The deep water abundance on Jupiter: New constraints from thermochemical kinetics and diffusion modeling

Icarus

Volumn 209, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 602-615

  Visscher, Channon ^a   Moses, Julianne I ^b   Saslow, Sarah A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION   (United States)

^b Space Science Institute ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Abundances, Atmospheres; Atmospheres, Chemistry; Jupiter, Atmosphere; Planetary formation

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956272128     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.029     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Alibert Y., Mousis O., Benz W. On the volatile enrichments and composition of Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 2005, 622:L145-L148.
2. Allen M., Yung Y.L., Waters J.W. Vertical transport and photochemistry in the terrestrial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (50-120km). J. Geophys. Res. 1981, 86:3617-3627.
3. Arai H., Nagai S., Hatada M. Radiolysis of methane containing small amounts of carbon monoxide-formation of organic acids. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1981, 17:211-216.
4. Aronowitz D., Naegeli D.W., Glassman I. Kinetics of the pyrolysis of methanol. J. Phys. Chem. 1977, 81(25):2555-2559.
5. Atreya S.K. Composition, clouds, and origin of Jupiter's atmosphere - A case for deep multiprobes into giant planets. Planetary Probe Atmospheric Entry and Descent Trajectory Analysis and Science 2004, vol. 544:57-62. ESA Special Publication.
6. Atreya S.K., Mahaffy P.R., Niemann H.B., Wong M.H., Owen T.C. Composition and origin of the atmosphere of Jupiter - An update, and implications for the extrasolar giant planets. Planet. Space Sci. 2003, 51:105-112.
7. 2, and HCN on Jupiter. Icarus 1985, 64:112-124.
8. Bar-Nun A., Shaviv A. Dynamics of the chemical evolution of Earth's primitive atmosphere. Icarus 1975, 24:197-210.
9. Barshay S.S., Lewis J.S. Chemical structure of the deep atmosphere of Jupiter. Icarus 1978, 33:593-611.
10. Baulch, D.L., and 11 colleagues, 1992. Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modelling. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 21, 411-429.
11. Baulch, D.L., and 11 colleagues, 1994. Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modeling: Supplement i. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 847-848.
12. Baulch, D.L., and 11 colleagues, 2005. Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modeling: Supplement ii. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34, 757-1397.
13. Beer R. Detection of carbon monoxide in Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 1975, 200:L167-L169.
14. Beer R., Taylor F.W. The abundance of carbon monoxide in Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 1978, 221:1100-1109.
15. Bézard B., Lellouch E., Strobel D., Maillard J.-P., Drossart P. Carbon monoxide on Jupiter: Evidence for both internal and external sources. Icarus 2002, 159:95-111.
16. Bjoraker G.L., Larson H.P., Kunde V.G. The gas composition of Jupiter derived from 5micron airborne spectroscopic observations. Icarus 1986, 66:579-609.
17. Bodenheimer P., Pollack J.B. Calculations of the accretion and evolution of giant planets. The effects of solid cores. Icarus 1986, 67:391-408.
18. Bolton, S., and the Juno Science Team, 2006. The Juno New Frontiers Jupiter polar orbiter mission. European Planetary Science Congress 2006. Abstract 535.
19. Bowman, C.T., 1974. Non-equilibrium radical concentrations in shock-initiated methane oxidation. In: 15th International Symposium on Combustion. Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 869-882.
20. Burcat, A., Ruscic, B., 2005. Third millenium ideal gas and condensed phase thermochemical database for combustion with updates from active thermochemical tables. TAE 960, ANL-05/20, Argonne National Laboratory. 26pp.
21. 3OH hydrogen abstraction reactions. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2008, 463:33-37.
22. Chase, M.W., 1998. NIST-JANAF thermochemical tables. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, Monograph No. 9. 1951pp.
23. Chen S., Wilhoit R., Zwolinski B. Thermodynamic properties of normal and deuterated methanols. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1977, 6(1):105-112.
24. Cooper C.S., Showman A.P. Dynamics and disequilibrium carbon chemistry in hot Jupiter atmospheres, with application to HD 209458b. Astrophys. J. 2006, 649:1048-1063.
