Sensitivity and selectivity of neurons in auditory cortex to the pitch, timbre, and location of sounds

Neuroscientist

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 453-469

  Bizley, Jennifer K ^a   Walker, Kerry M M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

auditory cortex; hearing; parallel; single neuron; sound; tuning; vocalization

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTICS; ACTION POTENTIAL; AUDITORY BRAIN STEM IMPLANT; AUDITORY CORTEX; AUDITORY NERVOUS SYSTEM; HEARING; HUMAN; LOUDNESS; NERVE CELL; NEUROSCIENCE; NONHUMAN; PERCEPTION; PITCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SENSIBILITY; SOUND;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ANIMALS; AUDITORY CORTEX; AUDITORY PATHWAYS; EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY; NEURONS; PITCH PERCEPTION; SOUND LOCALIZATION;

EID: 77956333281     PISSN: 10738584     EISSN: 10894098     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1073858410371009     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Adriani M., Maeder P., Meuli R., Thiran AB, Frischknecht R., Villemure JG, and others. 2003. Sound recognition and localization in man: specialized cortical networks and effects of acute circumscribed lesions. Exp Brain Res 2003: 591-604.
2. Ahrens MB, Linden JF, Sahani M. 2008. Nonlinearities and contextual influences in auditory cortical responses modeled with multilinear spectrotemporal methods. J Neurosci 28: 1929-1942.
3. Alho K., Teder W., Lavikainen J., Naatanen R. 1994. Strongly focused attention and auditory event-related potentials. Biol Psychol 38: 73-90.
4. Anderson LA, Christianson GB, Linden JF 2009. Stimulus-specific adaptation occurs in the auditory thalamus. J Neurosci 29: 7359-7363.
5. American Standards Association. 1960. Acoustical terminology. New York: American Standards Association.
6. Barrett DJ, Hall DA 2006. Response preferences for "what" and "where" in human non-primary auditory cortex. Neuroimage 32: 968-977.
7. Bendor D., Wang X. 2006. Cortical representations of pitch in monkeys and humans. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16: 391-399.
8. Bendor D., Wang X. 2008. Neural response properties of primary, rostral, and rostrotemporal core fields in the auditory cortex of marmoset monkeys. J Neurophysiol 100: 888-906.
9. Billimoria CP, Kraus BJ, Narayan R., Maddox RK, Sen K. 2008. Invariance and sensitivity to intensity in neural discrimination of natural sounds. J Neurosci 28: 6304-6308.
10. Bizley JK, Nodal FR, Nelken I., King AJ 2005. Functional organization of ferret auditory cortex. Cereb Cortex 15: 1637-1653.
11. Bizley JK, Nodal FR, Parsons CH, King AJ 2007. The role of auditory cortex in sound localization in the midsagittal plane. J Neurophysiol 98: 1763-1774.
12. Bizley JK, Walker KM, King AJ, Schnupp J. 2009 a. Behavioural and neural measurements of timbre perception in ferrets. http://www.aro.org/archives/2009/ 2009-321-db93cc94.html
13. Bizley JK, Walker KM, Silverman BW, King AJ, Schnupp JW 2009 b. Interdependent encoding of pitch, timbre, and spatial location in auditory cortex. J Neurosci 29: 2064-2075.
14. Brugge JF, Reale RA, Jenison RL, Schnupp J. 2001. Auditory cortical spatial receptive fields. Audiol Neurootol 6: 173-177.
15. Burgess N. 2008. Spatial cognition and the brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1124: 77-97.
16. Bushara KO, Weeks RA, Ishii K., Catalan MJ, Tian B., Rauschecker JP, and others. 1999. Modality-specific frontal and parietal areas for auditory and visual spatial localization in humans. Nat Neurosci 2: 759-766.
17. Campbell M., Greated C. 1994. The musiciang'ss guide to acoustics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
18. Capranica RR 1966. Vocal response of the bullfrog to natural and synthetic mating calls. J Acoust Soc Am 40: 1131-1139.
19. Cariani P. 1999. Temporal coding of periodicity pitch in the auditory system: an overview. Neural Plast 6: 147-172.
20. Chait M., Poeppel D., Simon JZ 2006. Neural response correlates of detection of monaurally and binaurally created pitches in humans. Cereb Cortex 16: 835-848.
21. Chase SM, Young ED 2005. Limited segregation of different types of sound localization information among classes of units in the inferior colliculus. J Neurosci 25: 7575-7585.
