Zoonotic hepatitis E: Animal reservoirs and emerging risks

Veterinary Research

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 2010, Pages

  Pavio, Nicole ^a   Meng, Xiang Jin ^b   Renou, Christophe ^c  

^a ECOLE NATIONALE VÉTÉRINAIRE D ALFORT   (France)

^b VIRGINIA MARYLAND REGIONAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE   (United States)

^c Hopital de Jour   (France)

Author keywords

Animal reservoir; Cross species transmission; Food safety; Hepatitis E virus (HEV); Zoonosis

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; AVES; GALLUS GALLUS; HEPATITIS E VIRUS; HEPEVIRIDAE; MAMMALIA; RNA VIRUSES; SUIDAE;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; DISEASE CARRIER; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HEPATITIS E; HUMAN; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VIROLOGY; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; HEPATITIS E; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; ZOONOSES;

EID: 77956227385     PISSN: 09284249     EISSN: 12979716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010018     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Aggarwal R., Naik S. R., Hepatitis E: intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread, J. Hepatol. (1994) 21:718-723. (Pubitemid 24374134)
2. Aggarwal R., Kini D., Sofat S., Naik S. R., Krawczynski K., Duration of viraemia and faecal viral excretion in acute hepatitis E, Lancet (2000) 356:1081-1082.
3. Aggarwal R., Kamili S., Spelbring J., Krawczynski K., Experimental studies on subclinical hepatitis E virus infection in cynomolgus macaques, J. Infect. Dis. (2001) 184:1380-1385. (Pubitemid 33108851)
4. Agrawal S., Gupta D., Panda S. K., The 3' end of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome binds specifically to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Virology (2001) 282:87-101. (Pubitemid 32881778)
5. Andersson M. I., Hughes J., Gordon F. H., Ijaz S., Donati M., Of pigs and pregnancy, Lancet (2008) 372:1192.
6. Arankalle V. A., Tsarev S. A., Chadha M. S., Alling D. W., Emerson S. U., Banerjee K., Purcell R. H., Agespecific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992, J. Infect. Dis. (1995) 171:447-450.
7. Arankalle V. A., Joshi M. V., Kulkarni A. M., Gandhe S. S., Chobe L. P., Rautmare S. S., et al., Prevalence of antihepatitis E virus antibodies in different Indian animal species, J. Viral Hepat. (2001) 8:223-227.
8. Arankalle V. A., Chobe L. P., Chadha M. S., Type-IV Indian swine HEV infects rhesus monkeys, J. Viral Hepat. (2006) 13:742-745.
9. Bhatia V., Singhal A., Panda S. K., Acharya S. K., A 20-year single-center experience with acute liver failure during pregnancy: is the prognosis really worse?, Hepatology (2008) 48:1577-1585.
10. Bigaillon C., Tesse S., Lagathu G., Nicand E., Use of hepatitis E IgG avidity for diagnosis of hepatitis E infection, J. Virol. Methods (2009) 164:127-130.
11. Bilic I., Jaskulska B., Basic A., Morrow C. J., Hess M., Sequence analysis and comparison of avian hepatitis E viruses from Australia and Europe indicate the existence of different genotypes, J. Gen. Virol. (2009) 90:863-873.
12. Billam P., Huang F. F., Sun Z. F., Pierson F. W., Duncan R. B., Elvinger F., et al., Systematic pathogenesis and replication of avian hepatitis E virus in specificpathogen-free adult chickens, J. Virol. (2005) 79:3429-3437. (Pubitemid 40327931)
13. Billam P., Pierson F. W., Li W., LeRoith T., Duncan R. B., Meng X. J., Development and validation of a negative-strand-specific reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of a chicken strain of hepatitis E virus: identification of nonliver replication sites, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2008) 46:2630-2634.
14. Blacksell S. D., Myint K. S., Khounsy S., Phruaravanh M., Mammen M. P. Jr, Day N. P., Newton P. N., Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in pigs: implications for human infections in village-based subsistence pig farming in the Lao PDR, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. (2007) 101:305-307. (Pubitemid 46043053)
15. Bouwknegt M., Lodder-Verschoor F., van der Poel W. H., Rutjes S. A., de Roda Husman A. M., Hepatitis E virus RNA in commercial porcine livers in The Netherlands, J. Food Prot. (2007) 70:2889-2895. (Pubitemid 350293377)
16. Bouwknegt M., Engel B., Herremans M. M., Widdowson M. A., Worm H. C., Koopmans M. P., et al., Bayesian estimation of hepatitis E virus seroprevalence for populations with different exposure levels to swine in The Netherlands, Epidemiol. Infect. (2008) 136:567-576. (Pubitemid 351344530)
17. Bouwknegt M., Frankena K., Rutjes S. A., Wellenberg G. J., de Roda Husman A. M., van der Poel W. H., de Jong M. C., Estimation of hepatitis E virus transmission among pigs due to contact-exposure, Vet. Res. (2008) 39:40.
