Nitrogen isotope record of a perturbed paleoecosystem in the aftermath of the end-Triassic crisis, Doniford section, SW England

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 11, Issue 8, 2010, Pages

  Paris, Guillaume ^a,b   Beaumont, Valérie ^a   Bartolini, Annachiara ^c   Clémence, Marie Emilie ^c   Gardin, Silvia ^c   Page, Kevin ^d  

^a IFP ENERGIES NOUVELLES   (France)

^b INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^c CNRS   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

anoxic event; nitrogen isotopes; organic matter; Triassic Jurassic boundary

Indexed keywords

ANOXIC SEDIMENTS; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; ECOSYSTEMS; EUTROPHICATION; ISOTOPES; NITROGEN; NUTRIENTS; OXYGEN; SEA LEVEL; SEAWATER;

ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS; ANOXIC EVENTS; BRISTOL CHANNEL; CARBON CYCLES; CARBON ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ENGLAND; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; JURASSIC; KEY PARAMETERS; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; NITROGEN ISOTOPIC; NUTRIENT CYCLING; NUTRIENT RECYCLING; ORGANIC MATTER; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; PRODUCTION INCREASE; REDOX CONDITION; SEDIMENTARY ORGANIC MATTER; TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON; TRIASSIC; TRIASSIC-JURASSIC BOUNDARY;

ORGANIC CARBON;

CARBON CYCLE; EUTROPHICATION; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; JURASSIC; NITROGEN ISOTOPE; ORGANIC MATTER; REDOX CONDITIONS; SEAWATER; TRIASSIC;

BRISTOL CHANNEL; UNITED KINGDOM;

PROKARYOTA;

