New approaches to blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Mineralocorticoid-receptor blockers exert antihypertensive and renoprotective effects independently of the renin-angiotensin system

Journal of Pharmacological Sciences

Volumn 113, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 310-314

  Nishiyama, Akira ^a   Hasegawa, Koichi ^b   Diah, Suwarni ^a   Hitomi, Hirofumi ^a  

^a KAGAWA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b Hasegawa Outpatients Clinic for Cardiovascular Disease   (Japan)

Author keywords

Aldosterone; Angiotensin; Eplerenone; Mineralocorticoid receptor

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; EPLERENONE; MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONIST; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM INHIBITOR; RENIN INHIBITOR; SPIRONOLACTONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALDOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GYNECOMASTIA; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY INJURY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM; PROTEINURIA; RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW;

EID: 77956211270     PISSN: 13478613     EISSN: 13478648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10R06FM     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Takeda Y. Genetic alterations in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertens Res. 2001;24:469-474.
2. Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF, Blacher J, Safar ME, Mourad JJ. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1243-1248.
3. Sato A, Saruta T. Aldosterone breakthrough during angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor therapy. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16:781-788.
4. Bomback AS, Klemmer PJ. The incidence and implications of aldosterone breakthrough. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2007;3:486-492.
5. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The effect of spiornolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709-717.
6. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309-1321.
7. Halimi JM, Mimran A. Albuminuria in untreated patients with primary aldosteronism or essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1995;13:1801-1802.
8. Nishimura M, Uzu T, Fujii T, Kuroda S, Nakamura S, Inenaga T, et al. Cardiovascular complications in patients with primary aldosteronism. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:261-266.
9. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Campese VM. Antagonists of aldosterone and proteinuria in patients with CKD: an uncontrolled pilot study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:45-51.
10. Quinkler M, Zehnder D, Eardley KS, Lepenies J, Howie AJ, Hughes SV, et al. Increased expression of mineralocorticoid effector mechanisms in kidney biopsies of patients with heavy proteinuria. Circulation. 2005;112:1435-1443.
11. Rachmani R, Slavachevsky I, Amit M, Levi Z, Kedar Y, Berla M, et al. The effect of spironolactone, cilazapril and their combination on albuminuria in patients with hypertension and diabetic nephropathy is independent of blood pressure reduction: a randomized controlled study. Diabet Med. 2004;21:471-475.
12. Williams GH, Burgess E, Kolloch RE, Ruilope LM, Niegowska J, Kipnes MS, et al. Efficacy of eplerenone versus enalapril as monotherapy in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:990-996.
13. White WB, Duprez D, Hillaire R, Krause S, Roniker B, Kuse-Hamilton J, et al. Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist amlodipine in systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2003;41:1021-1026.
14. Sato A, Hayashi K, Naruse M, Saruta T. Effectiveness of aldosterone blockade in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension. 2003;41:64-68.
15. Sato A, Hayashi K, Saruta T. Antiproteinuric effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:44-49.
16. Bomback AS, Kshirsagar AV, Amamoo MA, Klemmer PJ. Change in proteinuria after adding aldosterone blockers to ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in CKD: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:199-211.
17. Chrysostomou A, Becker G. Spironolactone in addition to ACE inhibition to reduce proteinuria in patients with chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:925-926.
18. Chrysostomou A, Pedagogos E, Macgregor L, Becker GJ. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effect of the aldosterone receptor antagonist spironolactone in patients who have persistent proteinuria and are on long-term angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor therapy, with or without an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:256-262.
19. Vasan RS, Evans JC, Larson MG, Wilson PW, Meigs JB, Rifai N, et al. Serum aldosterone and the incidence of hypertension in non-hypertensive persons. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:33-41.
20. Jeunemaitre X, Chatellier G, Kreft-Jais C, Charru A, Devries C, Plouin PF, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of spironolactone in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60:820-825.
21. Takeda Y. Effects of eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, on clinical and experimental salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2009;32:321-324.
22. Gross E, Rothstein M, Dombek S, Juknis HI. Effect of spironolactone on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in oligo-anuric hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:94-101.
23. Rahmouni K, Sibug RM, De Kloet ER, Barthelmebs M, Grima M, Imbs JL, et al. Effects of brain mineralocorticoid receptor blockade on blood pressure and renal functions in DOCA-salt hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;436:207-216.
