Thermal structure of Jupiter's atmosphere near the edge of a 5-Jim hot spot in the north equatorial belt

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 103, Issue E10, 1998, Pages 22857-22889

  Seiff, Alvin ^a,g   Kirk, Donn B ^b   Knight, Tony C D ^c   Young, Richard E ^a   Mihalov, John D ^d   Young, Leslie A ^e   Milos, Frank S ^a   Schubert, Gerald ^f   Blanchard, Robert C ^a   Atkinson, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO   (United States)

^b NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^d MS 245 1 ^*  (United States)

^e NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HOT SPOT; JUPITER; PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE; THERMAL STRUCTURE;

EID: 0032566866     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/98JE01766     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Allison, M., Planetary waves in Jupiter's equatorial atmosphere, Icams, 83, 282-307, 1990.
2. Allison, M., and A. D. Del Genio, Richardson number constraints for the Jupiter and outer planet wind regime, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2957-2960, 1995.
3. Appleby, J. F., and J. S. Hogan, Radiative-convective equilibrium models of Jupiter and Saturn, Icarus, 59(3), 336-366, 1984.
4. Atkinson, D. H., J. B. Pollack, and A. Seiff, Galileo Doppler measurements of the deep zonal winds at Jupiter, Science, 272, 842-843, 1996.
5. Atkinson, D. H., A. P. Ingersoll, and A. Seiff, Deep winds on Jupiter as measured by the Galileo probe, Nature, 388, 649-650, 1997.
6. Atkinson, D. H., J. B. Pollack, and A. Seiff, The Galileo Doppler wind experiment: Measurement of the deep zonal winds on Jupiter, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
7. Atreya, S. K., T. M. Donahue, B. R. Sandel, A. L. Broadfoot, and G. R. Smith, Jovian upper atmospheric temperature measurement by the Voyager 1 UV spectrometer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6(10), 795-798, 1979.
8. Atreya, S. K., M. H. Wong, T. Owen, H. Niemann, and P. Mahaffy, Chemistry and clouds of the atmosphere of Jupiter: A Galileo perspective, in Tliree Galileos: Tlie Man, Tlie Spacecraft, The Telescope, edited by J. Rahe et al., pp. 249-260, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1997.
9. Batchelor, G. K., An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1967.
10. Beebe, R. F., A. A. Simon, and L. F. Huber, Comparison of Galileo probe and Earth-based translation rates of Jupiter's equatorial clouds, Science, 272, 841-842, 1996.
11. Bjoraker, G. L., H. P. Larson, and V. G. Kunde, The abundance and
12. distribution of water vapor in Jupiter's atmosphere, Astrophys. J., 311(2), 1058-1072, 1986.
13. Busse, F. H., Thermal instabilities in rapidly rotating systems, J. Fluid Mech., 44, 441-460, 1970.
14. Busse, F. H., Simple model of convection in the Jovian atmosphere, Icanis, 29, 250-260, 1976.
15. Carlson, R., et al., Near-infrared spectroscopy and spectral mapping of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites: Results from Galileo's initial orbit, Science, 274, 385-388, 1996.
16. Chapman, D. R., An approximate analytical method for studying entry into planetary atmospheres, NACA Tech. Note, TN 4276, 1958.
17. Clarke, J. T., M. K. Hudson, and Y. L. Yung, The excitation of the far ultraviolet electroglow emissions on Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 15, 139-15, 147, 1987.
18. Eshleman, V. R., G. L. Tyler, G. E. Wood, G. F. Lindal, J. D. Anderson, and G. S. Levy, Radio science with Voyager 1 at Jupiter: Preliminary profiles of the atmosphere and ionosphere, Science, 204, 976-978, 1979.
19. Festou, M. C, S. K. Atreya, T. M. Donahue, B. R. Sandel, D. E. Shemansky, and A. L. Broadfoot, Composition and thermal profiles of the Jovian upper atmosphere determined by the Voyager ultraviolet stellar occultation experiment, J. Geophys. Res., S6(A7), 5715-5725, 1981. i
20. Flasar, F. M., and P. J. Gierasch, Mesoscale waves as a probe of Jupiter's deep atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2683-2707, 1986.
