Understanding and evaluating bureaucratic politics: The nexus between political leaders and advisory systems

Political Psychology

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 49-98

  Preston, Thomas ^a   'T Hart, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Bureaucratic politics; Lyndon Johnson; Personality; Presidential leadership style; Vietnam

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033084299     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0162-895X.00137     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.
2. Allison, G. T. (1971). Essence of decision. Boston: Little, Brown.
3. Art, R. J. (1973). Bureaucratic politics and American foreign policy: A critique. Policy Sciences, 4, 467-490.
4. Ball, D. J. (1974). The blind man and the elephant: A critique of bureaucratic politics theory. Australian Outlook, 4, 71-92.
5. Ball, G. (1982). The past has another pattern. New York: Norton.
6. Barber, J. D. (1972). The presidential character: Predicting performance in the White House. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
7. Baylis, T. A. (1989). Governing by committee: Collegial leadership in advanced societies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
8. Bendor, J. B. (1985). Parallel systems: Redundancy in government. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
9. Bendor, J., & Hammond, T. H. (1992). Rethinking Allison's models. American Political Science Review, 86, 301-322.
10. Berman, L. (1982). Planning a tragedy: The Americanization of the war in Vietnam. New York: Norton.
11. Berman, L. (1989). Lyndon Johnson's war: The road to stalemate in Vietnam. New York: Norton.
12. Bieri, J. (1966). Cognitive complexity and personality development. In O. J. Harvey (Ed.), Experience, structure and adaptability (pp. 13-37). New York: Springer.
13. Blondel, J., & Muller-Rommel, F. (Eds.) (1993). Governing together: The extent and limits of joint decisionmaking in European cabinets. London: Macmillan.
14. Bobrow, D. (1972). The relevance potential of different products. World Politics, 24, 206-212.
15. Braestrup, P. (1977). Big story: How the American press and television reported and interpreted the crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington (vols. 1 and 2). Boulder, CO: Westview.
16. Brinkley, D. (1992). Dean Acheson: The cold war years, 1953-71. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
17. Browning, R. P., & Jacob, H. (1964). Power motivation and the political personality. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28, 75-90.
18. Burke, J. P., & Greenstein, F. I. (1991). How presidents test reality: Decisions on Vietnam, 1954 and 1965. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
19. Cable, L. (1991). Unholy grail: The US and the wars in Vietnam, 1965-8. New York: Routledge.
20. Califano, J. A. (1991). The triumph and tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House years. New York: Simon and Schuster.
21. Campbell, C. S. (1986). Managing the presidency: Carter, Reagan, and the search for executive harmony. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
22. Clifford, C. (1991). Counsel to the president. New York: Random House.
23. Crabb, C. B., Jr., & Mulcahy, K. V. (1986). Presidents and foreign policy making: From FDR to Reagan. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
24. Davis, W. L., & Phares, E. J. (1967). Internal-external control as a determinant of information-seeking in a social influence situation. Journal of Personality, 35, 547-561.
25. Donley, R. E., & Winter, D. (1970). Measuring the motives of public officials at a distance: An exploratory study of American presidents. Behavioral Science, 15, 227-236.
26. Driver, M. J. (1977). Individual differences as determinants of aggression in the inter-nation simulation. In M. G. Hermann (Ed.), A psychological examination of political leaders (pp. 337-353). New York: Free Press.
27. Edwards, G. C. (1981). The quantitative study of the presidency. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 11, 146-150.
28. Edwards, G. C. (1989). At the margins: Presidential leadership of Congress. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
29. Edwards, G. C., Kessel, J. H., & Rockman, B. A. (1993). Researching the presidency: Vital questions new approaches. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
30. Edwards, G. C., & Wayne, S. J. (1983). Studying the presidency. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
31. Etheredge, L. S. (1978). A world of men: The private sources of American foreign policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32. Fodor, E. M., & Farrow, D. L. (1979). The power motive as an influence on the use of power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2091-2097.
33. Fodor, E. M., & Smith, T. (1982). The power motive as an influence on group decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 178-185.
34. Gabriel, R. T. (1985). Military incompetence. New York: Hill and Wang.
35. George, A. L. (1980). Presidential decisionmaking in foreign policy: The effective use of information and advice. Boulder, CO: Westview.
36. George, A. L. (1982, October). Case studies and theory development. Paper presented to the 2nd annual Symposium on Information Processing in Organizations, Carnegie-Mellon University.