EID: 77956290743     PISSN: 15252027     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010GC003161     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Algeo, T. J., and T. W. Lyons (2006), Mo-total organic carbon covariation in modern anoxic marine environments: Implications for analysis of paleoredox and paleohydrographic conditions, Paleoceanography, 21, PA1016, doi:10.1029/2004PA001112.
2. Altabet, M. A. (1996), Nitrogen and carbon isotopic traceurs of the source and transformation of particles in the deep sea, in Particle Flux in the Ocean, edited by V. Ittekkot et al., pp. 155-184, John Wiley, Chichester.
3. Altabet, M. A., R. Francois, D. W. Murray, and W. L. Prell (1995), Climate-related variations in denitrification in the Arabian Sea from sediment 15N/14N ratios, Nature, 373, 506-509, doi:10.1038/373506a0.
4. Altabet, M. A., C. Pilskaln, R. Thunell, C. Pride, D. Sigman, F. Chavez, and R. Francois (1999), The nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of sinking particles from the margin of the eastern North Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 46(4), 655-679, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00084-3.
5. Barras, C. G., and R. J. Twitchett (2007), Response of the marine infauna to Triassic-Jurassic environmental change: Ichnological data from southern England, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 244, 223-241, doi:10.1016/ j.palaeo.2006.06.040.
6. Beaumont, V., and F. Robert (1999), Nitrogen isotope ratios of kerogens in Precambrian cherts: A record of the evolution of atmosphere chemistry?, Precambrian Res., 96, 63-82, doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00005-4.
7. Beaumont, V., L. L. Jahnke, and D. J. Des Marais (2000), Nitrogen isotopic fractionation in the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, in Rhodobacter capsulatus and Anabaena cylindrica, Org. Geochem., 31, 1075-1085, doi:10.1016/ S0146-6380(00)00133-9.
8. Beerling, D. J., and R. A. Berner (2002), Biogeochemical constraints on the Triassic-Jurassic boundary carbon cycle event , Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16(3) , 1036, doi:10.1029/2001GB001637.
9. Behar, F., V. Beaumont, H. L. De, and B. Penteado (2001), Rock-Eval 6 technology: Performances and developments, Oil Gas Sci. Technol., 56(2), 111-134.
10. Berman-Frank, I., P. Lundgren, and P. Falkowski (2003), Nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic oxygen evolution in cyanobacteria, Res. Microbiol., 154(3), 157-164, doi:10.1016/S0923-2508(03)00029-9.
11. Bottrell, S., and R. Raiswell (1989), Primary versus diagenetic origin of Blue Lias rhythms (Dorset, UK): Evidence from sulphur geochemistry, Terra Nova, 1(5), 451-456, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1989.tb00409.x.
12. Brand, U., and J. Veizer (1981), Chemical diagenesis of a multicomponent system-II. Stable isotopes, J. Sediment. Petrol., 51, 987-998.
13. Calvert, S. E., B. Nielsen, and M. R. Fontugne (1992), Evidence from nitrogen isotope ratios for enhanced productivity during formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels, Nature, 359, 223-225, doi:10.1038/359223a0.
14. Cirilli, S., A. Marzoli, L. Tanner, H. Bertrand, N. Buratti, F. Jourdan, G. Bellieni, D. Kontak, and P. R. Renne (2009), Latest Triassic onset of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) volcanism in the Fundy Basin (Nova Scotia): New stratigraphic constraints, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 286(3-4), 514-525, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.021.
15. Clémence,M.-E.,A. Bartolini, S. Gardin, G. Paris, V. Beaumont, and K. N. Page (2010), Early Hettangian benthic-planktonic coupling at Doniford (SW England): Palaeoenvironmental implications for the aftermath of the end-Triassic crisis, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., doi:10.1016/j. palaeo.2010.05.021, in press.
16. Coplen, T. B., W. A. Brand, M. Gehre, M. Groning, H. A. J. Meijer, B. Toman, and R. M. Verkouteren (2006), New guidelines for d13C measurements, Anal. Chem., 78(7), 2439-2441, doi:10.1021/ac052027c.
17. Courtillot, V. (1994), Mass extinctions in the last 300 million years: One impact and seven flood basalts?, Isr. J. Earth Sci., 43, 255-266.
18. Dumitrescu, M., and S. C. Brassell (2006), Compositional and isotopic characteristics of organic matter for the early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event at Shatsky Rise, ODP Leg 198, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 235(1-3), 168-191, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.09.028.
19. Durand, B., and G. Nicaise (1980), Procedures for kerogen isolation, in Kerogen-Insoluble Organic Matter From Sedimentary Rocks, edited by B. Durand, pp. 35-53, Technip, Paris.
20. Einsele, G., W. Ricken, A. Seilacher, G. Einsele, W. Ricken, and A. Seilacher (1991), Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy, Springer, New York.
21. Fay, P. (1992), Oxygen relations of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria, Microbiol. Rev., 56(2), 340-373.
22. Galli, M. T., F. Jadoul, S. M. Bernasconi, and H. Weissert (2005), Anomalies in global carbon cycling and extinction at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary: Evidence from a marine C-isotope record, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 216(3-4), 203-214, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.11.009.
