From bench to bedside: Methods that help clinicians use evidence-based practice

Australian Psychologist

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 197-211

  Dadich, Ann ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Education; Professional development; Training

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956410648     PISSN: 00050067     EISSN: 17429544     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00050060903353004     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Aarons, G. A., McDonald, E. J., Sheehan, A. K., & Walrath-Greene, C. M. (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Evidence Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS) in a geographically diverse sample of community mental health providers. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 34, 465-469.
2. Balas, E. A., & Boren, S. A. (2000). Yearbook of medical informatics 2000: Managing clinical knowledge for health care improvement. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
3. Barley, M., Pope, C., Chilvers, R., Sipos, A., & Harrison, G. (2008). Guidelines or mindlines? A qualitative study exploring what knowledge informs psychiatrists decisions about antipsychotic prescribing. Journal of Mental Health, 17, 9-17.
4. Beck, S. L. (2002). Strategies to translate research into practice. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 18, 11-19.
5. Bero, L. A., Grilli, R., Grimshaw, J. M., Harvey, E., Oxman, A. D., & Thomson, M. A. (1998). Getting research findings into practice: Closing the gap between research and practice: An overview of systematic reviews of interventions to promote the implementation of research findings. BMJ, 317(1), 465-468.
6. Bloom, B. S. (2005). Effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health: A review of systematic reviews. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 21, 380-385.
7. Bradley, P., Nordheim, L., De La Harpe, D., Innvaer, S., & Thompson, C. (2005). A systematic review of qualitative literature on educational interventions for evidence-based practice. Learning in Health and Social Care, 4, 89-109.
8. Buss, I. C., Halfens, R. J., Abu-Saad, H. H., & Kok, G. (1999). Evidence-based nursing practice: Both state of the art in general and specific to pressure sores. Journal of Professional Nursing, 15, 73-83.
9. Canadian Institute of Health Research (2004). The CIHR knowledge translation strategy 2004-2009: Innovation in action. Ottawa, ON: Author.
10. Cantillon, P., & Jones, R. (1999). Does continuing medical education in general practice make a difference? BMJ, 318, 1276-1279.
11. Carraccio, C., & Englander, R. (2004). Evaluating competence using a portfolio: A literature review and web-based application to the ACGME competencies. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 16, 381-387.
12. Carter, Y. H., Bannon, M. J., Limbert, C., Docherty, A., & Barlow, J. (2006). Improving child protection: A systematic review of training and procedural interventions. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91, 740-743.
13. Chaillet, N., Dube, E., Dugas, M., Audibert, F., Tourigny, C., Fraser, W., et al. (2006). Evidence-based strategies for implementing guidelines in obstetrics: A systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 108, 1234-1245.
14. Chaillet, N., & Dumont, A. (2007). Evidence-based strategies for reducing cesarean section rates: A meta-analysis. Birth, 34, 53-64.
15. Cohen, A., & Gureje, O. (2007). Making sense of evidence. International Review of Psychiatry, 19, 583-591.
16. Coomarasamy, A., & Khan, K. S. (2004). What is the evidence that postgraduate teaching in evidence based medicine changes anything? A systematic review. BMJ, 329(7473), 1017-1021.
17. Coomarasamy, A., Taylor, R., & Khan, K. S. (2003). A systematic review of postgraduate teaching in evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal. Medical Teacher, 25, 77-81.
18. Corrigan, P. W., Steiner, L., McCracken, S. G., Blaser, B., & Barr, M. (2001). Strategies for disseminating evidence-based practices to staff who treat people with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52, 1598-1606.
19. Council of Australian Governments (2006). National action plan on mental health (2006-2011). Barton, ACT: Author.
20. Davies, K. (2007). The information-seeking behaviour of doctors: A review of the evidence. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 24, 78-94.
21. Davis, D., Thomson O'Brien, M. A., Freemantle, N., Wolf, F. M., Mazmanian, P., & Taylor-Vaisey, A. (1999). Impact of formal continuing medical education: Do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? JAMA, 282, 867-874.