18. Bouwknegt M., Rutjes S. A., Reusken C. B., Stockhofe-Zurwieden N., Frankena K., de Jong M. C., et al., The course of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs after contact-infection and intravenous inoculation, BMC Vet. Res. (2009) 5:7.
19. Casas M., Pina S., de Deus N., Peralta B., Martin M., Segales J., Pigs orally inoculated with swine hepatitis E virus are able to infect contact sentinels, Vet. Microbiol. (2009) 138:78-84.
20. Casas M., Pujols J., Rosell R., de Deus N., Peralta B., Pina S., et al., Retrospective serological study on hepatitis E infection in pigs from 1985 to 1997 in Spain, Vet. Microbiol. (2009) 135:248-252.
21. Clayson E. T., Innis B. L., Myint K. S., Narupiti S., Vaughn D. W., Giri S., et al., Detection of hepatitis E virus infections among domestic swine in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. (1995) 53:228-232.
22. Clemente-Casares P., Pina S., Buti M., Jardi R., Martin M., Bofill-Mas S., Girones R., Hepatitis E virus epidemiology in industrialized countries, Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2003) 9:448-454. (Pubitemid 37070411)
23. Colson P., Coze C., Gallian P., Henry M., De Micco P., Tamalet C., Transfusion-associated hepatitis E, France, Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2007) 13:648-649.
24. Colson P., Dhiver C., Gerolami R., Hepatitis E virus as a newly identified cause of acute viral hepatitis during human immunodeficiency virus infection, Clin. Microbiol. Infect. (2008) 14:1176-1180.
25. Cooper K., Huang F. F., Batista L., Rayo C. D., Bezanilla J. C., Toth T. E., Meng X. J., Identification of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV) in serum and fecal samples from pigs in Thailand and Mexico, where genotype 1 and 2 HEV strains are prevalent in the respective human populations, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2005) 43:1684-1688. (Pubitemid 40491208)
26. De Deus N., Casas M., Peralta B., Nofrarias M., Pina S., Martin M., Segales J., Hepatitis E virus infection dynamics and organic distribution in naturally infected pigs in a farrow-to-finish farm, Vet. Microbiol. (2008) 132:19-28.
27. De Deus N., Peralta B., Pina S., Allepuz A., Mateu E., Vidal D., et al., Epidemiological study of hepatitis E virus infection in European wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Spain, Vet. Microbiol. (2008) 129:163-170.
28. Drobeniuc J., Favorov M. O., Shapiro C. N., Bell B. P., Mast E. E., Dadu A., et al., Hepatitis E virus antibody prevalence among persons who work with swine, J. Infect. Dis. (2001) 184:1594-1597. (Pubitemid 33139746)
29. Emerson S. U., Purcell R. H., Hepatitis E virus, Rev. Med. Virol. (2003) 13:145-154. (Pubitemid 36566084)
30. Emerson S. U., Anderson D., Arankalle A., Meng X.-J., Purdy M., Schlauder G. G., Tsarev S. A., Hepevirus, in: Fauquet C. M., Mayo M. A., Maniloff J., Desselberger U., Ball L. A. (Eds.), Virus taxonomy, Eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Academic Press, London, United Kingdom, 2004, pp. 851-855.
31. Engle R. E., Yu C., Emerson S. U., Meng X. J., Purcell R. H., Hepatitis E virus (HEV) capsid antigens derived from viruses of human and swine origin are equally efficient for detecting anti-HEV by enzyme immunoassay, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2002) 40:4576-4580. (Pubitemid 35434950)
32. Favorov M. O., Kosoy M. Y., Tsarev S. A., Childs J. E., Margolis H. S., Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among rodents in the United States, J. Infect. Dis. (2000) 181:449-455. (Pubitemid 30131809)
33. Feagins A. R., Opriessnig T., Guenette D. K., Halbur P. G., Meng X.-J., Detection and characterization of infectious hepatitis E virus from commercial pig livers sold in local grocery stores in the USA, J. Gen. Virol. (2007) 88:912-917. (Pubitemid 46359561)
34. Feagins A. R., Opriessnig T., Guenette D. K., Halbur P. G., Meng X. J., Inactivation of infectious hepatitis E virus present in commercial pig livers sold in local grocery stores in the United States, Int. J. Food Microbiol. (2008) 123:32-37.
35. Feagins A. R., Opriessnig T., Huang Y. W., Halbur P. G., Meng X. J., Cross-species infection of specificpathogen-free pigs by a genotype 4 strain of human hepatitis E virus, J. Med. Virol. (2008) 80:1379-1386. (Pubitemid 351897409)
36. Fernandez-Barredo S., Galiana C., Garcia A., Vega S., Gomez M. T., Perez-Gracia M. T., Detection of hepatitis E virus shedding in feces of pigs at different stages of production using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. (2006) 18:462-465. (Pubitemid 44521064)
37. Fogeda M., Avellon A., Cilla C. G., Echevarria J. M., Imported and autochthonous hepatitis E virus strains in Spain, J. Med. Virol. (2009) 81:1743-1749.