25. da Silva G., Bozzelli J., Sebbar N., Bockhorn H. Thermodynamic and ab initio analysis of the controversial enthalpy of formation of formaldehyde. ChemPhysChem 2006, 7:1119-1126.
26. Dean A.M., Bozzelli J.W. Combustion chemistry of nitrogen. Gas-phase Combustion Chemistry 2000, 125-342. Springer, New York. W.C.J. Gardiner (Ed.).
27. Dean A., Westmoreland P. Bimolecular QRRK analysis of methyl radical reactions. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1987, 19:207-228.
28. 3+OH system. J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101:9681-9693.
29. DeMore, W.B., Sander, S.P., Golden, D.M., Hampson, R.F., Kurylo, M.J., Howard, C.J., Ravishankara, A.R., Kolb, C.J., Molina, M.J., 1992. Chemical Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modelling: Evaluation No. 10. JPL Publication 92-20, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA. 269pp.
30. de Pater I., Deboer D., Marley M., Freedman R., Young R. Retrieval of water in Jupiter's deep atmosphere using microwave spectra of its brightness temperature. Icarus 2005, 173:425-438.
31. Drossart P., Encrenaz T. The abundance of water on Jupiter from the Voyager IRIS data at 5microns. Icarus 1982, 52:483-491.
32. Encrenaz, T., and 19 colleagues, 1996. First results of ISO-SWS observations of Jupiter. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L397-L400.
33. Fegley B., Lodders K. Chemical models of the deep atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. Icarus 1994, 110:117-154.
34. Fegley B., Prinn R.G. Chemical probes of Saturn's deep atmosphere. Lunar Planet. Sci. 1983, 14:189-190. (abstracts).
35. 4. Astrophys. J. 1985, 299:1067-1078.
36. Fegley B., Prinn R.G. Chemical constraints on the water and total oxygen abundances in the deep atmosphere of Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 1988, 324:621-625.
37. Fenimore, C., 1969. Destruction of methane in water gas by reaction of CH3 with OH radicals. In: 12th International Symposium on Combustion. Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 463-467.
38. Fernando H.J.S., Chen R.R., Boyer D.L. Effects of rotation on convective turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 1991, 228:513-547.
39. Flasar, F.M., Gierasch, P.J., 1977. Eddy diffusivities within Jupiter. In: Jones, A.V. (Ed.), Planetary Atmospheres. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium of the Royal Society of Canada. Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, p. 85.
40. Flasar F.M., Gierasch P.J. Turbulent convection within rapidly rotating superadiabatic fluids with horizontal temperature gradients. Geophys. Astro. Fluid 1978, 10:175-212.
41. Gas-phase Combustion Chemistry 2000, Springer-Verlag, New York, 543pp. W.C.J. Gardiner (Ed.).
42. Gautier D., Hersant F., Mousis O., Lunine J.I. Enrichments in volatiles in Jupiter: A new interpretation of the Galileo measurements. Astrophys. J. 2001, 550:L227-L230.
43. Gautier D., Hersant F., Mousis O., Lunine J.I. Erratum: Enrichments in volatiles in Jupiter: A new interpretation of the Galileo measurements. Astrophys. J. 2001, 559. L183.
44. Gierasch P.J., Conrath B.J. Energy conversion processes in the outer planets. Recent Advances in Planetary Meteorology 1985, 121-146. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. G.E. Hunt (Ed.).
45. Gladstone G.R., Allen M., Yung Y.L. Hydrocarbon photochemistry in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter. Icarus 1996, 119:1-52.
46. Gordon, S., McBride, B.J., 1994. Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications. NASA Reference Publication 1311. 55pp.
47. Griffith C.A., Yelle R.V. Disequilibrium chemistry in a brown dwarf's atmosphere: Carbon monoxide in Gliese 229B. Astrophys. J. 1999, 519:L85-L88.
48. Gurvich, L.V., Veyts, I.V., Alcock, C.B., 1989. Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, fourth ed., vol. 1, parts 1 and 2. Hemisphere Publishing, New York. 929pp.
49. Gurvich, L.V., Veyts, I.V., Alcock, C.B., 1991. Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, fourth ed., vol. 2, parts 1 and 2. Hemisphere Publishing, New York. 952pp.
50. Gurvich, L.V., Veyts, I.V., Alcock, C.B., 1994. Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, fourth ed., vol. 3, parts 1 and 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 1136pp.