22. Davis, D. A., & Taylor-Vaisey, A. L. (1997). Translating guidelines into practice: A systematic review of theoretic concepts, practical experience and research evidence in the adoption of clinical practice guidelines. CMAJ, 157, 408-416.
23. Davis, D. A., Thomson, M. A., Oxman, A. D., & Haynes, R. B. (1995). Changing physician performance: A systematic review of the effect of continuing medical education strategies. JAMA, 274, 700-705.
24. Dew, K., Dowell, A., McLeod, D., Collings, S., & Bushnell, J. (2005). "This glorious twilight zone of uncertainty": Mental health consultations in general practice in New Zealand. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 1189-1200.
25. Doumit, G., Gattellari, M., Grimshaw, J., & O'Brien, M. A. (2007). Local opinion leaders: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD000125.
26. Drake, R. E., Goldman, H. H., Leff, H. S., Lehman, A. F., Dixon, L., Mueser, K. T., et al. (2001). Implementing evidence-based practices in routine mental health service settings. Psychiatric Services, 52, 179-182.
27. Flores-Mateo, G., & Argimon, J. M. (2007). Evidence based practice in postgraduate healthcare education: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 7, 119.
28. Foxcroft, D. R., & Cole, N. (2003). Organisational infrastructures to promote evidence based nursing practice. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD002212.
29. Garg, A. X., Adhikari, N. K. J., McDonald, H., Rosas-Arellano, M. P., Devereaux, P. J., Beyene, J., et al. (2005). Effects of computerized clinical decision support systems on practitioner performance and patient outcomes: A systematic review. JAMA, 293(10), 1223-1238.
30. Giuffrida, A., Gosden, T., Forland, F., Kristiansen, I. S., Sergison, M., Leese, B., et al. (1999). Target payments in primary care: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD000531.
31. Gould, D. J., Chudleigh, J. H., Moralejo, D., & Drey, N. (2007). Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD005186.
32. Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Macfarlane, F., Bate, P., & Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: Systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Quarterly, 82, 581-629.
33. Greenhalgh, T., Toon, P., Russell, J., Wong, G., Plumb, L., & Macfarlane, F. (2003). Transferability of principles of evidence based medicine to improve educational quality: Systematic review and case study of an online course in primary health care. BMJ, 326(7381), 142-145.
34. Grimshaw, J., Eccles, M., Thomas, R., MacLennan, G., Ramsay, C., Fraser, C., et al. (2006). Toward evidence-based quality improvement: Evidence (and its limitations) of the effectiveness of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies 1966-1998. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21 (Suppl. 2), S14-S20.
35. Grimshaw, J. M., Thomas, R. E., MacLennan, G., Fraser, C., Ramsay, C. R., Vale, L., et al. (2004). Effectiveness and efficiency of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies. Health Technology Assessment, 8(6), iii-iv, 1-72.
36. Grimshaw, J. M., Winkens, R. A. G., Shirran, L., Cunningham, C., Mayhew, A., Thomas, R., et al. (2005). Interventions to improve outpatient referrals from primary care to secondary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD005471.
37. Grol, R. (2002). Changing physicians' competence and performance: Finding the balance between the individual and the organization. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 22, 244-251.
38. Grol, R., & Grimshaw, J. (2003). From best evidence to best practice: Effective implementation of change in patients' care. Lancet, 362(9391), 1225-1230.
39. Haines, A., Kuruvilla, S., & Borchert, M. (2004). Bridging the implementation gap between knowledge and action for health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82, 724-731.
40. Hamilton, R. (2005). Nurses' knowledge and skill retention following cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: A review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51, 288-297.
41. Hammick, M., Freeth, D., Koppel, I., Reeves, S., & Barr, H. (2007). A best evidence systematic review of interprofessional education. Dundee, UK: BEME Collaboration.
42. Harvey, E. L., Glenny, A.-M., Kirk, S. F. L., & Summerbell, C. D. (2001). Improving health professionals' management and the organisation of care for overweight and obese people Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD000984.
43. Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (Eds.). (2006). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
44. Issenberg, S. B., McGaghie, W. C., Petrusa, E. R., Gordon, D. L., & Scalese, R. J. (2004). Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: A BEME systematic review. Dundee, UK: BEME Collaboration.