23. Ganeshram, R. S., T. F. Pedersen, S. E. Calvert, and J. W. Murray (1995), Large changes in oceanic nutrient inventories from glacial to interglacial periods, Nature, 376, 755-758, doi:10.1038/376755a0.
24. Ganeshram, R. S., T. F. Pedersen, S. Calvert, and R. François (2002), Reduced nitrogen fixation in the glacial ocean inferred from changes in marine nitrogen and phosphorus inventories, Nature, 415(6868), 156-159, doi:10.1038/ 415156a.
25. Guex, J., A. Bartolini, V. Atudorei, and D. Taylor (2004), High-resolution ammonite and carbon isotope stratigraphy across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary at New York Canyon (Nevada), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 225(1-2), 29-41, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.06.006.
26. Hall, R. L., and S. Pitaru (2003), Carbon and nitrogen isotope disturbances and an end-Norian (Late Triassic) extinction event: Comment and reply, Geology, 31(6), e24-e25, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)312.0.CO;2.
27. Hallam, A. (1992), Phanerozoic Sea-Level Changes, Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
28. Hallam, A., and P. B. Wignall (1999), Mass extinctions and sea-level changes, Earth Sci. Rev., 48(4), 217-250, doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00055-0.
29. Hesselbo, S., S. Robinson, F. Surlyk, and S. Piasecki (2002), Terrestrial and marine extinction at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary synchronized with major carbon-cycle perturbation: A link to initiation of massive volcanism?, Geology, 30(3), 251-254, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0251: TAMEAT>2.0.CO;2.
30. Hesselbo, S., S. Robinson, and F. Surlyk (2004), Sea-level change and facies development across potential Triassic- Jurassic boundary horizons, SW Britain, J. Geol. Soc., 161(3), 365-379.
31. Hesselbo, S. P., C. A. McRoberts, and J. Pálfy (2007), Triassic- Jurassic boundary events: Problems, progress, possibilities, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 244(1-4), 1-10, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.020.
32. Higgins, M. B., R. S. Robinson, S. J. Carter, and A. Pearson (2010), Evidence from chlorin nitrogen isotopes for alternating nutrient regimes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 290(1-2), 102-107, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2009.12.009.
33. Hounslow, M. W., P. E. Posen, and G. Warrington (2004), Magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic and lowermost Jurassic succession, St. Audrie's Bay, UK, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 213(3-4), 331-358, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.07.018.
34. Jenkyns, H. C., C. E. Jones, D. R. Gröcke, and S. P. Hesselbo (2002), Chemostratigraphy of the Jurassic System: Applications, limitations and implications for palaeoceanography, J. Geol. Soc., 159, 351-378, doi:10.1144/0016-764901-130.
35. Knight, K. B., S. Nomade, P. R. Renne, A. Marzoli, H. Bertrand, and N. Youbi (2004), The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: Paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar evidence from Morocco for brief, episodic volcanism, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 228(1-2), 143-160, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004. 09.022.
36. Korte, C., S. P. Hesselbo, H. C. Jenkyns, R. E. M. Rickaby, and C. Spotl (2009), Palaeoenvironmental significance of carbon-and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of marine Triassic- Jurassic boundary sections in SW Britain, J. Geol. Soc., 166(3), 431, doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-177.
37. Kürschner, W. M., N. R. Bonis, and L. Krystyn (2007), Carbon-isotope stratigraphy and palynostratigraphy of the Triassic-Jurassic transition in the Tiefengraben section- Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 244(1-4), 257-280, doi:10.1016/j. palaeo.2006.06.031.
38. Kuypers, M. M. M., Y. Van Breugel, S. Schouten, E. Erba, and J. S. S. Damsté (2004), N2-fixing cyanobacteria supplied nutrient N for Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events, Geology, 32(10), 853-856, doi:10.1130/G20458.1.
39. Lehmann, M. F., S. M. Bernasconi, A. Barbieri, and J. A. McKenzie (2002), Preservation of organic matter and alteration of its carbon and nitrogen isotope composition during simulated and in situ early sedimentary diagenesis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66(20), 3573-3584, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00968-7.
40. Mander, L., R. J. Twitchett, and M. J. Benton (2008), Palaeocology of the Late Triassic extinction event in the SW UK, J. Geol. Soc., 165, 319-332, doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-029.
41. Marzoli, A., H. Bertrand, K. Knight, S. Cirilli, N. Buratti, C. Verati, S. Nomade, P. Renne, N. Youbi, and R. Martini (2004), Synchrony of the Central Atlantic magmatic province and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary climatic and biotic crisis, Geology, 32(11), 973-976, doi:10.1130/G20652.1.