24. Huang BS, White RA, Jeng AY, Leenen FH. Role of central nervous system aldosterone synthase and mineralocorticoid receptors in salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296:R994-R1000.
25. Kasama S, Toyama T, Kumakura H, Takayama Y, Ichikawa S, Suzuki T, et al. Effect of spironolactone on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and left ventricular remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:574-581.
26. Mahmud A, Feely J. Aldosterone-to-renin ratio, arterial stiffness, and the response to aldosterone antagonism in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:50-55.
27. Lane DA, Beevers DG. Amiloride 10 mg is less effective than spironolactone 25 mg in patients with hypertension resistant to a multidrug regime including an angiotensin-blocking agent. J Hypertens. 2007;25:2515-2516.
28. Chai W, Garrelds IM, de Vries R, Batenburg WW, van Kats JP, Danser AH. Non-genomic effects of aldosterone in the human heart: interaction with angiotensin II. Hypertension. 2005;46:701-706.
29. Imanishi T, Ikejima H, Tsujioka H, Kuroi A, Kobayashi K, Muragaki Y, et al. Addition of eplerenone to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor effectively improves nitric oxide bioavailability. Hypertension. 2008;51:734-741.
30. Nishiyama A, Hitomi H, Rahman A, Kiyomoto H. Drug discovery for overcoming chronic kidney disease (CKD): pharmacological effects of mineralocorticoid-receptor blockers. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009;109:1-6.
31. Kiyomoto H, Rafiq K, Mostofa M, Nishiyama A. Possible underlying mechanisms responsible for aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent renal injury. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008;108:399-405.
32. van den Meiracker AH, Baggen RG, Pauli S, Lindemans A, Vulto AG, Poldermans D, et al. Spironolactone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Effects on proteinuria, blood pressure and renal function. J Hypertens. 2006;24:2285-2292.
33. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Campese VM. Long-term effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2006;70:2116-2123.
34. Epstein M, Williams GH, Weinberger M, Lewin A, Krause S, Mukherjee R, et al. Selective aldosterone blockade with eplerenone reduces albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:940-951.
35. Schjoedt KJ, Rossing K, Juhl TR, Boomsma F, Rossing P, Tarnow L, et al. Beneficial impact of spironolactone in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2005;68:2829-2836.
36. Schjoedt KJ, Rossing K, Juhl TR, Boomsma F, Tarnow L, Rossing P, et al. Beneficial impact of spironolactone on nephrotic range albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2006;70:536-542.
37. Rossing K, Schjoedt KJ, Smidt UM, Boomsma F, Parving HH. Beneficial effects of adding spironolactone to recommended antihypertensive treatment in diabetic nephropathy: a randomized, double-masked, cross-over study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2106-2112.
38. Furumatsu Y, Nagasawa Y, Tomida K, Mikami S, Kaneko T, Okada N, et al. Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system triple blockade on non-diabetic renal disease: addition of an aldosterone blocker, spironolactone, to combination treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:59-67.
39. Nitta K, Uchida K, Nihei H. Spironolactone and angiotensin receptor blocker in nondiabetic renal diseases. Am J Med. 2004;117:444-445.
40. Nishiyama A, Yao L, Fan Y, Kyaw M, Kataoka N, Hashimoto K, et al. Involvement of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors in rat mesangial cell proliferation and deformability. Hypertension. 2005;45:710-716.
41. Shibata S, Nagase M, Yoshida S, Kawachi H, Fujita T. Podocyte as the target for aldosterone: roles of oxidative stress and Sgk1. Hypertension. 2007;49:355-364.
42. Nagai Y, Miyata K, Sun GP, Rahman M, Kimura S, Miyatake A, et al. Aldosterone stimulates collagen gene expression and synthesis via activation of ERK1/2 in rat renal fibroblasts. Hypertension. 2005;46:1039-1045.
43. Patni H, Mathew JT, Luan L, Franki N, Chander PN, Singhal PC. Aldosterone promotes proximal tubular cell apoptosis: role of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007;293: F1065-F1071.
44. Kawachi H, Han GD, Miyauchi N, Hashimoto T, Suzuki K, Shimizu F. Therapeutic targets in the podocyte: findings in antislit diaphragm antibody-induced nephropathy. J Nephrol. 2009;22:450-456.
45. Asanuma K, Yanagida-Asanuma E, Takagi M, Kodama F, Tomino Y. The role of podocytes in proteinuria. Nephrology (Carlton). 2007;12 Suppl 3:S15-S20.
46. Nagase M, Shibata S, Yoshida S, Nagase T, Gotoda T, Fujita T. Podocyte injury underlies the glomerulopathy of Dahl salt-hypertensive rats and is reversed by aldosterone blocker. Hypertension. 2006;47:1084-1093.
47. Nishiyama A, Kobori H, Konishi Y, Morikawa T, Maeda I, Okumura M, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade enhances the antiproteinuric effect of an angiotensin II blocker through inhibiting podocyte injury in type 2 diabetic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010;332:1072-1080.
48. Shibata S, Nagase M, Yoshida S, Kawarazaki W, Kurihara H, Tanaka H, et al. Modification of mineralocorticoid receptor function by Rac1 GTPase: implication in proteinuric kidney disease. Nat Med. 2008;14:1370-1376.
49. Liu G, Miyata K, Hitomi H, Yao L, Sun GP, Suzaki Y, et al. Involvement of mineralocorticoid receptor in high glucose-induced big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 activation and mesangial cell proliferation. J Hypertens. 2010;28:536-542.