Impact of gender differences on the outcome of alzheimer's disease

Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 147-154

  Sinforiani, E ^a   Citterio, A ^a   Zucchella, C ^a   Bono, G ^b   Corbetta, S ^b   Merlo, P ^c,d   Mauri, M ^b  

^a C MONDINO NATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^b OSPEDALE DI CIRCOLO   (Italy)

^c HUMANITAS CLINICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (Italy)

^d Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Autonomy loss; Gender; Prospective study

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; DISABILITY; DISEASE COURSE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SURVIVAL TIME;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS; FEMALE; FRAIL ELDERLY; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; ITALY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEX FACTORS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77956090035     PISSN: 14208008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000318842     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Swaab DF, Chung WC, Kruijver FP, Hofman MA, Ishunina TA: Structural and functional sex differences in the human hypothalamus. Horm Behav 2001; 40: 93-98.
2. Cahill L: His brain, her brain. Sci Am 2005; 292:40-47.
3. Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Horton NJ, Makris N, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS Jr, Fa-raone SV, Tsuang MT: Normal sexual dimor-phism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex. 2001; 11:490-497.
4. Pian V: Sex and gender factors in medical studies: implications for health and clinical practice. JAMA 2003; 289: 397-400.
5. Haaxma CA, Bloem BR, Borm GF, Oyen WJ, Leenders KL, Eshuis S, Booij J, Dluzen DE, Horstink MW: Gender differences in Par-kinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychi-atry 2007; 78: 819-824.
6. Koch-Henriksen N, Sørensen PS: The chang-ing demographic pattern of multiple sclero-sis epidemiology. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 520-532.
7. Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Adeleine P: Early clinical predictors and progression of irre-versible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process. Brain 2003; 126: 751-752.
8. Persky R, Turtzo LC, McCullogh LD: Stroke in women: disparities and outcomes. Curr Cardiol Rep 2010; 12: 6-13.
9. Gambassi G, Lapane KL, Landi F, Sgadari A, Mor V, Bernabie R: Gender differences in the relation between comorbidity and mortality of patients with Alzheimer's disease. System-atic Assessment of Geriatric drug use via Ep-idemiology (SAGE) Study Group. Neurology 1999; 53: 508-516.
10. Azad NA, Al Bugami M, Loy-English I: Gen-der differences in dementia risk factors. Gend Med 2007; 4:120-129.
11. Czlonkowska A, Ciesielska A, Gromadzka G, Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I: Gender differenc-es in neurological diseases: role of estrogens and cytokines. Endocrine 2006; 29:243-256.
12. Genazzani AR, Pluchino M, Luisi S, Luisi M: Estrogen, cognition and female ageing. Hum Reprod Update 2007; 13: 175-187.
13. Ancelin ML, Ritchie K: Lifelong endocrine fluctuations and related cognitive disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11: 4229-4252.
14. Resnick SM, Espeland MA, Jaramillo SA, Hirsch C, Stefanick ML, Murray AM, Ock-ene J, Davatzikos C: Postmenopausal hor-mone therapy and regional brain volumes: the WHIMS-MRI study. Neurology 2009; 72: 136-142.
15. Musicco M: Gender differences in the occur-rence of Alzheimer's disease. Funct Neurol 2009; 24:89-92.
16. Stern Y: Cognitive reserve and Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006: 20:112-117.
17. Schuessel K, Leutner S, Cairns NJ, Müller WE, Eckert A: Impact of gender on upregu-lation of antioxidant defence mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease brain. J Neural Transm 2004; 111: 1167-1182.
18. Perneczky R, Drzerga A, Diehl-Schmid J, Li Y, Kurz A: Gender differences in brain re-serve: an (18)F-FDG PET study in Alzhei-mer's disease. J Neurol 2007; 254: 1395-1400.
19. Perneczky R, Diehl-Schmid J, Förstl H, Drzezga A, Kurz A: Male gender is associated with greater cerebral hypometabolism in frontotemporal dementia: evidence for sex-related cognitive reserve. Int J Geriatr Psy-chiatry 2007; 22:1135-1140.
20. Barnes LL, Wilson RS, Bienias JL Schneider JA, Evans DA, Bennett DA: Sex differences in the clinical manifestations of Alzheimer dis-ease pathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 685-691.
21. Barnes LL, Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Bienias JL, Evans DA, Bennett DA: Gender, cognitive decline and the risk of AD in older persons. Neurology 2003; 60:1777-1781.
22. Von Strauss E, Aguero-Torres H, Käreholt I, Winblad B, Fratiglioni I: Women are more disabled in basic activities of daily living than men only in very advanced ages: a study on disability, morbidity and mortality from the Kungsholmen Project. J Clin Epidemiol 2003; 56; 669-677.
