. Fosha, C.: 'Optimum megawatt-frequency control of multiarea electric energy systems', IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., 1970, PAS-89, (4), p. 556-563, 0018-9510
78. Anderson, P.M. Mirheydar, M.: 'A low-order system frequency response model', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1990, 5, (3), p. 720-729, 0885-8950
79. UCTE: 'UCTE appendix to policy P1: load-frequency control and performance'. UCTE Operation Handbook, 2004
80. Tsili, M. Papathanassiou, S.: 'A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms', IET Renew. Power Gener., 2009, 3, (3), p. 308-332
81. 'Tasmanian experience with the use of df/dt triggering of UFLSS', Final Report, Transend Networks PTY LTD, 2008 no. D08/22185
82. NERC: 'Balance resources and demand standard ver. 2', 2007 [Online] available at: http://www.nerc.com/~filez/standards/Balance-Resources-Demand.html
83. Makarov, Y.V. Reshetov, V.I. Stroev, V.A.: et al. 'Blackout prevention in the United States, Europe and Russia', Proc. IEEE, 2005, 93, (11), p. 1942-1955, 0018-9219
84. Ilic, M. Skantze, P. Yu, C.N.: et al. 'Power exchange for frequency control', Proc. IEEE PES Winter Meeting, 1999, 2, p. 809-819
85. Momoh, J.A.: 'Electric power distribution, automation, protection, and control', (CRC Press, NW 2008)
86. Heier, S.: 'Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems', 2nd(Wiley, England 2006)
87. Daneshfar, F.: 'Automatic generation control using multi-agent systems', 2009, Master, University of Kurdistan [Online] available at: www.bevrani.com/Supervision.htm
88. Anderson, P.M.: 'Power system protection', (IEEE Press/Wiley, New York 1999)
89. IEEE guide for the application of protective relays used for abnormal frequency load shedding and restoration, Power Systems relaying Committee, IEEE Std C37.117, 2007
90. 'The IEEE reliability test system-1996', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1999, 14, (3), p. 1010-1020, 0885-8950
91. Anderson, P.M. Fouad, A.A.: 'Power system control and stability', (IEEE Press, New York 1994)
92. Arita, M. Yokoyama, A. Tada, Y.: 'Evaluation of battery system for frequency control in interconnected power system with a large penetration of wind power generation', Presented at the Int. Conf. Power System Technology, 2006
93. Keung, P.K. Li, P. Banakar, H. Ooi, B.T.: 'Kinetic energy of wind-turbine generators for system frequency support', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2009, 24, (1), p. 279-287, 0885-8950
94. Manuel, J.M. Maurico, J.M. Marano, A.: et al. 'Frequency regulation contribution through variable-speed wind energy conversion systems', IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2009, 24, (1), p. 173-180, 0885-8950