메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 706-723

Leadership style, crisis response and blame management: The case of hurricane katrina

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; COPING STRATEGY; CRISIS MANAGEMENT; HEURISTICS; HURRICANE KATRINA 2005; LEADERSHIP; PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 77956289825     PISSN: 00333298     EISSN: 14679299     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01836.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (158)

References (89)
  • 1
    • 77956272546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Living Too Much in the Bubble?: A Bungled Initial Response to Katrina Exposed the Perils of a Rigid, Insular White House',, Time, 19 September.
    • Allen M. 2005, 'Living Too Much in the Bubble?: A Bungled Initial Response to Katrina Exposed the Perils of a Rigid, Insular White House',, Time, 19 September.
    • (2005)
    • Allen, M.1
  • 2
    • 77956282655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Jokes Remain, But Many Say Bush is Showing Signs of War's Burden',, New York Times, 9 December.
    • Berke RL. 2001, 'Jokes Remain, But Many Say Bush is Showing Signs of War's Burden',, New York Times, 9 December.
    • (2001)
    • Berke, R.L.1
  • 3
    • 77956278181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Katrina Comes Home to Roost',, The Guardian, 4 September.
    • Blumenthal S. 2005, 'Katrina Comes Home to Roost',, The Guardian, 4 September.
    • (2005)
    • Blumenthal, S.1
  • 4
    • 0141984807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Public Leadership in Times of Crisis: Mission Impossible?'
    • 63,
    • Boin A, 't Hart P. 'Public Leadership in Times of Crisis: Mission Impossible?'. Public Administration Review 2003, 5:544-53. 63,
    • (2003) Public Administration Review , vol.5 , pp. 544-553
    • Boin, A.1    't Hart, P.2
  • 7
    • 57349122250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'towards a Theory of Crisis Exploitation: Political and Policy Impacts of Framing Contests and Blame Games'
    • 16,
    • Boin A, 't Hart P, McConnell A. 'towards a Theory of Crisis Exploitation: Political and Policy Impacts of Framing Contests and Blame Games'. Journal of European Public Policy 2009, 1:81-106. 16,
    • (2009) Journal of European Public Policy , vol.1 , pp. 81-106
    • Boin, A.1    't Hart, P.2    McConnell, A.3
  • 11
    • 77956286636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public Opinion on the War with Iraq. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (, accessed 28 July
    • Bowman K. 2008, http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.22142/pub_detail.asp, Public Opinion on the War with Iraq. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (, accessed 28 July
    • (2008)
    • Bowman, K.1
  • 12
    • 0042025003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'From " Normal Incidents" to Political Crises: Understanding the Selective Politicization of Policy Failures'
    • 38,
    • Brändström A, Kuipers S. 'From " Normal Incidents" to Political Crises: Understanding the Selective Politicization of Policy Failures'. Government and Opposition 2003, 3:279-305. 38,
    • (2003) Government and Opposition , vol.3 , pp. 279-305
    • Brändström, A.1    Kuipers, S.2
  • 13
    • 56549129846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'the Politics of Tsunami Responses: Comparing Patterns of Blame Management in Scandinavia'
    • Boin A, McConnell A, 't Hart P. (eds),, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 114-47.
    • Brändström A, Kuipers S, Daléus P. 'the Politics of Tsunami Responses: Comparing Patterns of Blame Management in Scandinavia'. Governing After Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability and Learning 2008, Boin A, McConnell A, 't Hart P. in, (eds),, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 114-47.
    • (2008) Governing After Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability and Learning
    • Brändström, A.1    Kuipers, S.2    Daléus, P.3
  • 14
    • 77956281763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'President Says He's Responsible in Storm Lapses',, New York Times, 14 September.
    • Bumiller E, Stevenson RW. 2005, 'President Says He's Responsible in Storm Lapses',, New York Times, 14 September.