22. Clarke S., Bellmann A., De Ribaupierre F., Assal G. 1996. Non-verbal auditory recognition in normal subjects and brain-damaged patients: evidence for parallel processing. Neuropsychologia 34: 587-603.
23. Clarke S., Bellmann A., Meuli RA, Assal G., Steck AJ 2000. Auditory agnosia and auditory spatial deficits following left hemispheric lesions: evidence for distinct processing pathways. Neuropsychologia 38: 797-807.
24. Cohen MA, Grossberg S., Wyse LL 1995. A spectral network model of pitch perception. J Acoust Soc Am 98: 862-879.
25. Cynx J., Shapiro M. 1986. Perception of missing fundamental by a species of songbird (Sturnus vulgaris). J Comp Psychol 100: 356-360.
26. de Cheveigne A. 2005. Pitch perception models. In: Plack CJ, Oxenham AJ, Fay RR, Popper AN, editors. Pitch: neural coding and perception. New York: Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. p 169-233.
27. Degerman A., Rinne T., Sarkka AK, Salmi J., Alho K. 2008. Selective attention to sound location or pitch studied with event-related brain potentials and magnetic fields. Eur J Neurosci 27: 3329-3341.
28. Deouell LY, Heller AS, Malach R., Dg'sEsposito M., Knight RT 2007. Cerebral responses to change in spatial location of unattended sounds. Neuron 55: 985-996.
29. Fay R., Popper A. 2005. Sound source localization. New York: Springer-Verlag.
30. Fishman YI, Reser DH, Arezzo JC, Steinschneider M. 1998. Pitch vs. spectral encoding of harmonic complex tones in primary auditory cortex of the awake monkey. Brain Res 786: 18-30.
31. Fritz J., Shamma S., Elhilali M., Klein D. 2003. Rapid task-related plasticity of spectrotemporal receptive fields in primary auditory cortex. Nat Neurosci 6: 1216-1223.
32. Fuller BF, Horii Y., Conner DA 1992. Validity and reliability of nonverbal voice measures as indicators of stressor-provoked anxiety. Res Nurs Health 15: 379-389.
33. Gelfer MP, Mikos VA 2005. The relative contributions of speaking fundamental frequency and formant frequencies to gender identification based on isolated vowels. J Voice 19: 544-554.
34. Griffiths TD, Green GG 1999. Cortical activation during perception of a rotating wide-field acoustic stimulus. Neuroimage 10: 84-90.
35. Gutschalk A., Patterson RD, Rupp A., Uppenkamp S., Scherg M. 2002. Sustained magnetic fields reveal separate sites for sound level and temporal regularity in human auditory cortex. Neuroimage 15: 207-216.
36. Hall DA, Plack CJ 2007. The human 'pitch centerg's responds differently to iterated noise and Huggins pitch. Neuroreport 18: 323-327.
37. Hall DA, Plack CJ 2009. Pitch processing sites in the human auditory brain. Cereb Cortex 19: 576-585.
38. Harrington IA, Stecker GC, Macpherson EA, Middlebrooks JC 2008. Spatial sensitivity of neurons in the anterior, posterior, and primary fields of cat auditory cortex. Hear Res 240: 22-41.
39. Hawkins H., McMullen T., Popper A., Fay RR 1996. Auditory computations. New York: Springer-Verlag.
40. Heffner H., Whitfield IC 1976. Perception of the missing fundamental by cats. J Acoust Soc Am 59: 915-919.
41. Heffner HE 1997. The role of macaque auditory cortex in sound localization. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 532: 22-27.
42. Heil P. 1997 a. Auditory cortical onset responses revisited: I. First-spike timing. J Neurophysiol 77: 2616-2641.
43. Heil P. 1997 b. Auditory cortical onset responses revisited: I I. Response strength. J Neurophysiol 77: 2642-2660.
44. Heil P., Irvine DR 1998 a. Functional specialization in auditory cortex: responses to frequency-modulated stimuli in the catg'ss posterior auditory field. J Neurophysiol 79: 3041-3059.
45. Heil P., Irvine DR 1998 b. The posterior field P of cat auditory cortex: coding of envelope transients. Cereb Cortex 8: 125-141.
46. Heil P., Rajan R., Irvine DR 1992. Sensitivity of neurons in cat primary auditory cortex to tones and frequency-modulated stimuli: II. Organization of response properties along the 'isofrequencyg's dimension. Hear Res 63: 135-156.
47. Heil P., Rajan R., Irvine DR 1994. Topographic representation of tone intensity along the isofrequency axis of cat primary auditory cortex. Hear Res 76: 188-202.