42. McHone, J. G. (2002), Volatile emissions from Central Atlantic Magmatic Province basalts: Mass assumptions and environmental consequences, in The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: Insights From Fragments of Pangea, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 136, edited by W. Hames et al., pp. 241-254, AGU, Washington, D. C.
43. Meyers, P. A. (2006), Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic similarities between Mediterranean sapropels and Cretaceous black shales, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 235(1-3), 305-320, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.10. 025.
44. Meyers, P. A., S. M. Bernasconi, and J. G. Yum (2009), 20 My of nitrogen fixation during deposition of mid-Cretaceous black shales on the Demerara Rise, equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Org. Geochem., 40(2), 158-166, doi:10.1016/j. orggeochem.2008.11.006.
45. Minagawa, M., and E. Wada (1986), Nitrogen isotope ratios of red tide organisms in the East China Sea: A characterization of biological nitrogen fixation, Mar. Chem., 19(3), 245-259, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(86)90026-5.
46. Nomade, S., K. Knight, E. Beutel, P. Renne, C. Verati, G. Féraud, A. Marzoli, N. Youbi, and H. Bertrand (2007), Chronology of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: Implications for the Central Atlantic rifting processes and the Triassic-Jurassic biotic crisis, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 244(1-4), 326-344, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.034.
47. Page, K. N. (2003), The Lower Jurassic of Europe-Its subdivision and correlation, in The Jurassic of Denmark and Greenland, Bull. 1, edited by J. R. Ineson and F. Surlyk, pp. 23-60, Geol. Surv. of Den. and Greenl., Copenhagen.
48. Page, K. N. (2005), The Hettangian ammonite faunas of the West Somerset coast (south west England) and their significance for the correlation of the candidate GSSP (Global Stratotype and Point) for the base of the Jurassic System at St. Audries Bay, paper presented at Colloque Hettangien à Hettange, de la science au patrimoine, Univ. Henri Poncaré, Hettange-Grande, France, 1-3 April.
49. Pálfy, J., A. Demeny, J. Haas, M. Hetenyi, M. Orchard, and I. Veto (2001), Carbon isotope anomaly and other geochemical changes at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary from a marine section in Hungary, Geology, 29(11), 1047-1050, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1047:CIAAOG>2.0. CO;2.
50. Pálfy, J., et al. (2007), Triassic-Jurassic boundary events inferred from integrated stratigraphy of the Csovar section, Hungary, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 244(1-4), 11-33, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo. 2006.06.021.
51. Paris, G., A. Bartolini, Y. Donnadieu, V. Beaumont, and J. Gaillardet (2010), Investigating boron isotopes in a middle Jurassic limestone sequence, Chem. Geol., doi:10.1016/j. chemgeo.2010.03.013, in press.
52. Peters, K. E., R. E. Sweeney, and I. R. Kaplan (1978), Correlation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in sedimentary organic matter, Limnol. Oceanogr., 23(4), 598-604, doi:10.4319/lo.1978.23.4.0598.
53. Quan, T. M., B. van de Schootbrugge, M. P. Field, Y. Rosenthal, and P. G. Falkowski (2008), Nitrogen isotope and trace metal analyses from the Mingolsheim core (Germany): Evidence for redox variations across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB2014, doi:10.1029/2007GB002981.
54. Raiswell, R. (1987), Non-steady state microbiological diagenesis and the origin of concretions and nodular limestones, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 36(1), 41-54, doi:10.1144/ GSL.SP.1987.036.01.05.
55. Raiswell, R. (1988), Chemical model for the origin of minor limestone-shale cycles by anaerobic methane oxidation, Geology, 16(7), 641, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1988) 016<0641:CMFTOO>2.3.CO;2.
56. Rau, G. H., M. A. Arthur, and W. E. Dean (1987), 15N/14N variations in Cretaceous Atlantic sedimentary sequences: Implication for past changes in marine nitrogen biogeochemistry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 82(3-4), 269-279, doi:10.1016/ 0012-821X(87)90201-9.
57. Raup, D. M., and J. J. Sepkoski (1982), Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record, Science, 215(4539), 1501, doi:10.1126/ science.215.4539.1501.
58. Ricken, W. (1993), Sedimentation as a Three-Component System, Springer, Berlin.
59. Ruhl, M., W. M. Kürschner, and L. Krystyn (2009), Triassic- Jurassic organic carbon isotope stratigraphy of key sections in the western Tethys realm (Austria), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 281(3-4), 169-187, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2009.02.020.
60. Ruhl, M., M. H. L. Deenen, H. A. Abels, N. R. Bonis, W. Krijgsman, and W. M. Kürschner (2010), Astronomical constraints on the duration of the early Jurassic Hettangian stage and recovery rates following the end-Triassic mass extinction (St Audrie's Bay/East Quantoxhead, UK), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 295(1-2), 262-276, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2010.04.008.
61. Sachs, J. P., and D. J. Repeta (1999), Oligotrophy and nitrogen fixation during easternMediterranean sapropel events, Science, 286(5449), 2485, doi:10.1126/science.286.5449.2485.