21. Folkner, W. M., R. A. Preston, J. S. Border, J. Navarro, W. E. Wilson, and M. Oestreich, Earth-based radio tracking of the Galileo probe for Jupiter wind estimation, Science, 275, 644-646, 1997.
22. Folkner, W. M., R. Woo, and S. Nandi, Ammonia abundance in Jupiter's atmosphere derived from the attenuation of the Galileo probe's radio signal, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
23. General Electric Co., Final test report for the Galileo probe system drop test number 2, Doc. 83SDS214S, Re-entry Systems Operations, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 1983.
24. Gierasch, P. J., and B. J. Conrath, Energy conversion processes in the outer planets, in Advances in Planetary Meteorology, edited by G. Hunt, pp. 121-146, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1985.
25. Gladstone, G. R., M. Alien, and Y. L. Yung, Hydrocarbon photochemistry in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, Icanis, 119, 1-52, 1996.
26. Glatzmaier, G. A., and P. Olson, Highly supercritical thermal convection in a rotating spherical shell: Centrifugal vs. radial gravity, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 70(1-4), 113-136, 1993.
27. Guillot, T., D. Gautier, G. Chabrier, and B. Mosser, Are the giant planets fully convective?, Icanis, 112, 337-353, 1994.
28. Haas, B. L., and F. S. Milos, Simulated rarified entry of the Galileo probe into the Jovian atmosphere, J. Spacecraft Rockets, 32(3), 398-403, 1995.
29. Hanei; R. A., B. J. Conrath, L. W. Herath, V. G. Kunde, and J. A. Pirraglia, Albedo, internal heat, and energy balance of Jupiter: Preliminary results of the Voyager infrared investigation, J. Geophys. Res., 86(AW), 8705-8712, 1981.
30. Hilsenrath, J., C. Beckett, W. S. Benedict L. Fano, H. J. Hoge, J. D. Musi, E. L. Nuttall, and Y. S. Touloukian, Tables of Thennodynamic and Transport Properties of Air, Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Steam, Pergamon, Tarrytown, New York, 1960.
31. Hubbard, W. B., Thermal models of Jupiter and Saturn, Astrophys. J., 155, 157-161, 1969.
32. Hunt, G. E., B. J. Conrath, and J. A. Pirraglia, Visible and infrared observations of Jovian plumes during the Voyager encounter, J. Geophys. Res., S6(A10), 8777-8781, 1981. '
33. Hunten, D. M., and A. J. Dessler, Soft electrons as a possible heat source for Jupiter's thermosphère, Planet. Space Sci., 25, 817, 1977.
34. Ingersoll, A. P., G. Munch, G. Neugebauer, D. J. Diner, G. S. Orton, B. Schupler, M. Schroeder, S. C. Chase, R. D. Ruiz, and L. M. Trafton, Pioneer 11 infrared radiometer experiment: The global heat balance of Jupiter, Science, 188, 472-473, 1975.
35. Ingersoil, A. P., R. Beebe, J. L. Mitchell, G. W. Garneau, G. M. Yagi, and J. Müller, Interaction of eddies and mean zonal flow on Jupiter as inferred from Voyager 1 and 2 images, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 8733-8743, 1981.
36. Intrieri, P. F., and D. B. Kirk, High-speed aerodynamics of several blunt-cone configurations, J. Spacecraft Rockets, 24(2), 127, 1987.
37. loannou, P. J., and R. S. Lindzen, Gravitational tides in the outer planets, I, Implications of classical tidal theory, Astrophys. J., 406, 252-265, 1993a.
38. Loannou, P. J., and R. S. Lindzen, Gravitational tides on Jupiter, II, Interior calculations and estimation of the tidal dissipation factor, Astmphys. J., 406, 266-278, 1993b.
39. loannou, P. J., and R. S. Lindzen, Gravitational tides on Jupiter, III, Atmospheric response and mean flow acceleration, Astmphys. J., 424, 1005-1013, 1994.
40. Kliore, A. J., and P. M. Woiceshyn, Structure of the atmosphere of Jupiter from Pioneer 10 and 11 radio occultation measurements, in Jupiter, edited by T. Gehreis, pp. 216-237, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1976.