48. Hertrich I., Mathiak K., Menning H., Lutzenberger W., Ackermann H. 2005. MEG responses to rippled noise and Huggins pitch reveal similar cortical representations. Neuroreport 16: 193-196.
49. Houstma AJM, Smurzynski J. 1990. Pitch identification and discrimination for complex tones with many harmonics. J Acoust Soc Am 87: 304-310.
50. Hromadka T., Zador AM 2009. Representations in auditory cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 19: 430-433.
51. Humanski RA, Butler RA 1988. The contribution of the near and far ear toward localization of sound in the sagittal plane. J Acoust Soc Am 83: 2300-2310.
52. Iverson P., Krumhansl CL 1993. Isolating the dynamic attributes of musical timbre. J Acoust Soc Am 94: 2595-2603.
53. Johnson D. 1980. The relationship between spike rate and synchrony in responses of auditory nerve fibers to single tones. J Acoust Soc Am 68: 1115-1122.
54. Johnsrude IS, Penhune VB, Zatorre RJ 2000. Functional specificity in the right human auditory cortex for perceiving pitch direction. Brain 123(pt 1). 155-163.
55. Kaas J., Hackett T. 2005. Subdivisions and connections of the auditory cortex in primates: a working model. In: Konig R, Heil P, Budinger E, Scheich H, editors. The auditory cortex: a synthesis of human and animal research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
56. Kadia SC, Wang X. 2003. Spectral integration in A1 of awake primates: neurons with single- and multipeaked tuning characteristics. J Neurophysiol 89: 1603-1622.
57. Kavanagh GL, Kelly JB 1987. Contribution of auditory cortex to sound localization by the ferret (Mustela putorius). J Neurophysiol 57: 1746-1766.
58. Kazui S., Naritomi H., Sawada T., Inoue N., Okuda J. 1990. Subcortical auditory agnosia. Brain Lang 38: 476-487.
59. Koda H., Masataka N. 2002. A pattern of common acoustic modification by human mothers to gain attention of a child and by macaques of others in their group. Psychol Rep 91: 421-422.
60. Kojima S., Izumi A., Ceugniet M. 2003. Identification of vocalizers by pant hoots, pant grunts and screams in a chimpanzee. Primates 44: 225-230.
61. Krumbholz K., Patterson RD, Pressnitzer D. 2000. The lower limit of pitch as determined by rate discrimination. J Acoust Soc Am 108: 1170-1180.
62. Krumbholz K., Patterson RD, Seither-Preisler A., Lammertmann C., Lutkenhoner B. 2003. Neuromagnetic evidence for a pitch processing center in Heschlg'ss gyrus. Cereb Cortex 13: 765-772.
63. Kudoh M., Nakayama Y., Hishida R., Shibuki K. 2006. Requirement of the auditory association cortex for discrimination of vowel-like sounds in rats. Neuroreport 17: 1761-1766.
64. Kumar S., Stephan KE, Warren JD, Friston KJ, Griffiths TD 2007. Hierarchical processing of auditory objects in humans. PLoS Comput Biol 3: e100.
65. Kusmierek P., Rauschecker JP 2009. Functional specialization of medial auditory belt cortex in the alert rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 102: 1606-1622.
66. Langner G., Schreiner CE 1988. Periodicity coding in the inferior colliculus of the cat: I. Neuronal mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 60: 1799-1822.
67. Las L., Shapira AH, Nelken I. 2008. Functional gradients of auditory sensitivity along the anterior ectosylvian sulcus of the cat. J Neurosci 28: 3657-3667.
68. Lee CC, Winer JA 2008. Connections of cat auditory cortex: I. Thalamocortical system. J Comp Neurol 507: 1879-1900.
69. Lomber SG, Malhotra S. 2008. Double dissociation of 'whatg's and 'whereg's processing in auditory cortex. Nat Neurosci 11: 609-616.
70. Lu T., Liang L., Wang X. 2001. Temporal and rate representations of time-varying signals in the auditory cortex of awake primates. Nat Neurosci 4: 1131-1138.
71. Lyon R., Shamma S. 1996. Auditory representation of pitch and timbre. In: Hawkins H, McMullen T, Popper A, Fay RR, editors. Auditory computations. New York: Springer Verlag.
72. Machens CK, Wehr MS, Zador AM 2004. Linearity of cortical receptive fields measured with natural sounds. J Neurosci 24: 1089-1100.
