Music and the brain: Disorders of musical listening

Brain

Volumn 129, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 2533-2553

  Stewart, Lauren ^a,b,c   Von Kriegstein, Katharina ^a,c   Warren, Jason D ^d   Griffiths, Timothy D ^a,c,e  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e NEWCASTLE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brain disorders; Lesions; Listening; Music

Indexed keywords

AUDITORY HALLUCINATION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; CONGENITAL AMUSIA; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; EMOTION; HEARING; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; HUMAN; LISTENING; MEMORY; MENTAL DISEASE; MUSIC; MUSICAL HALLUCINATION; NEUROSCIENCE; PITCH; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHYTHM;

AUDITORY PERCEPTION; AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEAFNESS; EMOTIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; HUMANS; MEMORY; MUSIC; PITCH PERCEPTION;

EID: 33749478854     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: 14602156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awl171     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. Agrawal AK, Sherman LK. Voriconazole-induced musical hallucinations. Infection 2004; 32: 293-5.
2. Aizenberg D, Schwartz B, Modai I. Musical hallucinations, acquired deafness, and depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174: 309-11.
3. Aizenberg D, Dorfman-Etrog P, Zemishlany Z, Hermesh H. Musical hallucinations and hearing deficit in a young non-psychotic female. Psychopathology 1991; 24: 45-8.
4. Ali JA. Musical hallucinations and deafness: a case report and review of the literature. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2002; 15: 66-70.
5. Allen JR. Salicylate-induced musical perceptions. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 642-3.
6. Amunts K, Schlaug G, Jancke L, Steinmetz H, Schleicher A, Dabringhaus A, et al. Motor cortex and hand motor skills: structural compliance in the human brain. Hum Brain Mapp 1997; 5: 206-15.
7. Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Voxel-based morphometry-the methods. Neuroimage 2000; 11: 805-21.
8. Ayotte J, Peretz I, Rousseau I, Bard C, Bojanowski M. Patterns of music agnosia associated with middle cerebral artery infarcts. Brain 2000; 123: 1926-38.
9. Ayotte J, Peretz I, Hyde K. Congenital amusia. A group study of adults afflicted with a music-specific disorder. Brain 2002; 125: 238-51.
10. Baba A, Hamada H, Kocha H. Musical hallucinations in schizophrenia. 2. Relations with verbal hallucinations. Psychopathology 2003; 36: 104-10.
11. Belin P, Zatorre RJ, Lafaille P, Ahad P, Pike B. Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex. Nature 2000; 403: 309-12.
12. Bendor D, Wang X. The neuronal representation of pitch in primate auditory cortex. Nature. 2005; 436: 1161-5.
13. Bengtsson SL, Nagy Z, Skare S, Forsman L, Forssberg H, Ullen F. Extensive piano practicing has regionally specific effects on white matter development. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8: 1148-50.
14. Bentley A. Measures of musical abilities. London: NEFR-Nelson; 1985.
15. Berrios GE. Musical hallucinations. A historical and clinical study. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 156: 188-94.
16. Berrios GE. Musical hallucinations: a statistical analysis of 46 cases. Psychopathology 1991; 24: 356-60.
17. Bever TG, Chiarello RJ. Cerebral dominance in musicians and nonmusicians. Science 1974; 185: 537-9.
18. Blood AJ, Zatorre R. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 11818-23.
19. Blood AJ, Zatorre RJ, Bermudez P, Evans AC. Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant music correlate with activity in paralimbic brain regions. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2: 382-7.
20. Bregman AS. Auditory scene analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1990.
21. Brown S, Martinez MJ, Parsons LM. Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. Neuroreport 2004; 15: 2033-7.
22. Brust JC. Music and language: musical alexia and agraphia. Brain 1980; 103: 367-92.
23. Caclin A, McAdams S, Smith BK, Winsberg S. Acoustic correlates of timbre space dimensions: a confirmatory study using synthetic tones. J Acoust Soc Am 2005; 118: 471-82.