41. Kunde, V., R. Hanel, W. Maguire, D. Gautier, J. P. Baluteau, A. Marten, A. Chedin, N. Husson, and N. Scott, The tropospheric gas composition of Jupiter's north equatorial belt (NH3, PH3, CH3D, GeH4, H2O) and the Jovian D/H isotopic ratio, Astmphys. J., 263, 443-467, 1982.
42. Lewis, J. S., The clouds of Jupiter and the NH3-H2O and NH3-H2S systems, Icams, 10, 365-378, 1969.
43. Limaye, S. S., H. E. Revercomb, L. A. Sromovsky, R. J. Krauss, D. A. Santek, and V. E. Suomi, Jovian winds from Voyager 2, I, Zonal mean circulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 39(7), 1413-1432, 1982.
44. Lindal, G. F., et al., The atmosphere of Jupiter: An analysis of the Voyager radio occultation measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 8721-8727, 1981.
45. Lindzen, R. S., Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9704-9714, 1981.
46. Manneville, J. B., and P. Olson, Banded convection in rotting fluid spheres and the circulation of the Jovian atmosphere, teams, 122(2), 242-250, 1996.
47. Mason, E. A., and T. R. Marrero, The diffusion of atoms and molecules, in Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, vol. 6, edited by D. R. Bates and I. Esterman, pp. 155-232, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1970.
48. Milos, F. S., Galileo Probe Heat Shield Ablation Experiment, J. Spacecraft Rockets, 34(6), 705-713, 1997.
49. Mischel, B., T. Rust, and F. Linckhorst, Galileo probe descent postflight thermal correlation analysis, Am. Inst. of Aeronaut, and Astronaut., New York, 1997.
50. Niemann, H. B., et al., The Galileo probe mass spectrometer: Composition of Jupiter's atmosphere, Science, 272, 846-849, 1996.
51. Niemann, H. B., et al., The composition of the Jovian atmosphere as determined by the Galileo probe mass spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
52. Nishida, A., and Y. Watanabe, Joule heating of the Jovian ionosphere by corotation enforcement currents, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9945-9952, 1981.
53. Ortiz, J. L., G. S. Orton, A. J. Friedson, S. T. Stewart, B. M. Fisher, and J. R. Spencer, Evolution and persistence of 5-/im hot spots at the Galileo probe entry latitude, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
54. Orton, G., and A. P. Ingersoll, Pioneer 10 and 11 and ground-based infrared data on Jupiter: The thermal structure and He/H2 ratio, in Jupiter, edited by T. Gehreis, pp. 206-215, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1976.
55. Orton, G., et al., Earth-based observations of the Galileo probe entry site, Science, 272, 839-840, 1996.
56. Orton, G., et al., Characteristics of the Galileo probe entry site from Earth-based remote sensing observations, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
57. Owen, T., and R. J. Terrile, Colors on Jupiter, J. Geophys. Res., S6(A10), 8797-8814, 1981.
58. Ragent, B., D. S. Colburn, K. A. Rages, T. C. D. Knight, P. Avrin, G. S. Orton, P. A. Yanamandra-Fisher, and G. W. Grams, The clouds of Jupiter: Results of the Galileo Jupiter Mission Probe Nephelometer Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
59. Roques, F., et al., Neptune's upper stratosphere, 1983-1990: Groundbased stellar occultation observations, III, Temperature profiles, Astron. Astmphys., 288, 985-1011, 1994.
60. Seiff, A., and T. C. D. Knight, The Galileo probe Atmosphere Structure Instrument, Space Sci. Rev., 60, 203-232, 1992.
61. Seiff, A., D. E. Reese, S. C. Sommer, D. B. Kirk, E. E. Whiting, and H. B. Niemann, PAET, An entry probe experiment in the Earth's atmosphere, Icarus, 18(4), 525-563, 1973.
62. Seiff, A., D. B. Kirk, R. E. Young, R. C. Blanchard, J. T. Findlay, G. M. Kelly, and S- C. Sommer, Measurements of thermal structure and thermal contrasts in the atmosphere of Venus and related dynamical observations: Results from the four Pioneer Venus probes, J. Geophys. Res., S5(A13), 7903-7933, 19SO.
63. Seiff, A., et al., Structure of the atmosphere of Jupiter: Galileo probe measurements, Science, 272, 844-845, 1996a.
64. Seiff, A., E. Venkatapathy, B. Haas, and P. F. Intrieri, Galileo probe aerodynamics, Pap. AIAA-96-2451, Am Inst. of Aeronaut, and Astronaut., Washington, D. C, 1996b.