51. Hanel R., Conrath B., Herath L., Kunde V., Pirraglia J. Albedo, internal heat, and energy balance of Jupiter - Preliminary results of the Voyager infrared investigation. J. Geophys. Res. 1981, 86:8705-8712.
52. Hersant F., Gautier D., Lunine J.I. Enrichment in volatiles in the giant planets of the Solar System. Planet. Space Sci. 2004, 52:623-641.
53. Hidaka Y., Oki T., Kawano H. Thermal decomposition of methanol in shock waves. J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93(20):7134-7139.
54. Hoyermann K., Sievert R., Wagner H.G. Mechanism of the reaction of H atoms with methanol. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 1981, 85:149-153.
55. Irdam E., Kiefer J., Harding L., Wagner A. The formaldehyde decomposition chain mechanism. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1993, 25:285-303.
56. Irwin A.L., and 12 colleagues, 1998. Cloud structure and atmospheric composition of Jupiter retrieved from Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer real-time spectra. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 23001-23022.
57. Janssen M.A., Hofstadter M.D., Gulkis S., Ingersoll A.P., Allison M., Bolton S.J., Levin S.M., Kamp L.W. Microwave remote sensing of Jupiter's atmosphere from an orbiting spacecraft. Icarus 2005, 173:447-453.
58. Jasper A., Klippenstein S., Harding L., Ruscic B. Kinetics of the reaction of methyl radical with hydroxyl radical and methanol decomposition. J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111:3932-3950.
59. Jodkowski J., Rayez M.-T., Rayez J.-C., Bérces T., Dóbé S. Theoretical study of the kinetics of the hydrogen abstraction from methanol. 3. Reaction of methanol with hydrogen atom, methyl, and hydroxyl radicals. J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103:3750-3765.
60. Korobeinichev O.P., Ilyin S.B., Bolshova T.A., Shvartsberg V.M., Chernov A.A. The chemistry of the destruction of organophosphorus compounds in flames - III: The destruction of DMMP and TMP in a flame of hydrogen and oxygen. Combust. Flame 2000, 121:593-609.
61. 3OH. J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108:8317-8323.
62. 2O) and the jovian D/H isotopic ratio. Astrophys. J. 1982, 263:443-467.
63. Larson H.P., Fink U., Treffers R., Gautier T.N. Detection of water vapor on Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 1975, 197:L137-L140.
64. Larson H.P., Fink U., Treffers R.C. Evidence for CO in Jupiter's atmosphere from airborne spectroscopic observations at 5microns. Astrophys. J. 1978, 219:1084-1092.
65. Lellouch E., Drossart P., Encrenaz T. A new analysis of the jovian 5-micron Voyager/IRIS spectra. Icarus 1989, 77:457-465.
66. Lellouch E., Bézard B., Moses J.I., Davis G.R., Drossart P., Feuchtgruber H., Bergin E.A., Moreno R., Encrenaz T. The origin of water vapor and carbon dioxide in Jupiter's stratosphere. Icarus 2002, 159:112-131.
67. Lendvay G., Bárces T., Márta F. An ab initio study of the three-channel reaction between methanol and hydrogen atoms: BAC-MP4 and Gaussian-2 calculations. J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101:1588-1594.
68. Lewis J.S., Fegley M.B. Vertical distribution of disequilibrium species in Jupiter's troposphere. Space Sci. Rev. 1984, 39:163-192.
69. Li, S.C., Williams, F.A., 1996. Experimental and numerical studies of two-stage methanol flames. 26th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 1017-1024.
70. Lissauer J.J. Timescales for planetary accretion and the structure of the protoplanetary disk. Icarus 1987, 69:249-265.
71. Lodders K. Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements. Astrophys. J. 2003, 591:1220-1247.
72. Lodders K. Jupiter formed with more tar than ice. Astrophys. J. 2004, 611:587-597.
73. Lodders K., Fegley B. The origin of carbon monoxide in Neptunes's atmosphere. Icarus 1994, 112:368-375.
74. Lodders K., Fegley B. Atmospheric chemistry in giant planets, brown dwarfs, and low-mass dwarf stars. I. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Icarus 2002, 155:393-424.