    • (2005)
    • Bumiller, E.1    Stevenson, R.W.2
  • 17
    • 36849046803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Where Federalism Didn't Fail'
    • 67,, (special issue).
    • Derthick M. 'Where Federalism Didn't Fail'. Public Administration Review 2007, 1:36-47. 67,, (special issue).
    • (2007) Public Administration Review , vol.1 , pp. 36-47
    • Derthick, M.1
  • 19
    • 77956285115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Trapped By His Own Instincts',, Time, 6 May.
    • Duffy M. 2002, 'Trapped By His Own Instincts',, Time, 6 May.
    • (2002)
    • Duffy, M.1
  • 21
    • 33645288583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Individual Characteristics of Leaders and the Use of Analogy in Foreign Policy Decision Making'
    • 27,
    • Dyson SB, Preston T. 'Individual Characteristics of Leaders and the Use of Analogy in Foreign Policy Decision Making'. Political Psychology 2006, 2:265-88. 27,
    • (2006) Political Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 265-288
    • Dyson, S.B.1    Preston, T.2
  • 26
    • 0009192290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flinders MV, Smith MJ. (eds)., Basingstoke, Macmillan
    • Quangos, Accountability and Reform 1999, Flinders MVSmith MJ. (eds)., Basingstoke, Macmillan
    • (1999) Quangos, Accountability and Reform
  • 30
    • 0002679794 scopus 로고
    • 'Symbols, Rituals and Power: The Lost Dimensions of Crisis Management'
    • 1,
    • Hart P 't. 'Symbols, Rituals and Power: The Lost Dimensions of Crisis Management'. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 1993, 1:36-50. 1,
    • (1993) Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management , vol.1 , pp. 36-50
    • Hart, P.'.1
  • 32
    • 0002025811 scopus 로고
    • 'Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders'
    • 24,
    • Hermann MG. 'Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders'. International Studies Quarterly 1980a, 1:7-46. 24,
    • (1980) International Studies Quarterly , vol.1 , pp. 7-46
    • Hermann, M.G.1
  • 33
    • 4243754724 scopus 로고
    • 'Comments on Foreign Policy Makers Personality Attributes and Interviews: A Note on Reliability Procedures'
    • 24,
    • Hermann MG. 'Comments on Foreign Policy Makers Personality Attributes and Interviews: A Note on Reliability Procedures'. International Studies Quarterly 1980b, 1:67-73. 24,
    • (1980) International Studies Quarterly , vol.1 , pp. 67-73
    • Hermann, M.G.1
  • 35
    • 0002822533 scopus 로고
    • 'Personality and Foreign Policy Decision Making: A Study of 53 Heads of Government'
    • Sylvan DA, Chan S. (eds),, New York, Praeger,
    • Hermann MG. 'Personality and Foreign Policy Decision Making: A Study of 53 Heads of Government'. Foreign Policy Decision Making: Perceptions, Cognition, and Artificial Intelligence 1984, 53-80. Sylvan DAChan S. in, (eds),, New York, Praeger, pp.
    • (1984) Foreign Policy Decision Making: Perceptions, Cognition, and Artificial Intelligence , pp. 53-80
    • Hermann, M.G.1
  • 36
    • 85058916555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Assessing Leadership Style:Trait Analysis'
    • Post JM. (ed.),, Ann Arbor, MI, The University of Michigan Press,
    • Hermann MG. 'Assessing Leadership Style:Trait Analysis'. The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders 2003, 178-212. Post JM. in, (ed.),, Ann Arbor, MI, The University of Michigan Press, pp.