73. Maeder PP, Meuli RA, Adriani M., Bellmann A., Fornari E., Thiran JP, and others. 2001. Distinct pathways involved in sound recognition and localization: a human fMRI study. Neuroimage 14: 802-816.
74. Malhotra S., Lomber SG 2007. Sound localization during homotopic and heterotopic bilateral cooling deactivation of primary and nonprimary auditory cortical areas in the cat. J Neurophysiol 97: 26-43.
75. McAlpine D. 2004. Neural sensitivity to periodicity in the inferior colliculus: evidence for the role of cochlear distortions. J Neurophysiol 92: 1295-1311.
76. McLachlan N. 2009. A computational model of human pitch strength and height judgments. Hear Res 249: 23-35.
77. Mendelson JR, Schreiner CE, Sutter ML, Grasse KL 1993. Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: responses to frequency-modulated sweeps. Exp Brain Res 94: 65-87.
78. Mickey BJ, Middlebrooks JC 2003. Representation of auditory space by cortical neurons in awake cats. J Neurosci 23: 8649-8663.
79. Middlebrooks JC, Clock AE, Xu L., Green DM 1994. A panoramic code for sound location by cortical neurons. Science 264: 842-844.
80. Middlebrooks JC, Xu L., Eddins AC, Green DM 1998. Codes for sound-source location in nontonotopic auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 80: 863-881.
81. Miller LM, Recanzone GH 2009. Populations of auditory cortical neurons can accurately encode acoustic space across stimulus intensity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 5931-5935.
82. Moore BJP 2004. An introduction to the psychology of hearing. 5 th ed. London: Elsevier.
83. Mrsic-Flogel TD, King AJ, Schnupp JW 2005. Encoding of virtual acoustic space stimuli by neurons in ferret primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 93: 3489-3503.
84. Nelken I., Bizley JK, Nodal FR, Ahmed B., Schnupp JW, King AJ 2004. Large-scale organization of ferret auditory cortex revealed using continuous acquisition of intrinsic optical signals. J Neurophysiol 92: 2574-2588.
85. Nelson DA 1989. Song frequency as a cue for recognition of species and individuals in the field sparrow (Spizella pusilla). J Comp Psychol 103: 171-176.
86. Nodal FR, Bajo VM, Parsons CH, Schnupp JW, King AJ 2008. Sound localization behavior in ferrets: comparison of acoustic orientation and approach-to-target responses. Neuroscience 154: 397-408.
87. Otazu GH, Tai LH, Yang Y., Zador AM 2009. Engaging in an auditory task suppresses responses in auditory cortex. Nat Neurosci 12: 646-654.
88. Parsons CH, Lanyon RG, Schnupp JW, King AJ 1999. Effects of altering spectral cues in infancy on horizontal and vertical sound localization by adult ferrets. J Neurophysiol 82: 2294-2309.
89. Patterson RD, Uppenkamp S., Johnsrude IS, Griffiths TD 2002. The processing of temporal pitch and melody information in auditory cortex. Neuron 36: 767-776.
90. Penagos H., Melcher JR, Oxenham AJ 2004. A neural representation of pitch salience in nonprimary human auditory cortex revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 24: 6810-6815.
91. Peterson GE, Barney HL 1952. Control methods used in a study of the vowels. J Acoust Soc Am 24: 175-184.
92. Petkov CI, Kayser C., Steudel T., Whittingstall K., Augath M., Logothetis NK 2008. A voice region in the monkey brain. Nat Neurosci 11: 367-374.
93. Pickles J. 1988. An introduction to the physiology of hearing. New York: Academic Press.
94. Plomp R. 1970. Timbre as a multidimensional attribute of complex tones. In: Plomp R, Smoorenburg GF, editors. Frequency analysis and periodicity detection. Lieden Sijthof f.
95. Rauschecker JP, Tian B., Hauser M. 1995. Processing of complex sounds in the macaque nonprimary auditory cortex. Science 268: 111-114.
96. Rayleigh L. 1907. On our perception of sound direction. Philos Mag 13: 214-222.
97. Recanzone GH 2008. Representation of con-specific vocalizations in the core and belt areas of the auditory cortex in the alert macaque monkey. J Neurosci 28: 13184-13193.
98. Reissland N., Shepherd J., Herrera E. 2003. The pitch of maternal voice: a comparison of mothers suffering from depressed mood and non-depressed mothers reading books to their infants. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44: 255-261.
99. Remedios R., Logothetis NK, Kayser C. 2009. An auditory region in the primate insular cortex responding preferentially to vocal communication sounds. J Neurosci 29: 1034-1045.