38. Garkavenko O., Obriadina A., Meng J., Anderson D. A., Benard H. J., Schroeder B. A., et al., Detection and characterisation of swine hepatitis E virus in New Zealand, J. Med. Virol. (2001) 65:525-529. (Pubitemid 32959079)
39. Graff J., Nguyen H., Yu C., Elkins W. R., St Claire M., Purcell R. H., Emerson S. U., The open reading frame 3 gene of hepatitis E virus contains a cis-reactive element and encodes a protein required for infection of macaques, J. Virol. (2005) 79:6680-6689. (Pubitemid 40677299)
40. Graff J., Torian U., Nguyen H., Emerson S. U., A bicistronic subgenomic mRNA encodes both the ORF2 and ORF3 proteins of hepatitis E virus, J. Virol. (2006) 80:5919-5926. (Pubitemid 43849169)
41. Graff J., Zhou Y. H., Torian U., Nguyen H., St Claire M., Yu C., et al., Mutations within potential glycosylation sites in the capsid protein of hepatitis E virus prevent the formation of infectious virus particles, J. Virol. (2008) 82:1185-1194.
42. Guimaraes F. R., Saddi T. M., Vitral C. L., Pinto M. A., Gaspar A. M. C., Souto F. J. D., Hepatitis E virus antibodies in swine herds of Mato Grosso State, Central Brazil, Braz. J. Microbiol. (2005) 36:223-226. (Pubitemid 43296720)
43. Guo H., Zhou E. M., Sun Z. F., Meng X. J., Egg whites from eggs of chickens infected experimentally with avian hepatitis E virus contain infectious virus, but evidence of complete vertical transmission is lacking, J. Gen. Virol. (2007) 88:1532-1537. (Pubitemid 46723236)
44. Gyarmati P., Mohammed N., Norder H., Blomberg J., Belak S., Widen F., Universal detection of hepatitis E virus by two real-time PCR assays: TaqMan and Primer-Probe Energy Transfer, J. Virol. Methods (2007) 146:226-235. (Pubitemid 350030943)
45. Halbur P. G., Kasorndorkbua C., Gilbert C., Guenette D., Potters M. B., Purcell R. H., et al., Comparative pathogenesis of infection of pigs with hepatitis E viruses recovered from a pig and a human, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2001) 39:918-923. (Pubitemid 32209700)
46. Haqshenas G., Shivaprasad H. L., Woolcock P. R., Read D. H., Meng X. J., Genetic identification and characterization of a novel virus related to human hepatitis E virus from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States, J. Gen. Virol. (2001) 82:2449-2462. (Pubitemid 32936778)
47. Hirano M., Ding X., Li T. C., Takeda N., Kawabata H., Koizumi N., et al., Evidence for widespread infection of hepatitis E virus among wild rats in Japan, sHepatol. Res. (2003) 27:1-5. (Pubitemid 37168644)
48. Huang C. C., Nguyen D., Fernandez J., Yun K. Y., Fry K. E., Bradley D. W., et al., Molecular cloning and sequencing of the Mexico isolate of hepatitis E virus (HEV), Virology (1992) 191:550-558. (Pubitemid 23022459)
49. Huang F. F., Haqshenas G., Guenette D. K., Halbur P. G., Schommer S. K., Pierson F. W., et al., Detection by reverse transcription-PCR and genetic characterization of field isolates of swine hepatitis E virus from pigs in different geographic regions of the United States, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2002) 40:1326-1332. (Pubitemid 34279896)
50. Huang F. F., Haqshenas G., Shivaprasad H. L., Guenette D. K., Woolcock P. R., Larsen C. T., et al., Heterogeneity and seroprevalence of a newly identified avian hepatitis E virus from chickens in the United States, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2002) 40:4197-4202. (Pubitemid 35285812)
51. Huang F. F., Sun Z. F., Emerson S. U., Purcell R. H., Shivaprasad H. L., Pierson F. W., et al., Determination and analysis of the complete genomic sequence of avian hepatitis E virus (avian HEV) and attempts to infect rhesus monkeys with avian HEV, J. Gen. Virol. (2004) 85:1609-1618.
52. Huang Y. W., Opriessnig T., Halbur P. G., Meng X. J., Initiation at the third in-frame AUG codon of open reading frame 3 of the hepatitis E virus is essential for viral infectivity in vivo, J. Virol. (2007) 81:3018-3026. (Pubitemid 46447067)
53. Hussaini S. H., Skidmore S. J., Richardson P., Sherratt L. M., Cooper B. T., O'Grady J. G., Severe hepatitis E infection during pregnancy, J. Viral Hepat. (1997) 1997:4-54. (Pubitemid 127733518)
54. Jimenez de Oya N., Galindo I., Girones O., Duizer E., Escribano J. M., Saiz J. C., Serological immunoassay for detection of hepatitis E virus on the basis of genotype 3 open reading frame 2 recombinant proteins produced in Trichoplusia ni larvae, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2009) 47:3276-3282.