37. George, A. L., & George, J. L. (1964). Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A personality study New York: Dover.
38. Gibbons, W. C. (1988). The U.S. government and the Vietnam war: Executive and legislative roles and relationships, part III: 1965-1966. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
39. Glad, B. (1980). Jimmy Carter: In search of the great White House. New York: Norton.
40. Glad, B. (1983). Black-and-white thinking: Ronald Reagan's approach to foreign policy. Political Psychology, 4, 33-76.
41. Greenstein, F. I. (1969). Personality and politics: Problems of evidence, inference, and conceptualization. Chicago: Markham.
42. Greenstein, F. I. (1982). The hidden hand presidency: Eisenhower as leader. New York: Basic Books.
43. Grindle, M. S., & Thomas, J. W. (1991). Public choices and policy change. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
44. Halperin, M. (1974). Bureaucratic politics and foreign policy. Washington: Brookings Institution.
45. Hargrove, E. C. (1988). Jimmy Carter as president: Leadership and the politics of the public good. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
46. Hargrove, E. C. (1993). Presidential personality and leadership style. In G. Edwards, J. Kessel, & B. Rockman (Eds.), Researching the presidency: Vital questions, new approaches (pp. 69-109). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
47. Henderson, P. G. (1988). Managing the presidency: The Eisenhower legacy - from Kennedy to Reagan Boulder, CO: Westview.
48. Hermann, C. F., & Hermann, M. G. (1982). A look inside the "black box": Building upon a decade of research. In G. W. Hopple (Ed.), Biopolitics, political psychology and international politics (pp. 1-36). London: Pinter.
49. Hermann, M. G. (1980). Explaining foreign policy behavior using personal characteristics of political leaders. International Studies Quarterly, 24, 7-46.
50. Hermann, M. G. (1983). Handbook for assessing personal characteristics and foreign policy orientations of political leaders (Occasional Paper). Columbus, OH: Mershon Center.
51. Hermann, M. G. (1984). Personality and foreign policy decision making: A study of 53 heads of government. In D. A. Sylvan & S. Chan (Eds.), Foreign policy decisionmaking: Perceptions, cognition, and artificial intelligence (pp. 53-80). New York: Praeger.
52. Hermann, M. G. (1986). Ingredients of leadership. In M. G. Hermann (Ed.), Political psychology: Contemporary problems and issues (pp. 167-192). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
53. Hermann, M. G. (1987a). Leaders' foreign policy orientations and the quality of foreign policy decisions. In S. Walker (Ed.), Role theory and foreign policy analysis (pp. 123-140). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
54. Hermann, M. G. (1987b). Assessing the foreign policy role orientations of sub-Saharan African leaders. In S. Walker (Ed.), Role theory and foreign policy analysis (pp. 161-198). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
55. Hermann, M. G. (1989). Defining the Bush presidential style (Occasional Paper). Columbus, OH: Mershon Center.
56. Hermann, M. G. (1993, November). Advice and advisers in the Clinton presidency: The impact of leadership style. Paper presented at conference on The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, and the Psychology of Leadership, City University of New York.
57. Hermann, M. G., & Preston, T. (1994a). Presidents, advisers, and foreign policy: The effect of leadership style on executive arrangements. Political Psychology, 15, 75-96.
58. Hermann, M. G., & Preston, T. (1994b). Presidents and their advisers: Leadership style, advisory systems, and foreign policymaking. In E. Wittkopf (Ed.), The domestic sources of American foreign policy: Insights and evidence (2nd ed.) (pp. 340-356). New York: St. Martin's.
59. Hermann, M. G., & Preston, T. (1998). Presidents, leadership style, and the advisory process. In E. Wittkopf and J. McCormick (Eds.), The domestic sources of American foreign policy: Insights and evidence (3rd ed.) (pp. 351-368). New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
60. Hermann, M. G., Preston, T., & Young, M. D. (1998). Who leads matters: Individuals and foreign policy. Unpublished manuscript.
61. Herring, G. C. (1979). America's longest war: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 (2nd ed.). New York: Knopf.
62. Hess, S. (1988). Organizing the presidency. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
63. House, R. J. (1990). Power and personality in complex organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Personality and organizational influence (pp. 181-233). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
64. Hoyt, P., & Garrison, J. (1997). Political manipulation in the small group: Presidential advisers in the Carter administration. In P. 't Hart, E. Stern, & B. Sundelius (Eds.), Beyond groupthink: Political group dynamics and foreign policymaking (pp. 249-274). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
65. Immerman, R. H. (1994). "A time in the tide of men's affairs": Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam. In W. I. Cohen & N. B. Tucker (Eds.), Lyndon Johnson confronts the world: American foreign policy, 1963-1968 (pp. 57-97). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Isaacson, W., & Thomas, E. (1986). The wise men: Six friends and the world they made. New York: Simon and Schuster.
67. Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
68. Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. New York: Free Press.
69. Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and misperceptions in international politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
70. Johnson, R. T. (1974). Managing the White House: An intimate study of the presidency. New York: Harper and Row.
71. Jones, C. O. (1988). The trusteeship presidency: Jimmy Carter and the United States Congress. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
72. Jones, C. (1994). Rethinking and reformulating the bureaucratic politics paradigm for American foreign policy analysis. Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Conference, Washington, DC.
73. Kaarbo, J., & Gruenfeld, D. (in press). The social psychology of inter- and intragroup conflict in governmental politics. Mershon International Studies Review.
74. Kahin, G. M. (1986). Intervention: How America became involved in Vietnam. New York: Knopf.
75. Kearns, D. (1976). Lyndon Johnson and the American dream. New York: Harper & Row.
76. Kessel, J. H. (1975). The domestic presidency: Decisionmaking in the White House. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press.
77. Kessel, J. H. (1984). The structure of the Reagan White House. American Journal of Political Science, 28, 231-258.
78. Khong, Y. F. (1992). Analogies at war: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam decisions of 1965. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
79. King, G. (1993). The methodology of presidential research. In G. Edwards, J. Kessel, & B. Rockman (Eds.), Researching the presidency: Vital questions, new approaches (pp. 387-412) Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
80. King, G., Keohane, R. O., & Verba, S. (1994). Designing social inquiry: Scientific inference in qualitative research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
81. King, G., & Ragsdale, L. (1988). The elusive presidency: Discovering statistical patterns in the presidency. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
82. Landau, M. (1969). Redundancy, rationality, and the problem of duplication and overlap Public Administration Review, 29, 346-358.
83. Landau, M., & Chrisholm, D. (1995). The arrogance of optimism. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 3, 67-80.
84. Lyons, M. (1997). Presidential character revisited. Political Psychology, 18, 791-811.
85. Maoz, Z. (1989). Framing the national interest: The manipulation of foreign policy decisions in group settings. World Politics, 43, 77-111.
86. McClelland, D. C. (1975). Power: The inner experience. New York: Irvington.
87. McClelland, D. C., & Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). Leadership, motive pattern and long-term success in management. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 737-743.
88. McNamara, R. S. (1995). In retrospect: The tragedy and lessons of Vietnam. New York: Random House.
89. McPherson, H. (1972). A political education. Boston: Little, Brown.
90. Moe, T. M. (1993). Presidents, institutions, and theory. In G. Edwards, J. Kessel, & B. Rockman (Eds.), Researching the presidency: Vital questions, new approaches (pp. 337-385). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
91. Niskanen, W. A. (1971). Bureaucracy and representative government. Chicago: Aldine.
92. Nutt, P. C. (1990). Making tough decisions: Tactics for improving managerial decision making. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
93. Nydegger, R. V. (1975). Information processing complexity and leadership status. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 317-328.
94. Oberdorfer, D. (1971). Tet! Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
95. Pika, J. A. (1988). Management style and the White House. Administration and Society, 20, 3-29.
96. Porter, R. B. (1980). Presidential decision making: The economic policy board. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
97. Preston, T. (1996). The president and his inner circle: Leadership style and the advisory process in foreign policy making. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.
98. Preston, T. (1997). "Following the leader": The impact of U.S. presidential style upon advisory group dynamics, structure, and decision. In P. 't Hart, E. Stern, & B. Sundelius (Eds.), Beyond groupthink: Political group dynamics and foreign policymaking (pp. 191-248). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
99. Preston, T. (in press-a). The president and his inner circle: Leadership style and the advisory process in foreign policy making. New York: Columbia University Press.
100. Preston, T. (in press-b). The president's inner circle: Personality and leadership style in foreign policy decision making. In R. Shapiro, M. Kumar, & L. Jacobs (Eds.), Presidential power: Forging the presidency for the 21st century. New York: Columbia University Press.
101. Renshon, S. A. (1996). High hopes: The Clinton presidency and the politics of ambition. New York: New York University Press.