45. Jamtvedt, G., Young, J. M., Kristoffersen, D. T., O'Brien, M. A., & Oxman, A. D. (2006). Audit and feedback: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD000259.
46. Kavanagh, D. J., Spence, S. H., Sturk, H., Strong, J., Wilson, J., Worrall, L., et al. (2008). Outcomes of training in supervision: A randomised controlled trial. Australian Psychologist, 43, 96-104.
47. Kho, A., Henderson, L. E., Dressler, D. D., & Kripalani, S. (2006). Use of handheld computers in medical education: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 531-537.
48. Kuziemsky, C. E., Laul, F., & Leung, R. (2005). A review on diffusion of personal digital assistants in healthcare. Journal of Medical Systems, 29, 335-342.
49. Lee, A. G., Boldt, H. C., Golnik, K. C., Arnold, A. C., Oetting, T. A., Beaver, H. A., et al. (2005). Using the Journal Club to teach and assess competence in practice-based learning and improvement: A literature review and recommendation for implementation. Survey of Ophthalmology, 50, 542-548.
50. Lehman, A. F., Goldman, H. H., Dixon, L. B., & Churchill, R. (2004). Evidence-based mental health treatments and services: Examples to inform public policy. New York, NY: Milbank Memorial Fund.
51. Lu, Y.-C., Xiao, Y., Sears, A., & Jacko, J. A. (2005). A review and a framework of handheld computer adoption in healthcare. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 74, 409-422.
52. Mansouri, M., & Lockyer, J. (2005). A meta-analysis of continuing medical education effectiveness. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 27, 6-15.
53. McAuley, L. (2002). Data collection checklist. Ontario, Canada: Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Review Group.
54. McGowan, J. J., & Richwine, M. (2000). Electronic information access in support of clinical decision making: A comparative study of the impact on rural health care outcomes. Proceedings American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium, 565-569.
55. McKenna, H. P., Ashton, S., & Keeney, S. (2004). Barriers to evidence-based practice in primary care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45, 178-189.
56. Miller, W. R., Sorensen, J. L., Selzer, J. A., & Brigham, G. S. (2006). Disseminating evidence-based practices in substance abuse treatment: A review with suggestions. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31, 25-39.
57. Milne, D. L., Pilkington, J., Gracie, J., & James, I. (2003). Transferring skills from supervision to therapy: A qualitative and quantitative N1/41 analysis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31, 193-202.
58. Milner, M., Estabrooks, C. A., & Myrick, F. (2006). Research utilization and clinical nurse educators: A systematic review. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 12, 639-655.
59. Nelson, T. D., & Steele, R. G. (2007). Predictors of practitioner self-reported use of evidence-based practices: Practitioner training, clinical setting, and attitudes toward research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Research Services, 34, 319-330.
60. New Zealand Guidelines Group (2006, 24 February). Levels of evidence. Retrieved 1 August 2008, from http://www.cam.org.nz/Levels%20of%20Evidence.htm
61. O'Brien, M. A., Freemantle, N., Oxman, A. D., Wolf, F., Davis, D. A., & Herrin, J. (2001). Continuing education meetings and workshops: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD003030.
62. O'Brien, M. A., Oxman, A. D., Davis, D. A., Haynes, R. B., Freemantle, N., & Harvey, E. L. (1997). Educational outreach visits: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD000409.
63. Øvretveit, J. (2005). Leading improvement. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 19, 413-430.
64. Oxman, A. D., Thomson, M. A., Davis, D. A., & Haynes, R. B. (1995). No magic bullets: A systematic review of 102 trials of interventions to improve professional practice. CMAJ, 153, 1423-1431.
65. Parkes, J., Hyde, C., Deeks, J., & Milne, R. (2001). Teaching critical appraisal skills in health care settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD001270.
66. Parsons, J. E., Merlin, T. L., Taylor, J. E., Wilkinson, D., & Hiller, J. E. (2003). Evidence-based practice in rural and remote clinical practice: Where is the evidence? Australian Journal of Rural Health, 11, 242-248.