55. Johne R., Plenge-Bonig A., Hess M., Ulrich R. G., Reetz J., Schielke A., Detection of a novel hepatitis E-like virus in faeces of wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR, J. Gen. Virol. (2009) 91:750-758.
56. Jothikumar N., Cromeans T. L., Robertson B. H., Meng X. J., Hill V. R., A broadly reactive one-step realtime RT-PCR assay for rapid and sensitive detection of hepatitis E virus, J. Virol. Methods (2006) 131:65-71. (Pubitemid 41772562)
57. Jung K., Kang B., Song D. S., Chae C., Prevalence and genotyping of hepatitis E virus in swine population in Korea between 1995 and 2004: a retrospective study, Vet. J. (2007) 173:683-687. (Pubitemid 46722259)
58. Kaba M., Davoust B., Marie J. L., Colson P., Detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boar (Sus scrofa) livers, Vet. J. (2009) doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009. 08.008.
59. Kabrane-Lazizi Y., Fine J. B., Elm J., Glass G. E., Higa H., Diwan A., et al., Evidence for widespread infection of wild rats with hepatitis E virus in the United States, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. (1999) 61:331-335. (Pubitemid 29380271)
60. Kabrane-Lazizi Y., Meng X. J., Purcell R. H., Emerson S. U., Evidence that the genomic RNA of hepatitis E virus is capped, J. Virol. (1999) 73:8848-8850. (Pubitemid 29441753)
61. Kaci S., Nockler K., Johne R., Detection of hepatitis E virus in archived German wild boar serum samples, Vet. Microbiol. (2008) 128:380-385.
62. Kamar N., Mansuy J. M., Cointault O., Selves J., Abravanel F., Danjoux M., et al., Hepatitis E virus-related cirrhosis in kidney- and kidney-pancreas-transplant recipients, Am. J. Transplant. (2008) 8:1744-1748.
63. Kamar N., Selves J., Mansuy J. M., Ouezzani L., Peron J. M., Guitard J., et al., Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients, N. Engl. J. Med. (2008) 358:811-817. (Pubitemid 351281642)
64. Kasorndorkbua C., Thacker B. J., Halbur P. G., Guenette D. K., Buitenwerf R. M., Royer R. L., Meng X. J., Experimental infection of pregnant gilts with swine hepatitis E virus, Can. J. Vet. Res. (2003) 67:303-306. (Pubitemid 37428117)
65. Kasorndorkbua C., Guenette D. K., Huang F. F., Thomas P. J., Meng X. J., Halbur P. G., Routes of transmission of swine hepatitis E virus in pigs, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2004) 42:5047-5052. (Pubitemid 39506209)
66. Kasorndorkbua C., Opriessnig T., Huang F. F., Guenette D. K., Thomas P. J., Meng X. J., Halbur P. G., Infectious swine hepatitis E virus is present in pig manure storage facilities on United States farms, but evidence of water contamination is lacking, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (2005) 71:7831-7837. (Pubitemid 41803902)
67. Khuroo M. S., Kamili S., Jameel S., Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus, Lancet (1995) 345:1025-1026.
68. Koonin E. V., Gorbalenya A. E., Purdy M. A., Rozanov M. N., Reyes G. R., Bradley D. W., Computerassisted assignment of functional domains in the nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis E virus: delineation of an additional group of positive-strand RNA plant and animal viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1992) 89:8259-8263.
69. Krawczynski K., Aggarwal R., Kamili S., Hepatitis E, Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. (2000) 14:669-687. (Pubitemid 26270942)
70. Kulkarni M. A., Arankalle V. A., The detection and characterization of hepatitis E virus in pig livers from retail markets of India, J. Med. Virol. (2008) 80:1387-1390.
71. Le Coutre P., Meisel H., Hofmann J., Rocken C., Vuong G. L., Neuburger S., et al., Reactivation of hepatitis E infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, Gut (2009) 58:699-702.
72. Leblanc D., Ward P., Gagne M. J., Poitras E., Muller P., Trottier Y. L., et al., Presence of hepatitis E virus in a naturally infected swine herd from nursery to slaughter, Int. J. Food Microbiol. (2007) 117:160-166. (Pubitemid 46802854)
73. Lee Y. H., Ha Y., Ahn K. K., Chae C., Localisation of swine hepatitis E virus in experimentally infected pigs, Vet. J. (2009) 179:417-421.
74. Legrand-Abravanel F., Thevenet I., Mansuy J. M., Saune K., Vischi F., Peron J. M., et al., Good performance of immunoglobulin M assays in diagnosing genotype 3 hepatitis E virus infections, Clin. Vaccine Immunol. (2009) 16:772-774.