24. Cascino GD, Adams RD. Brainstem auditory hallucinosis. Neurology 1986; 36: 1042-7.
25. Cerrato P, Imperiale D, Giraudo M, Baima C, Grasso M, Lopiano L, et al. Complex musical hallucinosis in a professional musician with a left subcortical haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 71: 280-1.
26. Clark J. Case history of a patient with musical hallucinations and Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998; 13: 886-7.
27. Cole MG, Dowson L, Dendukuri N, Belzile E. The prevalence and phenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects attending an audiology clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17: 444-52.
28. Confavreux C, Croisile B, Garassus P, Aimard G, Trillet M. Progressive amusia and aprosody. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 971-6.
29. Couper J. Unilateral musical hallucinations and all that jazz. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1994; 28: 516-9.
30. Critchley M, Henson RA, editors. Music and the brain. Studies in the neurology of music. London: Heinemann; 1977.
31. Cuddy LL, Balkwill L-L, Peretz I, Holden RR. Musical difficulties: a study of 'tone deafness' among university students. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1060: 311-24.
32. Curtin F, Redmund C. Musical hallucinations during a treatment with benzodiazepine. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47: 789-90.
33. Di Pietro M, Laganaro M, Leemann B, Schnider A. Receptive amusia: temporal auditory processing deficit in a professional musician following a left temporo-parietal lesion. Neuropsychologia 2004; 42: 868-77.
34. Douen AG, Bourque PR. Musical auditory hallucinosis from Listeria rhombencephalitis. Can J Neurol Sci 1997; 24: 70-2.
35. Dowling WJ, Harwood DL. Music and cognition. London: Academic Press; 1985.
36. Drayna D, Manichaikul A, de Lange M, Snieder H, Spector T. Genetic correlates of musical pitch recognition in humans. Science 2001; 291: 1969-72.
37. Erkwoh R, Ebel H, Kachel F, Reiche W, Ringelstein EB, Bull U, et al. 18FDG-PET and electroencephalographic findings in a patient suffering from musical hallucinations. Nuklear Medizin 1993; 32: 159-63.
38. Eustache F, Lechevalier B, Viader F, Lambert J. Identification and discrimination disorders in auditory perception: a report on two cases. Neuropsychologia 1990; 28: 257-70.
39. Evers S, Ellger T, Ringelstein EB, Knecht S. Is hemispheric language dominance relevant in musical hallucinations? Two case reports. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 252: 299-302.
40. Fenelon G, Marie S, Ferroir JP, Guillard A. Musical hallucinations: 7 cases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1993; 149: 462-7.
41. Fenton GW, McRae DA. Musical hallucinations in a deaf elderly woman. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155: 401-3.
42. Fernandez A, Crowther TR, Vieweg WV. Musical hallucinations induced by propranolol. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998; 186: 192-4.
43. Fischer CE, Marchie A, Norris M. Musical and auditory hallucinations: a spectrum. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004; 58: 96-8.
44. Fisman M. Musical hallucinations: report of two unusual cases. Can J Psychiatry 1991; 36: 609-11.
45. Foxton JM, Dean JL, Gee R, Peretz I, Griffiths TD. Characterization of deficits in pitch perception underlying 'tone deafness'. Brain 2004; 127: 801-10.
46. Foxton JM, Nandy RK, Griffiths TD. Rhythm deficits in 'tone deafness'. Brain Cogn, 2006; Epub May 7, 2006.
47. Fries W, Swihart AA. Disturbance of rhythm sense following right hemisphere damage. Neuropsychologia 1990; 28: 1317-23.
48. Friston KJ, Harrison L, Penny W. Dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage 2003; 19: 1273-1302.
49. Fujii T, Fukatsu R, Watabe S, Ohnuma A, Teramura K, Kimura I, et al. Auditory sound agnosia without aphasia following a right temporal lobe lesion. Cortex 1990; 26: 263-8.
50. Fukunishi I, Horikawa N, Onai H. Prevalence rate of musical hallucinations in a general hospital setting. Psychosomatics 1998a; 39: 175.
51. Fukunishi I, Kitaoka T, Shirai T, Watanabe S. Musical hallucinations after childbirth in a female patient on hemodialysis. Nephron 1998b; 79: 105.