    • (2003) The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders , pp. 178-212
    • Hermann, M.G.1
  • 37
    • 84937309324 scopus 로고
    • 'Presidents, Advisers, and Foreign Policy: The Effect of Leadership Style on Executive Arrangements'
    • 15,
    • Hermann MG, Preston T. 'Presidents, Advisers, and Foreign Policy: The Effect of Leadership Style on Executive Arrangements'. Political Psychology 1994, 1:75-96. 15,
    • (1994) Political Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 75-96
    • Hermann, M.G.1    Preston, T.2
  • 39
    • 0035995609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'the Risk Game and the Blame Game'
    • 37,
    • Hood CC. 'the Risk Game and the Blame Game'. Government and Opposition 2002, 1:15-37. 37,
    • (2002) Government and Opposition , vol.1 , pp. 15-37
    • Hood, C.C.1
  • 40
    • 70349315534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Fighting Fires in Testing Times: Exploring a Staged Response Hypothesis for Blame Management in Two Exam Fiasco Cases'
    • 48,
    • Hood CC, Jennings W, Hogwood B, Beeston C. 'Fighting Fires in Testing Times: Exploring a Staged Response Hypothesis for Blame Management in Two Exam Fiasco Cases'. European Journal of Political Research 2009, 6:695-722. 48,
    • (2009) European Journal of Political Research , vol.6 , pp. 695-722
    • Hood, C.C.1    Jennings, W.2    Hogwood, B.3    Beeston, C.4
  • 41
    • 0009385473 scopus 로고
    • 'Power and Personality in Complex Organizations'
    • Staw BM, Cummings L L. (eds),, Greenwich, CT, JAI Press,
    • House RJ. 'Power and Personality in Complex Organizations'. Personality and Organizational Influence 1990, 181-233. Staw BMCummings L L. in, (eds),, Greenwich, CT, JAI Press, pp.
    • (1990) Personality and Organizational Influence , pp. 181-233
    • House, R.J.1
  • 42
    • 77956285844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Katrina Report Spreads Blame: Homeland Security, Chertoff Singled Out',, The Washington Post, 12 February
    • Hsu SS. 2006, 'Katrina Report Spreads Blame: Homeland Security, Chertoff Singled Out',, The Washington Post, 12 February
    • (2006)
    • Hsu, S.S.1
  • 43
    • 0000718892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Leadership Styles of Prime Ministers: How Individual Differences Affect the Foreign Policy Process'
    • 9,
    • Kaarbo J, Hermann MG. 'Leadership Styles of Prime Ministers: How Individual Differences Affect the Foreign Policy Process'. Leadership Quarterly 1998, 3:243-63. 9,
    • (1998) Leadership Quarterly , vol.3 , pp. 243-263
    • Kaarbo, J.1    Hermann, M.G.2
  • 44
    • 77956276846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Bush Filling Cabinet With Team of Power-Seasoned Executives',, New York Times, 31 December.
    • Kahn J. 2000, 'Bush Filling Cabinet With Team of Power-Seasoned Executives',, New York Times, 31 December.
    • (2000)
    • Kahn, J.1
  • 46
    • 77956280336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Point Those Fingers',, International Herald Tribune, 9 September.
    • Krugman P. 2005, 'Point Those Fingers',, International Herald Tribune, 9 September.
    • (2005)
    • Krugman, P.1
  • 47
    • 77956287517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'White House Declines to Provide Storm Papers',, New York Times, 25 January.
    • Lipton E. 2006a, 'White House Declines to Provide Storm Papers',, New York Times, 25 January.
    • (2006)
    • Lipton, E.1
  • 48
    • 77956278561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'A Mountain of Documents on Hurricane Response, but Democrats Seek More',, New York Times, 26 January.
    • Lipton E. 2006b, 'A Mountain of Documents on Hurricane Response, but Democrats Seek More',, New York Times, 26 January.
    • (2006)
    • Lipton, E.1
  • 49
    • 77956270902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Senators Assail Chertoff's Job Handling Storm: Lawmakers From Both Parties Cite Failures',, New York Times, 16 February.
    • Lipton E. 2006c, 'Senators Assail Chertoff's Job Handling Storm: Lawmakers From Both Parties Cite Failures',, New York Times, 16 February.