67. Pentz, M. A., Jasuja, G. K., Rohrbach, L. A., Sussman, S., & Bardo, M. (2006). Translation in tobacco and drug abuse prevention research. Evaluation and the Health Professions, 29, 246-271.
68. Phillips, B., Ball, C., Sackett, D., Badenoch, D., Straus, S., Haynes, B., et al. (2001). Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine levels of evidence. Headington, Oxford: Centre for Evidence Based Medicine.
69. Proctor, E. K., Knudsen, K. J., Fedoravicius, N., Hovmand, P., Rosen, A., & Peron, B. (2007). Implementation of evidencebased practice in community behavioral health: Agency director perspectives. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 34, 479-488.
70. Renders, C. M., Valk, G. D., Griffin, S., Wagner, E. H., van Eijk, J. T. M., & Assendelft, W. J. J. (2007). Interventions to improve the management of diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient and community settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD001481.
71. Repper, J., & Breeze, J. (2007). User and carer involvement in the training and education of health professionals: A review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44, 511-519.
72. Revere, D., Turner, A. M., Madhavan, A., Rambo, N., Bugni, P. F., Kimball, A. M., et al. (2007). Understanding the information needs of public health practitioners: A literature review to inform design of an interactive digital knowledge management system. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 40, 410-421.
73. Robertson, M. K., Umble, K. E., & Cervero, R. M. (2005). Impact studies in continuing education for health professions: Update. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 23, 146-156.
74. Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations. New York, NY: Free Press.
75. Royal Society of Medicine Press (1999). Getting evidence into practice. Effective Health Care, 5, 1-16.
76. Sandars, J., & Walsh, K. (2004). E-learning for general practitioners: Lessons from the recent literature. Work Based Learning in Primary Care, 2, 305-314.
77. Siddiqi, K., Newell, J., & Robinson, M. (2005). Getting evidence into practice: What works in developing countries? International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 17, 447-454.
78. Smith, R. C., Marshall, A. A., & Cohen-Cole, S. A. (1994). The efficacy of intensive biopsychosocial teaching programs for residents: A review of the literature and guidelines for teaching. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 9, 390-396.
79. Smith, W. R. (2000). Evidence for the effectiveness of techniques to change physician behavior. Chest, 118 (2 Suppl.), 8S-17S.
80. Stewart, R., & Oliver, S. (2006). Reviewing the potential for critical appraisal training to cater for professional practice. Medical Teacher, 28(2), e74-79.
81. Thomas, L., Cullum, N., McColl, E., Rousseau, N., Soutter, J., & Steen, N. (2000). Guidelines in professions allied to medicine. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD000349.
82. Veloski, J., Boex, J. R., Grasberger, M. J., Evans, A., & Wolfson, D. B. (2007). Systematic review of the literature on assessment, feedback and physicians' clinical performance. Dundee, UK: BEME Collaboration.
83. Walters, S. T., Matson, S. A., Baer, J. S., & Ziedonis, D. M. (2005). Effectiveness of workshop training for psychosocial addiction treatments: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 29, 283-293.
84. Walton, R. T., Harvey, E., Dovey, S., & Freemantle, N. (2001). Computerised advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD002894.
85. Worthen, V. E., & Lambert, M. J. (2007). Outcome oriented supervision: Advantages of adding systematic client tracking to supportive consultations. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 7, 48-53.
86. Zwarenstein, M., & Reeves, S. (2006). Knowledge translation and interprofessional collaboration: Where the rubber of evidencebased care hits the road of teamwork. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 26, 46-54.
87. Zwarenstein, M., Reeves, S., Barr, H., Hammick, M., Koppel, I., & Atkins, J. (2000). Interprofessional education: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD002213.
88. Beck, S. L. (2002). Strategies to translate research into practice. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 18, 11-19.
89. Bero, L. A., Grilli, R., Grimshaw, J. M., Harvey, E., Oxman, A. D., & Thomson, M. A. (1998). Getting research findings into practice: Closing the gap between research and practice: An overview of systematic reviews of interventions to promote the implementation of research findings. BMJ, 317(1), 465-468.