62. Schoene, B., J. Guex, A. Bartolini, U. Schaltegger, and T. J. Blackburn (2010), Correlating the end-Triassic mass extinction and flood basalt volcanism at the 100 ka level, Geology, 38(5), 387-390, doi:10.1130/G30683.1.
63. Sephton, M. A., K. Amor, I. A. Franchi, P. B. Wignall, R. Newton, and J. P. Zonneveld (2002), Carbon and nitrogen isotope disturbances and an end-Norian (Late Triassic) extinction event, Geology, 30(12), 1119-1122, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1119:CANIDA>2.0.CO;2.
64. Thunell, R. C., and A. B. Kepple (2004), Glacial-Holocene d15N record from the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico: Implications for denitrification in the eastern equatorial Pacific and changes in atmospheric N2O, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18(1), GB1001, doi:10.1029/2002GB002028.
65. Thunell, R. C., D. M. Sigman, F. Muller-Karger, Y. Astor, and R. Varela (2004), Nitrogen isotope dynamics of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB3001, doi:10.1029/2003GB002185.
66. Tomašových, A., and M. Siblik (2007), Evaluating compositional turnover of brachiopod communities during the end- Triassic mass extinction (Northern Calcareous Alps): Removal of dominant groups, recovery and community reassembly, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 244(1-4), 170-200, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.028.
67. Twitchett, R. J., and C. G. Barras (2004), Trace fossils in the aftermath of mass extinction events, in The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis, edited by D. McIlroy, pp. 397-418, Geol. Soc., London.
68. van de Schootbrugge, B., F. Tremolada, Y. Rosenthal, T. R. Bailey, S. Feist-Burkhardt, H. Brinkhuis, J. Pross, D. V. Kent, and P. G. Falkowski (2007), End-Triassic calcification crisis and blooms of organic-walled 'disaster species,' Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 244(1-4), 126-141, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.026.
69. van de Schootbrugge, B., J. L. Payne, A. Tomasovych, J. Pross, J. Fiebig, M. Benbrahim, K. B. Föllmi, and T. M. Quan (2008), Carbon cycle perturbation and stabilization in the wake of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary massextinction event, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q04028, doi:10.1029/2007GC001914.
70. van de Schootbrugge, B., T. M. Quan, S. Lindström, W. Püttmann, C. Heunisch, J. Pross, J. Fiebig, R. Petschick, H. G. Röhling, and S. Richoz (2009), Floral changes across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary linked to flood basalt volcanism, Nat. Geosci., 2, 589-594, doi:10.1038/ngeo577.
71. von Hillebrandt, A., and L. Krystyn (2009), On the oldest Jurassic ammonites of Europe (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria) and their global significance, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh., 253(2-3), 163-195, doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0253-0163.
72. von Hillebrandt, A., L. Krystyn, W. M. Kürschner, P. R. Bown, C. McRoberts, M. Ruhl, M. Simms, A. Tomasovych, and M. Urlichs (2007), A candidate GSSP for the base of the Jurassic in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Kuhjoch section, Karwendel Mountains, Tyrol, Austria, ISJS Newsl., 24(1), 2-20.
73. Wada, E., and A. Hattori (1978), Nitrogen isotope effects in the assimilation of inorganic nitrogenous compounds by marine diatoms, Geomicrobiol. J., 1(1), 85-101, doi:10.1080/01490457809377725.
74. Wada, E., T. Kadonaga, and S. Matsuo (1975), 15N abundance in nitrogen of naturally occurring substances and global assessment of denitrification from isotopic viewpoint, Geochem. J., 9, 139-148.
75. Ward, P. D., J. W. Haggart, E. S. Carter, D. O. Wilbur, H. W. Tipper, and T. Evans (2001), Sudden productivity collapse associated with the Triassic-Jurassic boundary mass extinction, Science, 292(5519), 1148-1151, doi:10.1126/ science.1058574.
76. Weedon, G. P. (1986), Hemipelagic shelf sedimentation and climatic cycles: The basal Jurassic (Blue Lias) of south Britain, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 76(3-4), 321-335, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(86)90083-X.
77. Weedon, G. P. (1999), Astronomical calibration of the Jurassic time-scale from cyclostratigraphy in British mudrock formations, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A, 357(1757), 1787-1813.
78. Whittaker, A., and G. W. Green (1983), Geology of the country around Weston-super-Mare: Memoir for 1:50,000 geological sheet 279, new series, with part of sheets 263 and 295, Her Majesty's Stn. Off., London.
79. Wignall, P. B. (2001a), Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions, Earth Sci. Rev., 53(1-2), 1-33, doi:10.1016/ S0012-8252(00)00037-4.
80. Wignall, P. B. (2001b), Sedimentology of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary beds in Pinhay Bay (Devon, SW England), Proc. Geol. Assoc., 112(4), 349-360.
81. Williford, K. H., P. D. Ward, G. H. Garrison, and R. Buick (2007), An extended organic carbon-isotope record across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 244(1-4), 290-296, doi:10.1016/j. palaeo.2006.06.032.
82. Wilson, D. (1990), Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Bernan, Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.