65. Seiff, A., D. B. Kirk, T. C. D. Knight, L. A. Young, F. S. Milos, E. Venkatapathy, J. D. Mihalov, R. C. Blanchard, R. E. Young, and G. Schubert, Thermal structure of Jupiter's upper atmosphere derived from the Galileo probe, Science, 276, 102-104, 1997a.
66. Seiff, A., R. C. Blanchard, T. C. D. Knight, G. Schubert, D. B. Kirk, D. Atkinson, J. D. Mihalov, and R. E. Young, Wind speeds measured in the deep Jovian atmosphere by the Galileo probe accelerometer, Nature, 388, 650-652, 1997b.
67. Showman, A., and A. P. Ingersoll, Interpretation of Galileo probe data and implications for Jupiter's dry downdrafts, Icarus, 132, 205-220, 1998.
68. Smith, B. A., et al., The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager I, Science, 204, 951-972, 1979.
69. Smith, M. D., and P. J. Gierasch, Convection in the outer planet atmospheres including ortho-para hydrogen conversion, Icarus, 116, 159-179, 1995.
70. Smoluchowski, R., Origin and structure of Jupiter and its satellites, in Jupiter, edited by T. Gehrels, pp. 3-21, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1976.
71. Sromovsky, L. A., F. A. Best, A. D. Collard, P. M. Fry, H. E. Revercomb, R. S. Freedman, G. S. Orton, J. L. Hayden, M. G. Tomasko, and M. T. Lemmon, Solar and thermal radiation in Jupiter's atmo-sphere: Initial results of the Galileo probe net flux radiometer, Science, 272, 851-854, 1996.
72. Sromovsky, L. A., A. D. Collard, P. M. Fry, G. S. Orton, M. T. Lemmon, M. G. Tomasko, and R. S. Freedman, Galileo probe measurements of thermal and solar radiation fluxes in the Jovian atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
73. Strobel, D. F., and G. R. Smith, On the temperature of the Jovian thermosphère, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 718-725, 1973.
74. Sun, Z. P., G. Schubert, and G. A. Glatzmaier, Banded surface flow maintained by convection in a model of the rapidly rotating giant planets, Science, 260, 661-664, 1993.
75. Talley, R. N., Galileo probe deceleration module final report, 84SDS2020, Re-entry Systems Operations, General Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 1984.
76. Townsend, A. A., Tlie Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, 2nd ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1976.
77. von Zahn, U., and D. M. Hunten, The helium mass fraction in Jupiter's atmosphere, Science, 272, 849-851, 1996.
78. von Zahn, U., D. M. Hunten, and G. Lehmacher, Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: Results from the Galileo Probe Helium Interferometer Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
79. Waite, J. H., Jr., G. R. Gladstone, W. S. Lewis, P. Drossart, T. E. Cravens, A. N. Maurellis, B. H. Mauk, and S. Miller, Equatorial X-ray emissions: Implications for Jupiter's high exospheric temperatures, Science, 276, 104-108, 1997.
80. West, R. A., D. F. Strobel, and M. G. Tomasko, Clouds, aerosols, and photochemistry in the Jovian atmosphere, Icants, 65, 161-217, 1986.
81. Yelle, R. V., L. A. Young, R. J. Vervack Jr., R. E. Young, L. Pfister, and B. R. Sandel, Structure of Jupiter's upper atmosphere: Predictions for Galileo, J. Geophys. Res., 10I(El), 2149-2161, 1996.
82. Young, L. A., R. V. Yelle, R. E. Young, A. Seiff, and D. B. Kirk, Gravity waves in Jupiter's thermosphère, Science, 276, 108-111, 1997.
83. Young, R. E., M. A. Smith, and C. K. Sobeck, Galileo probe: In situ observations of Jupiter's atmosphere, Science, 272, 837-838, 1996.
84. Zhang, K., and G. Schubert, Penetrative convection and zonal flow on Jupiter, Science, 273, 941-943, 1996.
85. Hughes Space and Communications Co., Galileo Probe Mission Operations Final Report, HS 373-6000, El Segundo, Calif., 1996.