52. Fukunishi I, Kita Y, Harihara Y, Kubota K, Takayama T, Kawarasaki H, et al. Musical hallucinations after living-donor liver transplantation. Psychosomatics 1999; 40: 530-1.
53. Gaab N, Gaser C, Schlaug G. Improvement-related functional plasticity following pitch memory training. Neuroimage 2006; 31: 255-63.
54. Gaser C, Schlaug G. Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 9240-5.
55. Gertz HJ, Gohringer K, Schimmelpfennig C. Successful carbamazepine therapy of 2 cases of music hallucinations. Nervenarzt 1996; 67: 387-9.
56. Gilbert GJ. Pentoxifylline-induced musical hallucinations. Neurology 1993; 43: 1621-2.
57. Gilchrist PN, Kalucy RS. Musical hallucinations in the elderly: a variation on the theme. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1983; 17: 286-7.
58. Gordon AG. Do musical hallucinations always arise from the inner ear? Med Hypotheses 1997; 49: 111-22.
59. Gordon E. Musical aptitude profile. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin; 1965.
60. Gosselin N, Peretz I, Noulhiane M, Hasboun D, Beckett C, Baulac M, et al. Impaired recognition of scary music following unilateral temporal lobe excision. Brain 2005; 128: 628-40.
61. Griffiths TD. Musical hallucinosis in acquired deafness. Phenomenology and brain substrate. Brain 2000; 123: 2065-76.
62. Griffiths TD, Warren JD. The planum temporale as a computational hub. Trends Neurosci 2002; 25: 348-53.
63. Griffiths TD, Rees A, Witton C, Cross PM, Shakir RA, Green GG. Spatial and temporal auditory processing deficits following right hemisphere infarction. A psychophysical study. Brain 1997; 120: 785-94.
64. Griffiths TD, Buchel C, Frackowiak RSJ, Patterson RD. Analysis of temporal structure in sound by the human brain. Nat Neurosci 1998; 1: 422-7.
65. Griffiths TD, Johnsrude I, Dean JL, Green GG. A common neural substrate for the analysis of pitch and duration pattern in segmented sound? Neuroreport 1999; 10: 3825-30.
66. Griffiths TD, Uppenkamp S, Johnsrude I, Josephs O, Patterson RD. Encoding of the temporal regularity of sound in the human brainstem. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4: 633-7.
67. Griffiths TD, Warren JD, Dean JL, Howard D. 'When the feeling's gone': a selective loss of musical emotion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 344-5.
68. Griffiths TD, Warren JD, Jennings AR. Dystimbria: a distinct musical syndome? In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference for Musical Perception and Cognition, Bologna, Italy, 2006.
69. Grison B. Une etude sur les alterations musicales au cours des lesions hemispheriques. [Thesis]. Paris: University of Paris; 1972.
70. Grossman M, Shapiro BE, Gardner H. Dissociable musical processing strategies after localized brain damage. Neuropsychologia 1981; 19: 425-33.
71. Guevara E. The motorcycle diaries: notes on a Latin American journey. New York: Ocean Press; 2003.
72. Gutschalk A, Patterson RD, Rupp A, Uppenkamp S, Scherg M. Sustained magnetic fields reveal separate sites for sound level and temporal regularity in human auditory cortex. Neuroimage 2002; 15: 207-16.
73. Habib M, Daquin G, Milandre L, Royere ML, Rey M, Lanteri A, et al. Mutism and auditory agnosia due to bilateral insular damage - role of the insula in human communication. Neuropsychologia 1995; 33: 327-39.
74. Hammeke TA, McQuillen MP, Cohen BA. Musical hallucinations associated with acquired deafness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 570-2.
75. Harms MP, Melcher JR, Weisskoff R. Time courses of fMRI signals in the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory cortex show different dependencies on noise burst rate. Neuroimage 1998; 7: S365.
76. Harrington DL, Lee RR, Boyd LA, Rapcsak SZ, Knight RT. Does the representation of time depend on the cerebellum? Brain 2004; 127: 561-74.