    • (2006)
    • Lipton, E.1
  • 52
    • 84972066010 scopus 로고
    • 'Avoiding Blame: An Experimental Investigation of Political Excuses and Justifications'
    • 20,
    • McGraw K. 'Avoiding Blame: An Experimental Investigation of Political Excuses and Justifications'. British Journal of Political Science 1990, 2:119-32. 20,
    • (1990) British Journal of Political Science , vol.2 , pp. 119-132
    • McGraw, K.1
  • 53
    • 84970413250 scopus 로고
    • 'Managing Blame: An Experimental Test of the Effects of Political Accounts'
    • 85,
    • McGraw K. 'Managing Blame: An Experimental Test of the Effects of Political Accounts'. American Political Science Review 1991, 4:1133-57. 85,
    • (1991) American Political Science Review , vol.4 , pp. 1133-1157
    • McGraw, K.1
  • 55
    • 77956280052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Chairman and the CEO: In Incoming Corporate White House, Bush is Seen Running Board, Cheney Effecting Policy',, Washington Post, 24 December.
    • Milbank D. 2000, 'The Chairman and the CEO: In Incoming Corporate White House, Bush is Seen Running Board, Cheney Effecting Policy',, Washington Post, 24 December.
    • (2000)
    • Milbank, D.1
  • 58
    • 77956291969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'GAO Puts Blame on Chertoff for Katrina Fiasco',, Baltimore Sun, 2 February.
    • Neuman J. 2006, 'GAO Puts Blame on Chertoff for Katrina Fiasco',, Baltimore Sun, 2 February.
    • (2006)
    • Neuman, J.1
  • 59
  • 60
    • 70849098739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boin A, McConnell A, 't Hart P. 'September 11 and Post-crisis Investigation: Exploring the Role and Impact of the 9/11 Commission', eds, Governing After Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Parker CF, Dekker S. 2008, Boin A, McConnell A't Hart P. 'September 11 and Post-crisis Investigation: Exploring the Role and Impact of the 9/11 Commission', in, eds, Governing After Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 255-82.
    • (2008) , pp. 255-82
    • Parker, C.F.1    Dekker, S.2
  • 61
    • 84924265183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Next Catastrophe: Reducing our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • Perrow C. 2007, The Next Catastrophe: Reducing our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • (2007)
    • Perrow, C.1
  • 62
    • 77956294362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royal Commissions and Public Inquiries in Australia. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis/Butterworths.
    • Prasser S. 2006, Royal Commissions and Public Inquiries in Australia. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis/Butterworths.
    • (2006)
    • Prasser, S.1
  • 63
    • 77956292116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The President and His Inner Circle: Leadership Style and the Advisory Process in Foreign Affairs. New York: Columbia University Press.
    • Preston T. 2001, The President and His Inner Circle: Leadership Style and the Advisory Process in Foreign Affairs. New York: Columbia University Press.
    • (2001)
    • Preston, T.1
  • 64
    • 0033084299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and P. 't Hart., 'Understanding and Evaluating Bureaucratic Politics: The Nexus Between Political Leaders and Advisory Systems',, Political Psychology, 20,
    • Preston T. 1999, 1:49-98. and P. 't Hart., 'Understanding and Evaluating Bureaucratic Politics: The Nexus Between Political Leaders and Advisory Systems',, Political Psychology, 20,
    • (1999) , vol.1 , pp. 49-98
    • Preston, T.1
  • 65
    • 82155167464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wittkopfand ER, McCormick JM. 'Presidential Leadership Style and the Foreign Policy Advisory Process', (eds),, The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence, 4th edn., New York: Roman & Littlefield,
    • Preston T, Hermann MG. 2004, 363-80. Wittkopfand ER, McCormick JM. 'Presidential Leadership Style and the Foreign Policy Advisory Process', in, (eds),, The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence, 4th edn., New York: Roman & Littlefield, pp.