90. Bloom, B. S. (2005). Effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health: A review of systematic reviews. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 21, 380-385.
91. Bradley, P., Nordheim, L., De La Harpe, D., Innvaer, S., & Thompson, C. (2005). A systematic review of qualitative literature on educational interventions for evidence-based practice. Learning in Health and Social Care, 4, 89-109.
92. Brettle, A. (2003). Information skills training: A systematic review of the literature. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 20 (Suppl. 1), 3-9.
93. Brown, C. A., Belfield, C. R., & Field, S. J. (2002). Cost effectiveness of continuing professional development in health care: A critical review of the evidence. BMJ, 324(7338), 652-655.
94. Buss, I. C., Halfens, R. J., Abu-Saad, H. H., & Kok, G. (1999). Evidence-based nursing practice: Both state of the art in general and specific to pressure sores. Journal of Professional Nursing, 15, 73-83.
95. Cantillon, P., & Jones, R. (1999). Does continuing medical education in general practice make a difference? BMJ, 318, 1276-1279.
96. Carraccio, C., & Englander, R. (2004). Evaluating competence using a portfolio: A literature review and web-based application to the ACGME competencies. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 16, 381-387.
97. Carter, Y. H., Bannon, M. J., Limbert, C., Docherty, A., & Barlow, J. (2006). Improving child protection: A systematic review of training and procedural interventions. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91, 740-743.
98. Chaillet, N., & Dumont, A. (2007). Evidence-based strategies for reducing cesarean section rates: A meta-analysis. Birth, 34, 53-64.
99. Chaillet, N., Dube, E., Dugas, M., Audibert, F., Tourigny, C., Fraser, W., et al. (2006). Evidence-based strategies for implementing guidelines in obstetrics: A systematic review. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 108, 1234-1245.
100. Coomarasamy, A., & Khan, K. S. (2004). What is the evidence that postgraduate teaching in evidence based medicine changes anything? A systematic review. BMJ, 329(7473), 1017-1021.
101. Coomarasamy, A., Taylor, R., & Khan, K. S. (2003). A systematic review of postgraduate teaching in evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal. Medical Teacher, 25, 77-81.
102. Davies, K. (2007). The information-seeking behaviour of doctors: A review of the evidence. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 24, 78-94.
103. Davis, D. A., & Taylor-Vaisey, A. L. (1997). Translating guidelines into practice: A systematic review of theoretic concepts, practical experience and research evidence in the adoption of clinical practice guidelines. CMAJ, 157, 408-416.
104. Davis, D. A., Thomson, M. A., Oxman, A. D., & Haynes, R. B. (1995). Changing physician performance: A systematic review of the effect of continuing medical education strategies. JAMA, 274, 700-705.
105. Davis, D., Thomson O'Brien, M. A., Freemantle, N., Wolf, F. M., Mazmanian, P., & Taylor-Vaisey, A. (1999). Impact of formal continuing medical education: Do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? JAMA, 282, 867-874.
106. Doumit, G., Gattellari, M., Grimshaw, J., & O'Brien, M. A. (2007). Local opinion leaders: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD000125.
107. Fellowes, D., Wilkinson, S., & Moore, P. (2007). Communication skills training for health care professionals working with cancer patients, their families and/or carers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD003751.
108. Foxcroft, D. R., & Cole, N. (2003). Organisational infrastructures to promote evidence based nursing practice. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD002212.
109. Garg, A. X., Adhikari, N. K. J., McDonald, H., Rosas-Arellano, M. P., Devereaux, P. J., Beyene, J., et al. (2005). Effects of computerized clinical decision support systems on practitioner performance and patient outcomes: A systematic review. JAMA, 293(10), 1223-1238.
110. Giuffrida, A., Gosden, T., Forland, F., Kristiansen, I. S., Sergison, M., Leese, B., et al. (1999). Target payments in primary care: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD000531.
111. Gould, D. J., Chudleigh, J. H., Moralejo, D., & Drey, N. (2007). Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD005186.
112. Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Macfarlane, F., Bate, P., & Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: Systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Quarterly, 82, 581-629.