77. Hattiangadi N, Pillion JP, Slomine B, Christensen J, Trovato MK, Speedie LJ. Characteristics of auditory agnosia in a child with severe traumatic brain injury: a case report. Brain Lang 2005; 92: 12-25.
78. Hecaen H, Ropert R. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1959; 117: 257-306.
79. Hermesh H, Konas S, Shiloh R, Dar R, Marom S, Weizman A, et al. Musical hallucinations: prevalence in psychotic and nonpsychotic outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 191-7.
80. Hofman S, Klein C, Arlazoroff A. Common hemisphericity of language and music in a musician. A case report. J Commun Disord 1993; 26: 73-82.
81. Huber W, Weniger D, Poeck K, Willmes K. The Aachen aphasia test. Adv Neurol 1984; 42: 291-303.
82. Hutchinson S, Lee LH, Gaab N, Schlaug G. Cerebellar volume of musicians. Cereb Cortex 2003; 13: 943-9.
83. Hyde KL, Peretz I. 'Out-of-pitch' but still 'in-time'. An auditory psychophysical study in congenital amusic adults. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 999: 173-6.
84. Hyde KL, Zatorre RJ, Griffiths TD, Lerch JP, Peretz I. The brain morphometry of congenital amusic individuals. Brain 2006. In press.
85. Inzelberg R, Vishnievskaya S, Korczyn AD. Transient musical hallucinosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 833.
86. Izumi Y, Terao T, Ishino Y, Nakamura J. Differences in regional cerebral blood flow during musical and verbal hallucinations. Psychiatry Res 2002; 116: 119-23.
87. Janata P, Birk JL, Van Horn JD, Leman M, Tillmann B, Bharucha JJ. The cortical topography of tonal structures underlying Western music. Science 2002; 298: 2167-70.
88. Janisch W, Nauhaus G. Autopsy report of the corpse of the composer Robert Schumann - publication and interpretation of a rediscovered document. Zentralbl Allg Pathol 1986; 132: 129-36.
89. Johannes S, Jobges ME, Dengler R, Munte TF. Cortical auditory disorders: a case of non-verbal disturbances assessed with event-related brain potentials. Behav Neurol 1998; 11: 55-73.
90. Johkura K, Matsumoto S, Hasegawa O, Kuroiwa Y. Defective auditory recognition after small hemorrhage in the inferior colliculi. J Neurol Sci 1998; 161: 91-6.
91. Johnsrude IS, Penhune VB, Zatorre RJ. Functional specificity in right human auditory cortex for perceiving pitch direction. Brain 2000; 123: 155-63.
92. Kalmus H, Fry DB. On tune deafness (dysmelodia): frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Ann Hum Genet 1980; 43: 369-82.
93. Kasai K, Asada T, Yumoto M, Takeya J, Matsuda H. Evidence for functional abnormality in the right auditory cortex during musical hallucinations. Lancet 1999; 354: 1703-4.
94. Keshavan MS, Kahn EM, Brar JS. Musical hallucinations following removal of a right frontal meningioma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 1235-6.
95. Kester DB, Saykin AJ, Sperling MR, O'Connor MJ, Robinson LJ, Gur RC. Acute effect of anterior temporal lobectomy on musical processing. Neuropsychologia 1991; 29: 703-8.
96. Koelsch S, Siebel WA. Towards a neural basis of music perception. Trends Cogn Sci 2005; 9: 578-84.
97. Koelsch S, Fritz T, V Cramon DY, Muller K, Friederici AD. Investigating emotion with music: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2006; 27: 239-50.
98. Kohlmetz C, Muller SV, Nager W, Munte TF, Altenmuller E. Selective loss of timbre perception for keyboard and percussion instruments following a right temporal lesion. Neurocase 2003; 9: 86-93.
99. Lechevalier B, Rossa Y, Eustache F, Schupp C, Boner L, Bazin C. Un cas de surdit, corticale, pargnant en partie la musique. Rev Neurol 1984; 140: 190-201.
100. Lennox G. Auditory hallucinations due to ear disease. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153: 713-4.