100. Rhode WS, Greenberg S. 1994. Lateral suppression and inhibition in the cochlear nucleus of the cat. J Neurophysiol 71: 493-514.
101. Ritter S., Gunter Dosch H., Specht HJ, Rupp A. 2005. Neuromagnetic responses reflect the temporal pitch change of regular interval sounds. Neuroimage 27: 533-543.
102. Robin DA, Tranel D., Damasio H. 1990. Auditory perception of temporal and spectral events in patients with focal left and right cerebral lesions. Brain Lang 39: 539-555.
103. Romanski LM, Tian B., Fritz J., Mishkin M., Goldman-Rakic PS, Rauschecker JP 1999. Dual streams of auditory afferents target multiple domains in the primate prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2: 1131-1136.
104. Romanski LM, Averbeck BB, Diltz M. 2005. Neural representation of vocalizations in the primate ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 93: 734-747.
105. Rutkowski RG, Shackleton TM, Schnupp JW, Wallace MN, Palmer AR 2002. Spectrotemporal receptive field properties of single units in the primary, dorsocaudal and ventrorostral auditory cortex of the guinea pig. Audiol Neurootol 7: 214-227.
106. Sakai M., Chimoto S., Qin L., Sato Y. 2009. Differential representation of spectral and temporal information by primary auditory cortex neurons in awake cats: relevance to auditory scene analysis. Brain Res 1265: 80-92.
107. Samson S. 2003. Neuropsychological studies of musical timbre. Ann N Y Acad Sci 999: 144-151.
108. Samson S., Zatorre RJ 1988. Melodic and harmonic discrimination following unilateral cerebral excision. Brain Cogn 7: 348-360.
109. Samson S., Zatorre RJ 1994. Contribution of the right temporal lobe to musical timbre discrimination. Neuropsychologia 32: 231-240.
110. Samson S., Zatorre RJ, Ramsay JO 2002. Deficits of musical timbre perception after unilateral temporal-lobe lesion revealed with multidimensional scaling. Brain 125: 511-523.
111. Schiavetto A., Cortese F., Alain C. 1999. Global and local processing of musical sequences: an event-related brain potential study. Neuroreport 10: 2467-2472.
112. Schnupp JW, Carr CE 2009. On hearing with more than one ear: lessons from evolution. Nat Neurosci 12: 692-697.
113. Schnupp JW, Mrsic-Flogel TD, King AJ 2001. Linear processing of spatial cues in primary auditory cortex. Nature 414: 200-204.
114. Schouten JF 1938. The perception of subjective tones. Proc Kon Akad Wetenschap 41: 1086-1093.
115. Schreiner CE, Mendelson JR, Sutter ML 1992. Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: representation of tone intensity. Exp Brain Res 92: 105-122.
116. Schulze H., Hess A., Ohl FW, Scheich H. 2002. Superposition of horseshoe-like periodicity and linear tonotopic maps in auditory cortex of the Mongolian gerbil. Eur J Neurosci 15: 1077-1084.
117. Schulze H., Langner G. 1997. Periodicity coding in the primary auditory cortex of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): two different coding strategies for pitch and rhythm ? J Comp Physiol A 181: 651-663.
118. Schwarz DW, Tomlinson RW 1990. Spectral response patterns of auditory cortex neurons to harmonic complex tones in alert monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Neurophysiol 64: 282-298.
119. Shamma S. 2001. On the role of space and time in auditory processing. Trends Cogn Sci 5: 340-348.
120. Shamma SA, Fleshman JW, Wiser PR, Versnel H. 1993. Organization of response areas in ferret primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 69: 367-383.
121. Sidtis JJ, Volpe BT 1988. Selective loss of complex-pitch or speech discrimination after unilateral lesion. Brain Lang 34: 235-245.
122. Smith AL, Parsons CH, Lanyon RG, Bizley JK, Akerman CJ, Baker GE, and others. 2004. An investigation of the role of auditory cortex in sound localization using muscimolreleasing Elvax. Eur J Neurosci 19: 3059-3072.
123. Smith DR, Patterson RD, Turner R., Kawahara H., Irino T. 2005. The processing and perception of size information in speech sounds. J Acoust Soc Am 117: 305-318.
124. Staeren N., Renvall H., De Martino F., Goebel R., Formisano E. 2009. Sound categories are represented as distributed patterns in the human auditory cortex. Curr Biol 19: 498-502.
125. Stecker GC, Harrington IA, Macpherson EA, Middlebrooks JC 2005. Spatial sensitivity in the dorsal zone (area DZ) of cat auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 94: 1267-1280.