75. Li T. C., Yamakawa Y., Suzuki K., Tatsumi M., Razak M. A., Uchida T., et al., Expression and selfassembly of empty virus-like particles of hepatitis E virus, J. Virol. (1997) 71:7207-7213. (Pubitemid 27391654)
76. Li T. C., Chijiwa K., Sera N., Ishibashi T., Etoh Y., Shinohara Y., et al., Hepatitis E virus transmission from wild boar meat, Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2005) 11:1958-1960. (Pubitemid 43356100)
77. Li T. C., Saito M., Ogura G., Ishibashi O., Miyamura T., Takeda N., Serologic evidence for hepatitis E virus infection in mongoose, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. (2006) 74:932-936. (Pubitemid 46774421)
78. Lu L., Li C., Hagedorn C. H., Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis, Rev. Med. Virol. (2006) 16:5-36. (Pubitemid 43133591)
79. Madejon A., Vispo E., Bottecchia M., Sanchez-Carrillo M., Garcia-Samaniego J., Soriano V., Lack of hepatitis E virus infection in HIV patients with advanced immunodeficiency or idiopathic liver enzyme elevations, J. Viral Hepat. (2009) 16:895-896.
80. Mansuy J. M., Abravanel F., Miedouge M., Mengelle C., Merviel C., Dubois M., et al., Acute hepatitis E in south-west France over a 5-year period, J. Clin. Virol. (2009) 44:74-77.
81. Martelli F., Caprioli A., Zengarini M., Marata A., Fiegna C., Di Bartolo I., et al., Detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in a demographic managed wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) population in Italy, Vet. Microbiol. (2008) 126:74-81. (Pubitemid 350191749)
82. Martin M., Segales J., Huang F. F., Guenette D. K., Mateu E., de Deus N., Meng X. J., Association of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) with lesions of hepatitis in pigs, Vet. Microbiol. (2007) 122:16-24. (Pubitemid 46589902)
83. Masuda J., Yano K., Tamada Y., Takii Y., Ito M., Omagari K., Kohno S., Acute hepatitis E of a man who consumed wild boar meat prior to the onset of illness in Nagasaki, Japan, Hepatol. Res. (2005) 31:178-183. (Pubitemid 40542903)
84. Matsubayashi K., Kang J. H., Sakata H., Takahashi K., Shindo M., Kato M., et al., A case of transfusiontransmitted hepatitis E caused by blood from a donor infected with hepatitis E virus via zoonotic food-borne route, Transfusion (2008) 2008:48-1375.
85. Matsuda H., Okada K., Takahashi K., Mishiro S., Severe hepatitis E virus infection after ingestion of uncooked liver from a wild boar, J. Infect. Dis. (2003) 188:944. (Pubitemid 37176043)
86. Matsuura Y., Suzuki M., Yoshimatsu K., Arikawa J., Takashima I., Yokoyama M., et al., Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis E virus among wild sika deer, Cervus nippon, in Japan, Arch. Virol. (2007) 152:1375-1381. (Pubitemid 47024701)
87. McCaustland K. A., Krawczynski K., Ebert J. W., Balayan M. S., Andjaparidze A. G., Spelbring J. E., et al., Hepatitis E virus infection in chimpanzees: a retrospective analysis, Arch. Virol. (2000) 2000:145-1918.
88. McCreary C., Martelli F., Grierson S., Ostanello F., Nevel A., Banks M., Excretion of hepatitis E virus by pigs of different ages and its presence in slurry stores in the United Kingdom, Vet. Rec. (2008) 163:261-265.
89. Meng X. J., Purcell R. H., Halbur P. G., Lehman J. R., Webb D. M., Tsareva T. S., et al., A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1997) 94:9860-9865.
90. Meng X. J., Halbur P. G., Haynes J. S., Tsareva T. S., Bruna J. D., Royer R. L., et al., Experimental infection of pigs with the newly identified swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV), but not with human strains of HEV, Arch. Virol. (1998) 143:1405-1415.
91. Meng X. J., Halbur P. G., Shapiro M. S., Govindarajan S., Bruna J. D., Mushahwar I. K., et al., Genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis E virus, J. Virol. (1998) 72:9714-9721. (Pubitemid 28520835)
92. Meng X. J., Dea S., Engle R. E., Friendship R., Lyoo Y. S., Sirinarumitr T., et al., Prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis E virus in pigs from countries where hepatitis E is common or is rare in the human population, J. Med. Virol. (1999) 59:297-302. (Pubitemid 29468069)
93. Meng X. J., Wiseman B., Elvinger F., Guenette D. K., Toth T. E., Engle R. E., et al., Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in veterinarians working with swine and in normal blood donors in the United States and other countries, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2002) 40:117-122. (Pubitemid 34027611)
94. Meng X. J., Swine hepatitis E virus: cross-species infection and risk in xenotransplantation, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. (2003) 278:185-216. (Pubitemid 36950678)
95. Meng X. J., Hepatitis E virus: animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk, Vet. Microbiol. (2009) 140:256-265.