113. Greenhalgh, T., Toon, P., Russell, J., Wong, G., Plumb, L., & Macfarlane, F. (2003). Transferability of principles of evidence based medicine to improve educational quality: Systematic review and case study of an online course in primary health care. BMJ, 326(7381), 142-145.
114. Grimshaw, J., Eccles, M., & Tetroe, J. (2004). Implementing clinical guidelines: Current evidence and future implications. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 24 (Suppl. 1), S31-37.
115. Grimshaw, J., Eccles, M., Thomas, R., MacLennan, G., Ramsay, C., Fraser, C., et al. (2006). Toward evidence-based quality improvement: Evidence (and its limitations) of the effectiveness of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies 1966-1998. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21 (Suppl. 2), S14-20.
116. Grimshaw, J. M., Thomas, R. E., MacLennan, G., Fraser, C., Ramsay, C. R., Vale, L., et al. (2004). Effectiveness and efficiency of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies. Health Technology Assessment, 8(6), 1-72.
117. Grimshaw, J.M.,Winkens, R. A. G., Shirran, L., Cunningham, C., Mayhew, A., Thomas, R., et al. (2005). Interventions to improve outpatient referrals from primary care to secondary care (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD005471.
118. Grol, R. (2002). Changing physicians' competence and performance: Finding the balance between the individual and the organization. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 22, 244-251.
119. Grol, R., & Grimshaw, J. (2003). From best evidence to best practice: Effective implementation of change in patients' care. Lancet, 362(9391), 1225-1230.
120. Hamilton, R. (2005). Nurses' knowledge and skill retention following cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: A review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51, 288-297.
121. Hammick, M., Freeth, D., Koppel, I., Reeves, S., & Barr, H. (2007). A best evidence systematic review of interprofessional education. Dundee, UK: BEME Collaboration.
122. Harvey, E. L., Glenny, A.-M., Kirk, S. F. L., & Summerbell, C. D. (2001). Improving health professionals' management and the organisation of care for overweight and obese people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD000984.
123. Issenberg, S. B., McGaghie, W. C., Petrusa, E. R., Gordon, D. L., & Scalese, R. J. (2004). Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: A BEME systematic review. Dundee, UK: BEME Collaboration.
124. Jamtvedt, G., Young, J. M., Kristoffersen, D. T., O'Brien, M. A., & Oxman, A. D. (2006). Audit and feedback: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD000259.
125. Kho, A., Henderson, L. E., Dressler, D. D., & Kripalani, S. (2006). Use of handheld computers in medical education: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 531-537.
126. Kuziemsky, C. E., Laul, F., & Leung, R. (2005). A review on diffusion of personal digital assistants in healthcare. Journal of Medical Systems, 29, 335-342.
127. Lee, A. G., Boldt, H. C., Golnik, K. C., Arnold, A. C., Oetting, T. A., Beaver, H. A., et al. (2005). Using the Journal Club to teach and assess competence in practice-based learning and improvement: A literature review and recommendation for implementation. Survey of Ophthalmology, 50, 542-548.
128. Lu, Y.-C., Xiao, Y., Sears, A., & Jacko, J. A. (2005). A review and a framework of handheld computer adoption in healthcare. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 74, 409-422.
129. Mansouri, M., & Lockyer, J. (2005). A meta-analysis of continuing medical education effectiveness. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 27, 6-15.
130. Miller, W. R., Sorensen, J. L., Selzer, J. A., & Brigham, G. S. (2006). Disseminating evidence-based practices in substance abuse treatment: A review with suggestions. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31, 25-39.
131. Milner, M., Estabrooks, C. A., & Myrick, F. (2006). Research utilization and clinical nurse educators: A systematic review. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 12, 639-655.
132. Norman, G. R., & Shannon, S. I. (1998). Effectiveness of instruction in critical appraisal (evidence-based medicine) skills: A critical appraisal. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 158(2), 177-181.
133. O'Brien, M. A., Freemantle, N., Oxman, A. D., Wolf, F., Davis, D. A., & Herrin, J. (2001). Continuing education meetings and workshops: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD003030.