75. Lodders, K., Palme, H., Gail, H., 2009. Abundances of the elements in the Solar System. arXiv: 0901.1149.
76. Lunine J.I., Stevenson D.J. Thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate at low and high pressures with application to the outer Solar System. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 1985, 58:493-531.
77. Lunine J.I., Coradini A., Gautier D., Owen T.C., Wuchterl G. The origin of Jupiter. Jupiter. The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere 2004, 19-34. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. F. Bagenal, T.E. Dowling, W.B. McKinnon (Eds.).
78. Mahaffy P.R., Niemann H.B., Alpert A., Atreya S.K., Demick J., Donahue T.M., Harpold D.N., Owen T.C. Noble gas abundance and isotope ratios in the atmosphere of Jupiter from the Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:15061-15072.
79. Miller J., Pilling M., Troe J. Unravelling combustion mechanisms through a quantitative understanding of elementary reactions. Proc. Combust. Inst. 2005, 30:43-88.
80. Mizuno H. Formation of the giant planets. Prog. Theor. Phys. 1980, 64:544-557.
81. Moses J.I., Allen M., Gladstone G.R. Nitrogen and oxygen photochemistry following SL9. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22:1601-1604.
82. Moses J.I., Allen M., Gladstone G.R. Post-SL9 sulfur photochemistry on Jupiter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22:1597-1600.
83. Moses J.I., Bézard B., Lellouch E., Gladstone G.R., Feuchtgruber H., Allen M. Photochemistry of Saturn's atmosphere. I. Hydrocarbon chemistry and comparisons with ISO observations. Icarus 2000, 143:244-298.
84. Moses J.I., Lellouch E., Bézard B., Gladstone G.R., Feuchtgruber H., Allen M. Photochemistry of Saturn's atmosphere. II. Effects of an influx of external oxygen. Icarus 2000, 145:166-202.
85. Moses J.I., Fouchet T., Bézard B., Gladstone G.R., Lellouch E., Feuchtgruber H. Photochemistry and diffusion in Jupiter's stratosphere: Constraints from ISO observations and comparisons with other giant planets. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110:E08001.
86. Mousis O., Marboeuf U., Lunine J.I., Alibert Y., Fletcher L.N., Orton G.S., Pauzat F., Ellinger Y. Determination of the minimum masses of heavy elements in the envelopes of Jupiter and Saturn. Astrophys. J. 2009, 696:1348-1354.
87. Niemann, H.B., and 11 colleagues, 1998. The composition of the jovian atmosphere as determined by the Galileo probe mass spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 22831-22846.
88. Noll K.S., Knacke R.F., Geballe T.R., Tokunaga A.T. The origin and vertical distribution of carbon monoxide in Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 1988, 324:1210-1218.
89. Noll K.S., Gilmore D., Knacke R.F., Womack M., Griffith C.A., Orton G. Carbon monoxide in Jupiter after Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Icarus 1997, 126:324-335.
90. Norton T.S., Dryer F.L. Some new observations on methanol oxidation chemistry. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1989, 63:107-129.
91. Norton T.S., Dryer F.L. Toward a comprehensive mechanism for methanol pyrolysis. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1990, 22:219-241.
92. Orton, G., and 41 colleagues, 1996. Earth-based observations of the Galileo probe entry site. Science 272, 839-840.
93. Orton, G.S., and 16 colleagues, 1998. Characteristics of the Galileo probe entry site from Earth-based remote sensing observations. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 22791-22814.
94. Owen T., Encrenaz T. Compositional constraints on giant planet formation. Planet. Space Sci. 2006, 54:1188-1196.
95. Owen T., Mahaffy P., Niemann H.B., Atreya S., Donahue T., Bar-Nun A., de Pater I. A low-temperature origin for the planetesimals that formed Jupiter. Nature 1999, 402:269-270.
96. Page M., Lin M.C., He Y., Choudhury T.K. Kinetics of the methoxy radical decomposition reaction: Theory and experiment. J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93(11):4404-4408.
97. Pearl J.C., Conrath B.J. The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Neptune, as determined from Voyager data. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96:18921-18930.
98. Pollack J.B., Podolak M., Bodenheimer P., Christofferson B. Planetesimal dissolution in the envelopes of the forming, giant planets. Icarus 1986, 67:409-443.