96. Michitaka K., Takahashi K., Furukawa S., Inoue G., Hiasa Y., Horiike N., et al., Prevalence of hepatitis E virus among wild boar in the Ehime area of western Japan, Hepatol. Res. (2007) 37:214-220. (Pubitemid 46403818)
97. Munne M. S., Vladimirsky S., Otegui L., Castro R., Brajterman L., Soto S., et al., Identification of the first strain of swine hepatitis E virus in South America and prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in swine in Argentina, J. Med. Virol. (2006) 78:1579-1583. (Pubitemid 44672500)
98. Nakai I., Kato K., Miyazaki A., Yoshii M., Li T. C., Takeda N., et al., Different fecal shedding patterns of two common strains of hepatitis E virus at three Japanese swine farms, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. (2006) 75:1171-1177. (Pubitemid 351627503)
99. Nakamura M., Takahashi K., Taira K., Taira M., Ohno A., Sakugawa H., et al., Hepatitis E virus infection in wild mongooses of Okinawa, Japan: demonstration of anti-HEV antibodies and a full-genome nucleotide sequence, Hepatol. Res. (2006) 34:137-140. (Pubitemid 43316508)
100. Navaneethan U., Al Mohajer M., Shata M. T., Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pathogenesis, Liver Int. (2008) 28:1190-1199.
101. Okamoto H., Genetic variability and evolution of hepatitis E virus, Virus Res. (2007) 127:216-228. (Pubitemid 47058196)
102. Olsen B., Axelsson-Olsson D., Thelin A., Weiland O., Unexpected high prevalence of IgG-antibodies to hepatitis E virus in Swedish pig farmers and controls, Scand. J. Infect. Dis. (2006) 38:55-58. (Pubitemid 43123844)
103. Panda S. K., Ansari I. H., Durgapal H., Agrawal S., Jameel S., The in vitro-synthesized RNA from a cDNA clone of hepatitis E virus is infectious, J. Virol. (2000) 74:2430-2437. (Pubitemid 30091499)
104. Peralta B., Biarnes M., Ordonez G., Porta R., Martin M., Mateu E., et al., Evidence of widespread infection of avian hepatitis E virus (avian HEV) in chickens from Spain, Vet. Microbiol. (2009) 137:31-36.
105. Peralta B., Casas M., de Deus N., Martin M., Ortuno A., Perez-Martin E., et al., Anti-HEV antibodies in domestic animal species and rodents from Spain using a genotype 3-based ELISA, Vet. Microbiol. (2009) 137:66-73.
106. Peralta B., Mateu E., Casas M., de Deus N., Martin M., Pina S., Genetic characterization of the complete coding regions of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus isolated from Spanish swine herds, Virus Res. (2009) 139:111-116.
107. Peron J. M., Bureau C., Poirson H., Mansuy J. M., Alric L., Selves J., et al., Fulminant liver failure from acute autochthonous hepatitis E in France: description of seven patients with acute hepatitis E and encephalopathy, J. Viral Hepat. (2007) 14:298-303. (Pubitemid 46587857)
108. Purcell R. H., Emerson S. U., Animal models of hepatitis A and E, ILAR J. (2001) 42:161-177.
109. Purcell R. H., Emerson S. U., Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease, J. Hepatol. (2008) 48:494-503.
110. Rehman S., Kapur N., Durgapal H., Panda S. K., Subcellular localization of hepatitis E virus (HEV) replicase, Virology (2008) 370:77-92. (Pubitemid 350179904)
111. Renou C., Cadranel J. F., Bourliére M., Halfon P., Ouzan D., Rifflet H., et al., Possible zoonotic transmission of hepatitisE from a pet pig to its owner, Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2007) 13:1094-1096. (Pubitemid 47048089)
112. Renou C., Pariente A., Nicand E., Pavio N., Pathogenesis of hepatitis E in pregnancy, Liver Int. (2008) 28:1465; author reply 1466.
113. Renou C., Lafeuillade A., Pavio N., Nicand E., Response to Madejon et al., Are HIV-infected patients at risk of HEV infection?, J. Viral Hepat. (2010) (in press).
114. Renou C., Nicand E., Pariente A., Cadranel J. F., Pavio N., How to detect and diagnose an autochthonous hepatitis E?, Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. (2009) 33: F27-F35 (in French).
115. Reuter G., Fodor D., Forgach P., Katai A., Szucs G., Characterization and zoonotic potential of endemic hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains in humans and animals in Hungary, J. Clin. Virol. (2009) 44:277-281.
116. Reyes G. R., Purdy M. A., Kim J. P., Luk K. C., Young L. M., Fry K. E., Bradley D. W., Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, Science (1990) 247:1335-1339. (Pubitemid 20112635)
117. Ropp S. L., Tam A. W., Beames B., Purdy M., Frey T. K., Expression of the hepatitis E virus ORF1, Arch. Virol. (2000) 145:1321-1337.