101. Levin HS, Rose JE. Alexia without agraphia in a musician after transcallosal removal of a left intraventricular meningioma. Neurosurgery 1979; 4: 168-174.
102. Levitin DJ, Menon V. Musical structure is processed in 'language' areas of the brain: a possible role for Brodmann area 47 in temporal coherence. Neuroimage 2003; 20: 2142-52.
103. Liberman AM, Mattingly IG. The motor theory of speech perception revised. Cognition 1985; 21: 1-36.
104. Liegeois-Chauvel C, Peretz I, Babai M, Laguittin V, Chauvel P. Contribution of different cortical areas in the temporal lobes to music processing. Brain 1998; 121: 1853-67.
105. Lissauer H. Ein Fall von Seelenblindheit nebst einem Beitrage zur Theorie derselben. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1890; 21: 222-70.
106. Logothetis NK, Pauls J, Augath M, Triniath T, Oeltermann A. Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 2001; 412: 150-7.
107. Luders E, Gaser C, Jancke L, Schlaug G. A voxel-based approach to gray matter asymmetries. Neuroimage 2004; 22: 656-64.
108. Mangels AR, Ivry RB, Shimizu N. Dissociable contributions of the prefrontal and neocerebellar cortex to time perception. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1998; 7: 15-39.
109. Mathiak K, Hertrich I, Grodd W, Ackermann H. Discrimination of temporal information at the cerebellum: functional magnetic resonance imaging of nonverbal auditory memory. Neuroimage 2004; 21: 154-62.
110. Mavlov L. Amusia due to rhythm agnosia in a musician with left hemisphere damage: a non-auditory supramodal defect. Cortex 1980; 16: 331-8.
111. Mazzoni M, Moretti P, Pardossi L, Vista M, Muratorio A, Puglioli M. A case of music imperception. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 322.
112. Mazzucchi A, Marchini C, Budai R, Parma M. A case of receptive amusia with prominent timbre perception defect. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982; 45: 644-7.
113. McAdams S, Cunible JC. Perception of timbral analogies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1992; 336: 383-9.
114. McDermott J, Hauser M. The origins of music: innateness, development, and evolution. Music Percept 2005; 23: 29-59.
115. Mendez MF, Geehan GR. Cortical auditory disorders:clinical and psychoacoustic features. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 1-9.
116. Menon V, Levitin DJ, Smith BK, Lembke A, Krasnow BD, Glazer D, et al. Neural correlates of timbre change in harmonic sounds. Neuroimage 2002; 17: 1742-54.
117. Miller TC, Crosby TW. Musical hallucinations in a deaf elderly patient. Ann Neurol 1979; 5: 301-2.
118. Milner B. Laterality effects in audition. In: Mountcastle VB, editor. Interhemispheric relations and cerebral dominance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1962. p. 177-95.
119. Monrad-Krohn GH. Dysprosody or altered 'melody of language'. Brain 1947; 70: 405-15.
120. Moore TA. Musical hallucinations induced by oxycodone. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 11: 470.
121. Mori T, Ikeda M, Fukuhara R, Sugawara Y, Nakata S, Matsumoto N, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow change in a case of Alzheimer's disease with musical hallucinations. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256: 236-9.
122. Murata S, Naritomi H, Sawada T. Musical auditory hallucinations caused by a brainstem lesion. Neurology 1994; 44: 156-8.
123. Nagaratnam N, Virk S, Brdarevic O. Musical hallucinations associated with recurrence of a right occipital meningioma. Br J Clin Pract 1996; 50: 56-7.
124. Nevins MA. Musical hallucinations and triazolam use. N J Med 1991; 88: 907-8.
125. Paquier P, van Vugt P, Bal P, Cras P, Parizel PM, van Haesendonck J, et al. Transient musical hallucinosis of central origin: a review and clinical study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 1069-73.
126. Patel AD, Balaban E. Temporal patterns of human cortical activity reflect tone sequence structure. Nature 2000; 404: 80-84.
127. Patel AD, Peretz I, Tramo M, Labreque R. Processing prosodic and musical patterns: a neuropsychological investigation. Brain Lang 1998; 61: 123-44.