99. Pollack J.B., Hubickyj O., Bodenheimer P., Lissauer J.J., Podolak M., Greenzweig Y. Formation of the giant planets by concurrent accretion of solids and gas. Icarus 1996, 124:62-85.
100. Prinn R.G., Barshay S.S. Carbon monoxide on Jupiter and implications for atmospheric convection. Science 1977, 198:1031-1034.
101. Ragent B., Colburn D.S., Rages K.A., Knight T.C.D., Avrin P., Orton G.S., Yanamandra-Fisher P.A., Grams G.W. The clouds of Jupiter: Results of the Galileo Jupiter mission probe nephelometer experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:22891-22910.
102. Roos-Serote, M., and 12 colleagues, 1998. Analysis of Jupiter north equatorial belt hot spots in the 4-5-μm range from Galileo/near-infrared mapping spectrometer observations: Measurements of cloud opacity, water, and ammonia. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 23023-23042.
103. Roos-Serote M., Drossart P., Encrenaz T., Carlson R.W., Leader F. Constraints on the tropospheric cloud structure of Jupiter from spectroscopy in the 5-μm region: A comparison between Voyager/IRIS, Galileo-NIMS, and ISO-SWS spectra. Icarus 1999, 137:315-340.
104. Roos-Serote M., Atreya S.K., Wong M.K., Drossart P. On the water abundance in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Planet. Space Sci. 2004, 52:397-414.
105. Ruscic, B., and 12 colleagues, 2002. On the enthalpy of formation of hydroxyl radical and gas-phase bond dissociation energies of water and hydroxyl. J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 2727-2747.
106. Ruscic, B., and 13 colleagues, 2005. IUPAC critical evaluation of thermochemical properties of selected radicals. Part I. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34, 573-656.
107. Seiff A., Kirk D.B., Knight T.C.D., Young R.E., Mihalov J.D., Young L.A., Milos F.S., Schubert G., Blanchard R.C., Atkinson D. Thermal structure of Jupiter's atmosphere near the edge of a 5-μm hot spot in the north equatorial belt. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:22857-22890.
108. Smith M.D. Estimation of a length scale to use with the quench level approximation for obtaining chemical abundances. Icarus 1998, 132:176-184.
109. Smith, G., and 11 colleagues, 1999. GRI-Mech 3.0http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/.
110. Spindler K., Wagner H.G. Zum thermischen unimolekularen zerfall von methanol. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86:2-13.
111. Sromovsky L.A., Collard A.D., Fry P.M., Orton G.S., Lemmon M.T., Tomasko M.G., Freedman R.S. Galileo probe measurements of thermal and solar radiation fluxes in the jovian atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:22929-22978.
112. Stevenson D.J. Turbulent thermal convection in the presence of rotation and a magnetic field - A heuristic theory. Geophys. Astro. Fluid 1979, 12:139-169.
113. Stone P.H. The meteorology of the jovian atmosphere. Jupiter 1976, 586-618. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tuscon. T. Gehrels (Ed.).
114. Taylor F.W., Atreya S.K., Encrenaz T., Hunten D.M., Irwin P.G.J., Owen T.C. The composition of the atmosphere of Jupiter. Jupiter. The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere 2004, 59-78. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. F. Bagenal, T.E. Dowling, W.B. McKinnon (Eds.).
115. Tsang W. Chemical kinetic data base for combustion chemistry. Part 2. methanol. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1987, 16:471-508.
116. Visscher C., Fegley B. Chemical constraints on the water and total oxygen abundances in the deep atmosphere of Saturn. Astrophys. J. 2005, 623:1221-1227.
117. von Zahn U., Hunten D.M., Lehmacher G. Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: Results from the Galileo probe helium interferometer experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:22815-22830.
118. Wong M.H., Mahaffy P.R., Atreya S.K., Niemann H.B., Owen T.C. Updated Galileo probe mass spectrometer measurements of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur on Jupiter. Icarus 2004, 171:153-170.
119. 3OH: A G2M/statistical theory study. Faraday Discuss. 2001, 119:191-205.
120. 2CO - Implications for chemistry in the Solar System. Icarus 1988, 73:516-526.