126. Stecker GC, Mickey BJ, Macpherson EA, Middlebrooks JC 2003. Spatial sensitivity in field PAF of cat auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 89: 2889-2903.
127. Steinschneider M., Reser DH, Fishman YI, Schroeder CE, Arezzo JC 1998. Click train encoding in primary auditory cortex of the awake monkey: evidence for two mechanisms subserving pitch perception. J Acoust Soc Am 104: 2935-2955.
128. Stewart L., von Kriegstein K., Warren JD, Griffiths TD 2006. Music and the brain: disorders of musical listening. Brain 129: 2533-2553.
129. Sutter ML, Schreiner CE 1991. Physiology and topography of neurons with multipeaked tuning curves in cat primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 65: 1207-1226.
130. Sutter ML, Schreiner CE, McLean M., Og'sConnor KN, Loftus WC 1999. Organization of inhibitory frequency receptive fields in cat primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 82: 2358-2371.
131. Thompson S. 1877. On binaural audition. Philos Mag 5: 274-276.
132. Tian B., Reser D., Durham A., Kustov A., Rauschecker JP 2001. Functional specialization in rhesus monkey auditory cortex. Science 292: 290-293.
133. Tomlinson RW, Schwarz DW 1988. Perception of the missing fundamental in nonhuman primates. J Acoust Soc Am 84: 560-565.
134. Tramo MJ, Cariani PA, Koh CK, Makris N., Braida LD 2005. Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of pitch perception: auditory cortex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1060: 148-174.
135. Tramo MJ, Shah GD, Braida LD 2002. Functional role of auditory cortex in frequency processing and pitch perception. J Neurophysiol 87: 122-139.
136. Versnel H., Shamma SA 1998. Spectral-ripple representation of steady-state vowels in primary auditory cortex. J Acoust Soc Am. 1998: 2502-2514.
137. Walker KMM, Schnupp JWH, Hart-Schnupp SMB, King AJ, Bizley JK 2009. Pitch discrimination by ferrets for simple and complex sounds. J Acoust Soc Am 126: 1321-1335.
138. Wallace MN, Palmer AR 2009. Functional subdivisions in low-frequency primary auditory cortex (AI). Exp Brain Res 194: 395-408.
139. Wang X., Lu T., Snider RK, Liang L. 2005. Sustained firing in auditory cortex evoked by preferred stimuli. Nature 435: 341-346.
140. Warren JD, Jennings AR, Griffiths TD 2005. Analysis of the spectral envelope of sounds by the human brain. Neuroimage 24: 1052-1057.
141. Warren JD, Uppenkamp S., Patterson RD, Griffiths TD 2003. Analyzing pitch chroma and pitch height in the human brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 999: 212-214.
142. Warrier CM, Zatorre RJ 2004. Right temporal cortex is critical for utilization of melodic contextual cues in a pitch constancy task. Brain 127: 1616-1625.
143. Whitfield IC 1980. Auditory cortex and the pitch of complex tones. J Acoust Soc Am 67: 644-647.
144. Winer J. 1992. The functional architecture of the medial geniculate body and the primary auditory cortex. In: Webster D, Popper A, Fay R, editors. The mammalian auditory pathways: neuroanatomy. New York: Springer-Verlag.
145. Winer J., Schreiner C. 2005. The central auditory system: a functional analysis. In: Winer JA, Schreiner CE, editors. The inferior colliculus. New York: Springer-Verlag.
146. Woods DL, Alain C., Diaz R., Rhodes D., Ogawa KH 2001. Location and frequency cues in auditory selective attention. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 27: 65-74.
147. Woods TM, Lopez SE, Long JH, Rahman JE, Recanzone GH 2006. Effects of stimulus azimuth and intensity on the single-neuron activity in the auditory cortex of the alert macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol 96: 3323-3337.
148. Zatorre RJ 1988. Pitch perception of complex tones and human temporal-lobe function. J Acoust Soc Am 84: 566-572.
149. Zatorre RJ, Bouffard M., Ahad P., Belin P. 2002. Where is 'whereg's in the human auditory cortex ? Nat Neurosci 5: 905-909.
150. Zatorre RJ, Evans AC, Meyer E. 1994. Neural mechanisms underlying melodic perception and memory for pitch. J Neurosci 14: 1908-1919.
151. Zatorre RJ, Penhune VB 2001. Spatial localization after excision of human auditory cortex. J Neurosci 21: 6321-6328.