128. Patel AD, Foxton JM, Griffiths TD. Musically tone-deaf individuals have difficulty discriminating intonation contours extracted from speech. Brain Cogn 2005; 59: 310-3.
129. Patel HC, Keshavan MS, Martin S. A case of Charles Bonnet syndrome with musical hallucinations. Can J Psychiatry 1987; 32: 303-4.
130. Patterson RD, Uppenkamp S, Johnsrude IS, Griffiths TD. The processing of temporal pitch and melody information in auditory cortex. Neuron 2002; 36: 767-76.
131. Penagos H, Melcher JR, Oxenham AJ. A neural representation of pitch salience in nonprimary human auditory cortex revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 6810-15.
132. Penhune VB, Zatorre RJ, Evans AC. Cerebellar contributions to motor timing: a PET study of auditory and visual rhythm reproduction. J Cogn Neurosci 1998; 10: 752-65.
133. Peretz I. Processing of local and global musical information by unilateral brain-damaged patients. Brain 1990; 113: 1185-205.
134. Peretz I. Can we lose memory for music? A case of music agnosia in a non-musician J Cogn Neurosci 1996; 8: 481-96.
135. Peretz I, Kolinsky R. Boundaries of separability between melody and rhythm in music discrimination: a neuropsychological perspective. Q J Exp Psychol A 1993; 46: 301-25.
136. Peretz I, Gagnon L. Dissociation between recognition and emotion for melodies. Neurocase 1999; 5: 21-30.
137. Peretz I, Coltheart M. Modularity of music processing. Nat Neurosci 2003; 6: 688-91.
138. Peretz I, Hyde KL. What is specific to music processing? Insights from congenital amusia. Trends Cogn Sci 2003; 7: 362-7.
139. Peretz I, Zatorre RJ. Brain organization for music processing. Annu Rev Psychol 2005; 56: 89-114.
140. Peretz I, Kolinsky R, Tramo M, Labrecque R, Hublet C, Demeurise G, et al. Functional dissociations following bilateral lesions of auditory cortex. Brain 1994; 117: 1283-1301.
141. Peretz I, Belleville S, Fontaine F. Dissociations entre musique et langage apres atteine cerebrale; un nouveau cas d'amusie sans aphasie. Can J Exp Psychol 1997; 51: 354-68.
142. Peretz I, Cagnon L, Bouchard B. Music and emotion: perceptual determinants, immediacy, and isolation after brain damage. Cognition 1998; 68: 111-41.
143. Peretz I, Blood AJ, Penhune V, Zatorre R. Cortical deafness to dissonance. Brain 2001; 124: 928-40.
144. Peretz I, Champod A-S, Hyde KL. Varieties of musical disorders. The Montreal battery of evaluation of amusia. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 999: 58.
145. Peretz I, Brattico E, Tervaniemi M. Abnormal electrical brain responses to pitch in congenital amusia. Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 478-82.
146. Phillips-Silver J, Trainor LJ. Feeling the beat: movement influences infant rhythm perception. Science 2005; 308: 1430.
147. Piccirilli M, Sciarma T, Luzzi S. Modularity of music: evidence from a case of pure amusia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69: 541-5.
148. Plack CJ, Oxenham AJ, Fay RR, Popper AN, editors. Pitch: neural coding and perception. New York: Springer Verlag; 2006 In press.
149. Price C, Thierry G, Griffiths T. Speech-specific auditory processing: where is it? Trends Cogn Sci 2005; 9: 271-6.
150. Prior M, Kinsella G, Giese J. Assessment of musical processing in brain-damaged patients: implications for laterality of music. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1990; 12: 301-12.
151. Rademacher J, Morosan P, Schormann T, Schleicher A, Werner C, Freund HJ, et al. Probabalistic mapping and volume measurement of human primary auditory cortex. Neuroimage 2001; 13: 669-83.
152. Raghuram R, Keshavan MD, Channabasavanna SM. Musical hallucinations in a deaf middle-aged patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1980; 41: 357.