134. O'Brien, M. A., Oxman, A. D., Davis, D. A., Haynes, R. B., Freemantle, N., & Harvey, E. L. (1997). Educational outreach visits: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD000409.
135. Øvretveit, J. (2005). Leading improvement. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 19, 413-430.
136. Oxman, A. D., Thomson, M. A., Davis, D. A., & Haynes, R. B. (1995). No magic bullets: A systematic review of 102 trials of interventions to improve professional practice. CMAJ, 153, 1423-1431.
137. Parkes, J., Hyde, C., Deeks, J., & Milne, R. (2001). Teaching critical appraisal skills in health care settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD001270.
138. Parsons, J. E., Merlin, T. L., Taylor, J. E., Wilkinson, D., & Hiller, J. E. (2003). Evidence-based practice in rural and remote clinical practice: Where is the evidence? Australian Journal of Rural Health, 11, 242-248.
139. Renders, C. M., Valk, G. D., Griffin, S., Wagner, E. H., van Eijk, J. T. M., & Assendelft, W. J. J. (2007). Interventions to improve the management of diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient and community settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD001481.
140. Repper, J., & Breeze, J. (2007). User and carer involvement in the training and education of health professionals: A review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44, 511-519.
141. Revere, D., Turner, A. M., Madhavan, A., Rambo, N., Bugni, P. F., Kimball, A. M., et al. (2007). Understanding the information needs of public health practitioners: A literature review to inform design of an interactive digital knowledge management system. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 40, 410-421.
142. Robertson, M. K., Umble, K. E., & Cervero, R. M. (2005). Impact studies in continuing education for health professions: Update. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 23, 146-156.
143. Royal Society of Medicine Press. (1999). Getting evidence into practice. Effective Health Care, 5, 1-16.
144. Sandars, J., & Walsh, K. (2004). E-learning for general practitioners: Lessons from the recent literature. Work Based Learning in Primary Care, 2, 305-314.
145. Siddiqi, K., Newell, J., & Robinson, M. (2005). Getting evidence into practice: What works in developing countries? International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 17, 447-454.
146. Smith, R. C., Marshall, A. A., & Cohen-Cole, S. A. (1994). The efficacy of intensive biopsychosocial teaching programs for residents: A review of the literature and guidelines for teaching. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 9, 390-396.
147. Smith, W. R. (2000). Evidence for the effectiveness of techniques to change physician behavior. Chest, 118 (2 Suppl.), 8S-17S.
148. Smits, P. B. A., Verbeek, J. H. A. M., & de Buisonjé, C. D. (2002). Problem based learning in continuing medical education: A review of controlled evaluation studies. BMJ, 324, 153-156.
149. Stewart, R., & Oliver, S. (2006). Reviewing the potential for critical appraisal training to cater for professional practice. Medical Teacher, 28(2), e74-79.
150. Taylor, R., Reeves, B., Ewings, P., Binns, S., Keast, J., & Mears, R. (2000). A systematic review of the effectiveness of critical appraisal skills training for clinicians. Medical Education, 34, 120-125.
151. Thomas, L., Cullum, N., McColl, E., Rousseau, N., Soutter, J., & Steen, N. (2000). Guidelines in professions allied to medicine. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD000349.
152. Veloski, J., Boex, J. R., Grasberger, M. J., Evans, A., & Wolfson, D. B. (2007). Systematic review of the literature on assessment, feedback and physicians' clinical performance. Dundee, UK: BEME Collaboration.
153. Walters, S. T., Matson, S. A., Baer, J. S., & Ziedonis, D. M. (2005). Effectiveness of workshop training for psychosocial addiction treatments: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 29, 283-293.
154. Walton, R. T., Harvey, E., Dovey, S., & Freemantle, N. (2001). Computerised advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD002894.
155. Zwarenstein, M., & Reeves, S. (2006). Knowledge translation and interprofessional collaboration: Where the rubber of evidencebased care hits the road of teamwork. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 26, 46-54.
156. Zwarenstein, M., Reeves, S., Barr, H., Hammick, M., Koppel, I., & Atkins, J. (2000). Interprofessional education: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD002213.