23. Ferrucci L, Turchi A, Fumagalli S, Di Bari M, Silvestrini G, Zacchei S, Nesti A, Magherini L, Tarantini F, Pini R, Antonini E, Masotti G, Marchionni N: Sex-related differences in the length of disability prior to death in older persons. Aging Clin Exp Res 2003; 15:310-314.
24. Hardy SE, Allore HG, Guo Z, Gill TM: Ex-plaining the effect of gender on functional transitions in older persons. Gerontology 2008; 54: 79-86.
25. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM: Clinical di-agnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Hu-man Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Dis-ease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939-944.
26. Frisoni GB, Geroldi C, Beltramello A, Bi-anchetti A, Binetti G, Bordiga G, DeCarli C, Laakso MP, Soininen H, Testa C, Zanetti O, Trabucchi M: Radial width of the temporal horn: a sensitive measure in Alzheimer's Dis-ease. AJNR 2002; 23: 35-47.
27. Scheltens P, Erkinjunti T, Leys D, Wahlund LO, Inzitari D, del Ser T, Pasquier F, Barkhof F, Mäntylä R, Bowler J, Wallin A, Ghika J, Fazekas F, Pantoni L: White matter changes on CT and MRI: an overview of visual rating scales. European Task Force on Age-Related White Matter Changes. Eur Neurol 1998; 39: 80-99.
28. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: 'Mini-Mental State': a practical method for grading the cognitive status of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189-198.
29. Lawton MP: Scales to measure competence in everyday activities. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988; 24: 609-614.
30. Lawton MP, Brody EM: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1969; 9: 179-186.
31. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994; 44: 2308-2314.
32. Parmelee PA, Thuras PD, Katz IR, Lawton MP: Validation of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale in a geriatric residential popula-tion. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43:130-137.
33. Bai F, Zhang Z, Watson DR, Yy H, Shi Y, Zhu W, Wang L, Yuan Y, Qian Y: Absent gender differences of hippocampal atrophy in an-amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neu-rosci Lett 2009; 30: 85-89.
34. Callahan MJ, Lipinski WJ, Bian F, Durham RA, Pack A, Walker LC: Augmented senile plaque load in aged female β-amyloid pre-cursor protein-transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 2001; 158:1173-1177.
35. Yue M, Hanna A, Wilson J, Roder H, Janus C: Sex difference in pathology and memory decline in rTg4510 mouse model of tauopa-thy. Neurobiol Aging 2009, E-pub ahead of print.
36. Placanica L, Zhu L, Li YM: Gender-and age-dependent gama-secretase activity in mouse brain and its implication in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2009; 4(4):e5088.
37. Andersen K, Lolk A, Martinussen T, Kragh-Sørensen P: Very mild to severe dementia and mortality: a 14-year follow-up. The Odense Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010; 29:61-67.
38. Tschanz JT, Corcoran C, Skoog I, Khachatu-rian AS, Herrick J, Hayden KM, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Calvert T, Norton MC, Zandi P, Breitner JC, Cache County Study Group: De-mentia: the leading predictor of death in a defined elderly population: the Cache Coun-ty Study. Neurology 2004; 62: 1156-1162.
39. Noale M, Maggi S, Minicuci N, Marzari C, Destro C, Farchi G, Scafato E, Baldereschi M, Di Carlo A, Crepaldi G, ILSA Working Group: Dementia and disability: impact on mortality. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003; 16:7-14.
40. Marengoni A, von Strass E, Rizzuto D, Win-blad B, Fratiglioni L: The impact of chronic multimorbidity and disability on functional decline and survival in elderly persons: a community-based, longitudinal study. J In-tern Med 2009; 265: 288-295.
41. Lechowski L, Dieudonné B, Tortrat D, Teillet L, Robert PH, Benoit M, Forette B, Vellas B, PHRC-REAL.FR (Réseau sur la Maladie dAlzheimer Français): Role of behavioural disturbances in the loss of autonomy for ac-tivities of daily living in Alzheimer's pa-tients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18: 977-982.
42. Lechowski L, De Stampa M, Tortrat D, Teillet L, Benoit M, Robert PH, Vellas B, REAL.FR Group: Predictive factors of rate of loss of au-tonomy in Alzheimer's disease patients: a prospective study of the REAL.FR Cohort. J Nutr Health Aging 2005; 9: 100-104.
43. Lechowski L, Benoit M, Chassagne P, Vedel I, Tortrat D, Teillet L, Vellas B: Persistent apathy in Alzheimer's disease as an independent factor of rapid functional decline: the REAL longitudinal cohort study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 24:341-346.
44. Ferris S, Lane R, Sfikas N, Winblad B, Farlow M, Feldman HH: Effects of gender on response to treatment with rivastigmine in mild cognitive impairment: a post hoc statistical modeling approach. Gend Med 2009; 6: 345-355.