153. Roberts DL, Tatini U, Zimmerman RS, Bortz JJ, Sirven JI. Musical hallucinations associated with seizures originating from an intracranial aneurysm. Mayo Clinic Proc 2001; 76: 423-6.
154. Robin DA, Tranel D, Damasio H. Auditory perception of temporal and spectral events in patients with focal left and right cerebral lesions. Brain Lang 1990; 39: 539-55.
155. Ross ED, Jossman PB, Bell B, Sabin T, Geschwind N. Musical hallucinations in deafness. JAMA 1975; 231: 620-2.
156. Rozanski J, Rosen H. Musical hallucinosis in otosclerosis. Confin Neurol 1952; 12: 49-54.
157. Saba PR, Keshavan MS. Musical hallucinations and musical imagery: prevalence and phenomenology in schizophrenic inpatients. Psychopathology 1997; 30: 185-90.
158. Sakai K, Hikosaka O, Miyauchi S, Takino R, Tamada T, Iwata NK, et al. Neural representation of a rhythm depends on its interval ratio. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 10074-81.
159. Samson S, Zatorre RJ. Melodic and harmonic discrimination following unilateral cerebral excision. Brain Cogn 1988; 7: 348-60.
160. Samson S, Zatorre RJ. Recognition memory for text and melody of songs after unilateral temporal lobe lesion: evidence for dual encoding. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1991; 17: 793-804.
161. Samson S, Zatorre RJ. Learning and retention of melodic and verbal information after unilateral temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia 1992; 30: 815-26.
162. Samson S, Zatorre RJ. Contribution of the right temporal lobe to musical timbre discrimination. Neuropsychologia 1994; 32: 231-40.
163. Samson S, Ehrle N, Baulac M. Cerebral substrates for musical temporal processes. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 930: 166-78.
164. Samson S, Zatorre RJ, Ramsay JO. Deficits of musical timbre perception after unilateral temporal lobe lesion revealed with multidimensional scaling. Brain 2002; 125: 511-23.
165. Satoh M, Takeda K, Murakami Y, Onouchi K, Inoue K, Kuzuhara S. A case of amusia caused by the infarction of anterior portion of bilateral temporal lobes. Cortex 2005; 41: 77-83.
166. Schielke E, Reuter U, Hoffmann O, Weber JR. Musical hallucinations with dorsal pontine lesions. Neurology 2000; 55: 454-5.
167. Schlaug G, Jancke L, Huang Y, Staiger JF, Steinmetz H. Increased corpus callosum size in musicians. Neuropsychologia 1995a; 33: 1047-55.
168. Schlaug G, Jancke L, Huang Y, Steinmetz H. In vivo evidence of structural brain asymmetry in musicians. Science 1995b; 267: 699-701.
169. Schneider P, Scherg M, Dosch HG, Specht HJ, Gutschalk A, Rupp A. Morphology of Heschl's gyrus reflects enhanced activation in the auditory cortex of musicians. Nat Neurosci 2002; 5: 688-94.
170. Schuppert M, Munte TF, Wieringa BM, Altenmuller E. Receptive amusia: evidence for cross-hemispheric neural networks underlying music processing strategies. Brain 2000; 123: 546-59.
171. Seashore CE. The psychology of musical talent. Boston: Silver, Burdett and Company; 1919.
172. Shankweiler D. Effects of temporal lobe damage on the perception of dichotically presented melodies. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1966; 62: 115-9.
173. Shapiro BE, Grossman M, Gardner H. Selective musical processing deficits in brain damaged populations. Neuropsychologia 1981; 19: 161-9.
174. Shiffter R, Straschill M. Aura continua musicalis - bericht uber einen Krankheitsfall mit sensorishem Status epilepticus. Nervenarzt 1977; 48: 321-5.
175. Sidtis JJ, Volpe BT. Selective loss of complex-pitch or speech discrimination after unilateral lesion. Brain Lang 1988; 34: 235-45.