102. Rockman, B. A. (1985). The leadership question: The presidency and the American system. New York: Praeger.
103. Rokeach, M. (1954). The nature and meaning of dogmatism. Psychological Review, 61, 194-204.
104. Rosati, J. (1981). Developing a systematic decisionmaking framework: Bureaucratic politics in perspective. World Politics, 33, 234-252.
105. Rosenthal, U., 't Hart, P., & Kouzmin, A. (1991). The bureau-politics of crisis management. Public Administration, 69, 211-233.
106. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1, Whole No. 609).
107. Rowe, A. J., & Mason, R. O. (1987). Managing with style: A guide to understanding, assessing, and improving decision making. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
108. Rusk, D. (1990). As I saw it (D. S. Papp, Ed.). New York: Norton.
109. Schandler, H. Y. (1983). Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam: The unmaking of a president. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
110. Schlesinger, A. M., Jr. (1965). A thousand days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
111. Schroder, H., Driver, M., & Streufert, S. (1967). Human information processing. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
112. Scott, R. (1995). Institutions and organizations. London: Sage.
113. Scott, W. A. (1963). Cognitive complexity and cognitive balance. Sociometry, 26, 66-74.
114. Sinclair, B. (1993). Studying presidential leadership. In G. Edwards, J. Kessel, & B. Rockman (Eds.), Researching the presidency: Vital questions, new approaches (pp. 203-232). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
115. Smith, C. P., Atkinson, J. W., McClelland, D. C., & Veroff, J. (Eds.). (1992). Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
116. Sorensen, T. (1965). Kennedy. New York: Harper and Row.
117. Stewart, P. D., Hermann, M. G., & Hermann, C. F. (1989). Modeling the 1973 Soviet decision to support Egypt. American Political Science Review, 83, 35-59.
118. Stogdill, R. M., & Bass, B. M. (1981). Stogdill's handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research. New York: Free Press.
119. Suedfeld, P., & Rank, A. (1976). Revolutionary leaders: Long-term success as a function of changes in conceptual complexity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 169-178.
120. Suedfeld, P., & Tetlock, P. (1977). Integrate complexity of communication in international crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 21, 169-184.
121. Suedfeld, P., & Tetlock, P. (1990). Integrative complexity: Theory and research. Unpublished manuscript.
122. Tetlock, P. (1985). Integrative complexity of American and Soviet foreign policy rhetorics: A time-series analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 565-585.
123. 't Hart, P. (1994). Groupthink in government. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
124. 't Hart P. (1997). From analysis to reform of policymaking groups. In P. 't Hart, E. Stern, & B. Sundelius (Eds.), Beyond groupthink: Political group dynamics and foreign policymaking. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
125. Thompson, J. C. (1980). Rolling thunder: Understanding policy and program failure. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press.
126. Vandemark, B. (1990). Into the quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the escalation of the Vietnam war New York: Oxford University Press.
127. Vertzberger, Y. (1990). The world in their minds: Information processing, cognition, and perception in foreign policy decisionmaking. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
128. Wallace, M. D., & Suedfeld, P. (1988). Leadership performance in crisis: The longevity-complexity link. International Studies Quarterly, 32, 439-452.
129. Wamsley, G. (Ed.). (1990). Refounding public administration. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
130. Welch, D. (1992). The organizational process and bureaucratic politics paradigms: Retrospect and prospect. International Security, 17, 112-146.
131. Winter, D. G. (1973). The power motive. New York: Free Press.
132. Winter D. G. (1987). Leader appeal, leader performance, and the motive profiles of leaders and followers: A study of American presidents and elections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 196-202.
133. Winter, D. G., Hermann, W. G., Weintrab, W., & S. G. (1991). The personalities of Bush and Gorbachev measured at a distance: Procedures, portraits, and policy. Political Psychology, 12, 215-245.
134. Winter, D. G., & Stewart, A. J. (1977). Content analysis as a technique for assessing political leaders. In M. G. Hermann (Ed.), A psychological examination of political leaders (pp. 21-61). New York: Free Press.
135. Wirtz, J. J. (1991). The Tet offensive: Intelligence failure in war. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
136. Zaleznik, A. (1977). Managers and leaders: Are they different? Harvard Business Review, 55, 67-78.
137. Ziller, R. C., Stone, W. F., Jackson, R. M., & Terbovic, N. J. (1977). Self-other orientations and political behaviour. In M. G. Hermann (Ed.), A psychological examination of political leaders (pp. 337-353). New York: Free Press.