    • (2004) , pp. 363-380
    • Preston, T.1    Hermann, M.G.2
  • 66
    • 77956270758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crisis and Change. Understanding Crisis-Reform Processes in Dutch and British Prison Services. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
    • Resodihardjo SL. 2006, Crisis and Change. Understanding Crisis-Reform Processes in Dutch and British Prison Services. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
    • (2006)
    • Resodihardjo, S.L.1
  • 67
    • 77956273137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. New York: Penguin.
    • Ricks TE. 2006, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. New York: Penguin.
    • (2006)
    • Ricks, T.E.1
  • 68
    • 77956276390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'An American Tragedy: How Did This Happen?',, Time, 12 September.
    • Ripley A. 2005, 'An American Tragedy: How Did This Happen?',, Time, 12 September.
    • (2005)
    • Ripley, A.1
  • 69
    • 77956270597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quarantelli EL. 'Future Disasters, Future Definitions', (ed.),, What is a Disaster: Perspectives on the Question. London: Routledge,
    • Rosenthal U. 1998, Quarantelli EL. 'Future Disasters, Future Definitions', in, (ed.),, What is a Disaster: Perspectives on the Question. London: Routledge, pp. 146-60.
    • (1998) , pp. 146-60
    • Rosenthal, U.1
  • 70
    • 77956295295 scopus 로고
    • and P. 't Hart (eds)., Coping with Crisis: The Management of Disasters, Riots and Terrorism. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
    • Rosenthal U, Charles MT. 1989, and P. 't Hart (eds)., Coping with Crisis: The Management of Disasters, Riots and Terrorism. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
    • (1989)
    • Rosenthal, U.1    Charles, M.T.2
  • 71
    • 77956295141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'War Was Easy. The Rest of the World is a Mess',, New York Times, 21 April.
    • Sanger DE. 2002, 'War Was Easy. The Rest of the World is a Mess',, New York Times, 21 April.
    • (2002)
    • Sanger, D.E.1
  • 72
    • 77956295140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Bush Compares Responses to Hurricane and Terrorism',, New York Times, 22 September.
    • Sanger DE. 2005, 'Bush Compares Responses to Hurricane and Terrorism',, New York Times, 22 September.
    • (2005)
    • Sanger, D.E.1
  • 73
    • 77956297528 scopus 로고
    • Middleton D, Edwards D. 'Ronald Reagan Misremembered', (eds),, Collective Remembering. London: Sage,
    • Schudson M. 1990, Middleton DEdwards D. 'Ronald Reagan Misremembered', in, (eds),, Collective Remembering. London: Sage, pp. 108-19.
    • (1990) , pp. 108-19
    • Schudson, M.1
  • 74
    • 77956293364 scopus 로고
    • Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. New York: Row-Peterson.
    • Selznick P. 1957, Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. New York: Row-Peterson.
    • (1957)
    • Selznick, P.1
  • 75
    • 77956284150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Commission. New York: Twelve.
    • Shenon P. 2008, The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Commission. New York: Twelve.
    • (2008)
    • Shenon, P.1
  • 76
    • 77956275090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Policy Divide Thwarts Powell in Mideast Effort: Defense Department's Influence Frustrates State Department',, Washington Post, 26 April.
    • Sipress A. 2002, 'Policy Divide Thwarts Powell in Mideast Effort: Defense Department's Influence Frustrates State Department',, Washington Post, 26 April.
    • (2002)
    • Sipress, A.1
  • 77
    • 77956281897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'In First Response to Crisis, Bush Strikes Off-key Notes',, New York Times, 3 September.
    • Stevenson RW. 2005, 'In First Response to Crisis, Bush Strikes Off-key Notes',, New York Times, 3 September.
    • (2005)
    • Stevenson, R.W.1
  • 78
    • 77956288229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill. New York: Simon & Schuster.
    • Suskind R. 2004, The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill. New York: Simon & Schuster.
    • (2004)
    • Suskind, R.1
  • 79
    • 77956288986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11. New York: Simon & Schuster.