176. Spreen O, Benton AL, Fincham RW. Auditory agnosia without aphasia. Arch Neurol 1965; 13: 84-92.
177. Steinberg R, Flesch M, Gunther W. Schizophrenic symptoms and the perception of sound. In: Nielzen S, Olsson O, editors. Clinical psychoacoustics - schizophrenia. Lund: Lund University Press; 1998.
178. Stewart L, Henson R, Kampe K, Walsh V, Turner R, Frith U. Brain changes after learning to read and play music. Neuroimage 2003; 20: 71-83.
179. Stricker RB, Winger EE. Musical hallucinations in patients with Lyme disease. South Med J 2003; 96: 711-5.
180. Tanaka Y, Yamadori A, Mori E. Pure word deafness following bilateral lesions. Brain 1987; 110: 381-403.
181. Tanriverdi N, Sayilgan MA, Ozcurumez G. Musical hallucinations associated with abruptly developed bilateral loss of hearing. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 103: 153-5.
182. Terao T. Tricyclic-induced musical hallucinations and states of relative sensory deprivation. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 192-3.
183. Terao T, Tani Y. Carbamazepine treatment in a case of musical hallucinations with temporal lobe abnormalities. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1998; 32: 454-6.
184. Terao Y, Mizuno T, Shindoh M, Sakurai Y, Ugawa Y, Kobayashi S, et al. Vocal amusia in a professional tango singer due to a right superior-temporal cortex infarction. Neuropsychologia 2005; 44: 479-88.
185. Tramo MJ, Bharucha JJ. Musical priming by the right hemisphere postcallosotomy. Neuropsychologia 1991; 29: 313-25.
186. Tramo MJ, Bharucha JJ, Musiek FE. Music perception and cognition following bilateral lesions of auditory cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 1990; 2: 195-212.
187. Tramo MJ, Shah GD, Braida LD. Functional role of auditory cortex in frequency processing and pitch perception. J Neurophysiol 2002; 87: 122-39.
188. Ustvedt HI. Ueber die Untersuchung der musikalischen Funktionen bei Patienten mit Gehirnleiden besonders bei Patienten mit Aphasie. Acta Med Scand 1937; 86: 1-186.
189. Vallada HP, Gentil V. Musical hallucinations triggered by clomipramine? Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159: 888-9.
190. Warner N, Aziz V. Hymns and arias: musical hallucinations in older people in Wales. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 658-60.
191. Warren JD, Jennings AR, Griffiths TD. Analysis of the spectral envelope of sounds by the human brain. Neuroimage 2005; 24: 1052-7.
192. Warren JD, Schott G. Musical hallucinations in a musician. J Neurol 2006. In press.
193. Warrier CM, Zatorre RJ. Right temporal cortex is critical for utilization of melodic contextual cues in a pitch constancy task. Brain 2004; 127: 1616-25.
194. Wertheim N, Botez MI. Receptive amusia: a clinical analysis. Brain 1961; 84: 19-30.
195. Wilson SJ, Pressing JL, Wales RJ. Modelling rhythmic function in a musician post-stroke. Neuropsychologia 2002; 40: 1494-505.
196. Wood CC. Generators of event-related potentials. In: Halliday VB, Butler SR, Paul R, editors. A textbook of clinical neurophysiology. New Yoek: Wiley: 1987. p. 535-67.
197. Xu D, Liu T, Ashe J, Bushara KO. Role of the Olivo-Cerebellar System in Timing. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 5990-5.
198. Zatorre RJ. Pitch perception of complex tones and human temporal lobe function. J Acoust Soc Am 1988; 84: 566-72.
199. Zatorre RJ, Samson S. Role of the right temporal neocortex in retention of pitch in auditory short-term memory. Brain 1991; 114: 2403-17.
200. Zatorre RJ, Halpern AR. Effect of unilateral temporal lobe excision on perception and imagery of songs. Neuropsychologia 1993; 31: 221-32.
201. Zatorre RJ, Evans AC, Meyer E. Neural mechanisms underlying melodic perception and memory for pitch. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 1908-19.
202. Zatorre RJ, Perry DW, Beckett CA, Westbury CF, Evans AC. Functional anatomy of musical processing in listeners with absolute pitch and relative pitch. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 3172-7.