118. Rose N., Boutrouille A., Fablet C., Madec F., Eloit M., Pavio N., The use of Bayesian methods for evaluating the performance of a virus-like particles-based ELISA for serology of hepatitis E virus infection in swine, J. Virol. Methods (2010) 163:329-335.
119. Rutjes S. A., Lodder W. J., Bouwknegt M., de Roda Husman A. M., Increased hepatitis E virus prevalence on Dutch pig farms from 33 to 55% by using appropriate internal quality controls for RT-PCR, J. Virol. Methods (2007) 143:112-116. (Pubitemid 46805176)
120. Rutjes S. A., Lodder W. J., Lodder-Verschoor F., van den Berg H. H., Vennema H., Duizer E., et al., Sources of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in The Netherlands, Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2009) 15:381-387.
121. Saad M. D., Hussein H. A., Bashandy M. M., Kamel H. H., Earhart K. C., Fryauff D. J., et al., Hepatitis E virus infection in work horses in Egypt, Infect. Genet. Evol. (2007) 7:368-373. (Pubitemid 46667767)
122. Schielke A., Sachs K., Lierz M., Appel B., Jansen A., Johne R., Detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boars of rural and urban regions in Germany and whole genome characterization of an endemic strain, Virol. J. (2009) 6:58.
123. Schlauder G. G., Dawson G. J., Erker J. C., Kwo P. Y., Knigge M. F., Smalley D. L., et al., The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a novel hepatitis E virus isolated from a patient with acute hepatitis reported in the United States, J. Gen. Virol. (1998) 79:447-456.
124. Sehgal D., Thomas S., Chakraborty M., Jameel S., Expression and processing of the hepatitis E virus ORF1 nonstructural polyprotein, Virol. J. (2006) 3:38. (Pubitemid 43938719)
125. Seminati C., Mateu E., Peralta B., de Deus N., Martin M., Distribution of hepatitis E virus infection and its prevalence in pigs on commercial farms in Spain, Vet. J. (2008) 175:130-132. (Pubitemid 351176643)
126. Shrestha M. P., Scott R. M., Joshi D. M., Mammen M. P. Jr, Thapa G. B., Thapa N., et al., Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine, N. Engl. J. Med. (2007) 356:895-903. (Pubitemid 46339908)
127. Sonoda H., Abe M., Sugimoto T., Sato Y., Bando M., Fukui E., et al., Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) Infection in wild boars and deer and genetic identification of a genotype 3 HEV from a boar in Japan, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2004) 42:5371-5374. (Pubitemid 39506260)
128. Srivastava R., Aggarwal R., Jameel S., Puri P., Gupta V. K., Ramesh V. S., et al., Cellular immune responses in acute hepatitis E virus infection to the viral open reading frame 2 protein, Viral Immunol. (2007) 20:56-65. (Pubitemid 46608952)
129. Stoszek S. K., Engle R. E., Abdel-Hamid M., Mikhail N., Abdel-Aziz F., Medhat A., et al., Hepatitis E antibody seroconversion without disease in highly endemic rural Egyptian communities, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. (2006) 100:89-94. (Pubitemid 43024763)
130. Sun Z. F., Larsen C. T., Huang F. F., Billam P., Pierson F. W., Toth T. E., Meng X. J., Generation and infectivity titration of an infectious stock of avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) in chickens and cross-species infection of turkeys with avian HEV, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2004) 42:2658-2662. (Pubitemid 38747518)
131. Surjit M., Jameel S., Lal S. K., The ORF2 protein of hepatitis E virus binds the 5' region of viral RNA, J. Virol. (2004) 78:320-328. (Pubitemid 37549745)
132. Surjit M., Jameel S., Lal S. K., Cytoplasmic localization of the ORF2 protein of hepatitis E virus is dependent on its ability to undergo retrotranslocation from the endoplasmic reticulum, J. Virol. (2007) 81:3339-3345. (Pubitemid 46456642)
133. Takahashi K., Kitajima N., Abe N., Mishiro S., Complete or near-complete nucleotide sequences of hepatitis E virus genome recovered from a wild boar, a deer, and four patients who ate the deer, Virology (2004) 330:501-505. (Pubitemid 39572856)
134. Takahashi M., Nishizawa T., Tanaka T., Tsatsralt-Od B., Inoue J., Okamoto H., Correlation between positivity for immunoglobulin A antibodies and viraemia of swine hepatitis E virus observed among farm pigs in Japan, J. Gen. Virol. (2005) 2005:86-1813. (Pubitemid 40766894)
135. Tam A. W., Smith M. M., Guerra M. E., Huang C. C., Bradley D. W., Fry K. E., Reyes G. R., Hepatitis E virus (HEV): molecular cloning and sequencing of the fulllength viral genome, Virology (1991) 185:120-131.