    • Suskind R. 2007, The One Percent Doctrine: Deep Inside America's Pursuit of Its Enemies Since 9/11. New York: Simon & Schuster.
    • (2007)
    • Suskind, R.1
  • 80
    • 77956282359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'How Bush Blew it',, Newsweek, 19 September.
    • Thomas E. 2005, 'How Bush Blew it',, Newsweek, 19 September.
    • (2005)
    • Thomas, E.1
  • 81
    • 84971135884 scopus 로고
    • 'Moral Responsibility of Public Officials: The Problem of Many Hands',, American Political Science Review, 74 ,
    • Thompson DF. 1980, 4:905-16. 'Moral Responsibility of Public Officials: The Problem of Many Hands',, American Political Science Review, 74 ,
    • (1980) , vol.4 , pp. 905-916
    • Thompson, D.F.1
  • 82
    • 77956277412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Recent Developments in U.S. Homeland Security Policies and Their Implications for the Management of Extreme Events', Paper Presented at the First International Conference on Urban Disaster Reduction, Kobe, Japan, 18-20 January (, accessed 29 July
    • Tierney KJ. 2008, http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/Tierney2005japanfinal2.pdf, 'Recent Developments in U.S. Homeland Security Policies and Their Implications for the Management of Extreme Events', Paper Presented at the First International Conference on Urban Disaster Reduction, Kobe, Japan, 18-20 January (, accessed 29 July
    • (2008)
    • Tierney, K.J.1
  • 83
    • 77956279319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning from Disasters: A Management Approach, 3rd edn, Leicester: Perpetuity Press.
    • Toft B, Reynolds S. 2005, Learning from Disasters: A Management Approach, 3rd edn, Leicester: Perpetuity Press.
    • (2005)
    • Toft, B.1    Reynolds, S.2
  • 84
    • 77956294672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'How Many More Mike Browns Are Out There?',, Time, 3 October,
    • Tumulty K, Thompson M, Allen M. 2005, 'How Many More Mike Browns Are Out There?',, Time, 3 October, pp. 49-54.
    • (2005) , pp. 49-54
    • Tumulty, K.1    Thompson, M.2    Allen, M.3
  • 85
    • 77956297694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective Crisis Communication: Moving From Crisis to Opportunity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • Ulmer RR, Sellnow TL, Seeger MW. 2007, Effective Crisis Communication: Moving From Crisis to Opportunity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2007)
    • Ulmer, R.R.1    Sellnow, T.L.2    Seeger, M.W.3
  • 86
    • 84976052805 scopus 로고
    • 'The Politics of Blame Avoidance',, Journal of Public Policy, 6,
    • Weaver RK. 1986, 4:371-98. 'The Politics of Blame Avoidance',, Journal of Public Policy, 6,
    • (1986) , vol.4 , pp. 371-398
    • Weaver, R.K.1
  • 87
    • 77956294000 scopus 로고
    • The Power Motive. New York: The Free Press.
    • Winter DG. 1973, The Power Motive. New York: The Free Press.
    • (1973)
    • Winter, D.G.1
  • 88
    • 0009156274 scopus 로고
    • 'Ministerial Responsibility in the, When Do Ministers Resign?',, Parliamentary Affairs, 46,
    • Woodhouse D. 1990s, 3:277-92. 'Ministerial Responsibility in the, When Do Ministers Resign?',, Parliamentary Affairs, 46,
    • (1990) , vol.3 , pp. 277-292
    • Woodhouse, D.1
  • 89
    • 77956282956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Colin Powell's Humiliation: Bush Should Clearly Support His Secretary of State - Otherwise He Should Get a New One',, Newsweek, 29 April.
    • Zakaria F. 2002, 'Colin Powell's Humiliation: Bush Should Clearly Support His Secretary of State - Otherwise He Should Get a New One',, Newsweek, 29 April.
    • (2002)
    • Zakaria, F.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.