136. Tam A. W., White R., Reed E., Short M., Zhang Y., Fuerst T. R., Lanford R. E., In vitro propagation and production of hepatitis E virus from in vivo-infected primary macaque hepatocytes, Virology (1996) 215:1-9. (Pubitemid 26038899)
137. Tamada Y., Yano K., Yatsuhashi H., Inoue O., Mawatari F., Ishibashi H., Consumption of wild boar linked to cases of hepatitis E, J. Hepatol. (2004) 40:869-870. (Pubitemid 38507372)
138. Tei S., Kitajima N., Takahashi K., Mishiro S., Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus from deer to human beings, Lancet (2003) 362:371-373. (Pubitemid 36945060)
139. Thoden J., Venhoff N., Miehle N., Klar M., Huzly D., Panther E., et al., Hepatitis E and jaundice in an HIV-positive pregnant woman, AIDS (2008)
140. Tien N. T., Clayson H. T., Khiem H. B., Sac P. K., Corwin A. L., Myint K. S., Vaughn D. W., Detection of immunoglobulin G to the hepatitis E virus among several animal species in Vietnam, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. (1997) 57:211.
141. Tomiyama D., Inoue E., Osawa Y., Okazaki K., Serological evidence of infection with hepatitis E virus among wild Yezo-deer, Cervus nippon yesoensis, in Hokkaido, Japan, J. Viral Hepat. (2009) 16:524-528.
142. Tyagi S., Korkaya H., Zafrullah M., Jameel S., Lal S. K., The phosphorylated form of the ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus interacts with its non-glycosylated form of the major capsid protein, ORF2, J. Biol. Chem. (2002) 277:22759-22767. (Pubitemid 34967256)
143. Ward P., Poitras E., Leblanc D., Letellier A., Brassard J., Plante D., Houde A., Comparative analysis of different TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection of swine hepatitis E virus and integration of Feline calicivirus as internal control, J. Appl. Microbiol. (2009) 106:1360-1369.
144. Wichmann O., Schimanski S., Koch J., Kohler M., Rothe C., Plentz A., et al., Phylogenetic and case-control study on hepatitis E virus infection in Germany, J. Infect. Dis. (2008) 198:1732-1741.
145. Williams T. P., Kasorndorkbua C., Halbur P. G., Haqshenas G., Guenette D. K., Toth T. E., Meng X. J., Evidence of extrahepatic sites of replication of the hepatitis E virus in a swine model, J. Clin. Microbiol. (2001) 39:3040-3046. (Pubitemid 32830290)
146. Withers M. R., Correa M. T., Morrow M., Stebbins M. E., Seriwatana J., Webster W. D., et al., Antibody levels to hepatitis E virus in North Carolina swine workers, nonswine workers, swine, and murids, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. (2002) 66:384-388. (Pubitemid 34810491)
147. Xing L., Kato K., Li T., Takeda N., Miyamura T., Hammar L., Cheng R. H., Recombinant hepatitis E capsid protein self-assembles into a dual-domain T = 1 particle presenting native virus epitopes, Virology (1999) 265:35-45. (Pubitemid 30012383)
148. Yamada K., Takahashi M., Hoshino Y., Takahashi H., Ichiyama K., Nagashima S., et al., ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus is essential for virion release from infected cells, J. Gen. Virol. (2009) 90:1880-1891.
149. Yazaki Y., Mizuo H., Takahashi M., Nishizawa T., Sasaki N., Gotanda Y., Okamoto H., Sporadic acute or fulminant hepatitis E in Hokkaido, Japan, may be foodborne, as suggested by the presence of hepatitis E virus in pig liver as food, J. Gen. Virol. (2003) 84:2351-2357. (Pubitemid 37063123)
150. Zafrullah M., Ozdener M. H., Kumar R., Panda S. K., Jameel S., Mutational analysis of glycosylation, membrane translocation, and cell surface expression of the hepatitis E virus ORF2 protein, J. Virol. (1999) 73:4074-4082. (Pubitemid 29189852)
151. Zhang M., Emerson S. U., Nguyen H., Engle R., Govindarajan S., Blackwelder W. C., et al., Recombinant vaccine against hepatitis E: duration of protective immunity in rhesus macaques, Vaccine (2002) 20:3285-3291. (Pubitemid 35245812)
152. Zhang W., Shen Q., Mou J., Gong G., Yang Z., Cui L., et al., Hepatitis E virus infection among domestic animals in eastern China, Zoonoses Public Health (2008) 55:291-298. (Pubitemid 352000396)
153. Zhao C., Li Z., Yan B., Harrison T. J., Guo X., Zhang F., et al., Comparison of real-time fluorescent RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR for the detection of hepatitis E virus genotypes prevalent in China, J. Med. Virol. (2007) 79:1966-1973. (Pubitemid 350006325)
154. Zhao C., Ma Z., Harrison T. J., Feng R., Zhang C., Qiao Z., et al., A novel genotype of hepatitis E virus prevalent among farmed rabbits in China, J. Med. Virol. (2009) 81:1371-1379.