Media bias, public opinion, and policy liberalism from 1956 to 2004: A second-level agenda-setting study

Mass Communication and Society

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 412-434

  Tan, Yue ^a   Weaver, David H ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956049112     PISSN: 15205436     EISSN: 15327825     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15205430903308476     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Baumgartner, F. R., & Jones, B. D. (1991). Agenda dynamics and policy subsystems. The Journal of Politics, 53, 1044-1074.
2. Becker, L. B., & McCombs, M. (1978). The role of the press in determining voter reactions to presidential primaries. Human Communication Research, 4, 301-307.
3. Benton, M., & Frazier, P. J. (1976). The agenda-setting function of the mass media. Communication Research, 3, 261-274.
4. Breed, W. (1955). Newspaper "opinion leaders" and processes of standardization. Journalism Quarterly, 32, 278-282.
5. Brewer, M., & McCombs, M. (1996). Setting the community agenda. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(1), 7-16.
6. Chyi, H. I., & McCombs, M. (2004). Media salience and the process of framing: Coverage of the Columbine school shootings. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 22-35.
7. Cohen, D. (1975). A report on a non-election agenda setting study. Paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism.
8. Cohen, J. E. (2006). Introduction: Studying public opinion in the American States. In J. E. Cohen (Ed.), Public opinion in state politics (pp. 3-18). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
9. Cook, F. L., & Skogan, W. G. (1991). Convergent and divergent voice models of the rise and fall of policy issues. In D. L. Protess & M. McCombs (Eds.), Agenda setting: Readings on media, public opinion, and policymaking (pp. 189-206). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Cooper, C. A. (2002). Media tactics in the state legislature. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 2,353-371.
11. Davidson, R. H., & Oleszek, W. J. (2002). Congress and its members (8th ed.). Washington, DC: CQ Press.
12. D'Alessio, D., & Allen, M. (2000). Media bias in presidential elections: A meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 50, 133-156.
13. D'Alessio, D., & Allen, M. (2007). On the role of newspaper ownership on bias in presidential campaign coverage by newspapers. In R. W. Preiss, B. M. Gayle, N. Burrell, M. Allen, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Mass media effects research: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 429-454). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Dearing, J. W., & Rogers, E. M. (1996). Agenda-setting (Vol. 6). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
15. Downs, A. (1972). Up and down with ecology: The "issue-attention cycle." The Public Interest, 28,38-50.
16. Edelstein, A. S. (1993). Thinking about the criterion variable in agenda-setting research. Journal of Communication, 43(2), 85-99.
17. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
18. Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163-173.
19. Erikson, R. S. (1986). The relationship between public opinion and state policy: A new look based on some forgotten data. American Journal of Political Science, 20(1), 25-36.
20. Erikson, R. S., MacKuen, M. B., & Stimson, J. A. (2002). The macro polity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
21. Erikson, R. S., Wright, G. C., & McIver, J. P. (1993). Statehouse democracy: Public opinion and policy in the American states. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
22. Funkhouser, G. R. (1973). The issues of the sixties: An exploratory study in the dynamics of public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(1), 62-75.
23. Gandy, O. H. (2001). Epilogue-framing at the horizon: A retrospective assessment. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 355-378). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Gaziano, C. (1978). Relationship between public opinion and supreme court decisions: Was Mr. Dooley right? Communication Research, 5, 131-149.
25. Ghanem, S. (1997). Filling in the tapestry: The second level of agenda setting. In M. McCombs, D. L. Shaw, & D. Weaver (Eds.), Communication and democracy: Exploring the intellectual frontiers in agenda-setting theory (pp. 3-14). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Graber, D. A. (2002). Mass media and American politics (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
27. Groseclose, T., & Milyo, J. (2005). A measure of media bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120, 1191-1237.
28. Hackett, R. (1984). Decline of a paradigm? Bias and objectivity in news media studies. In M. Gurevitch & M. R. Levy (Eds.), Mass communication review yearbook (Vol. 5, pp. 251-274). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
29. Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987). News that matters: Television and American opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2005). The politics of attention: How government prioritizes problems. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
32. King, P. (1997). The press, candidate images, and voter perceptions. In M. McCombs, D. L. Shaw, & D. Weaver (Eds.), Communication and democracy (pp. 29-40). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Kingdon, J. W. (2003). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
34. Kiousis, S., Bantimaroudis, P., & Ban, H. (1999). Candidate image attributes: experiments on the substantive dimension of second-level agenda setting. Communication Research, 26, 414-428.
35. Linsky, M. (1986). Impact: How the press affects federal policymaking. New York: W.W. Norton.
36. Lopez-Escobar, E., Llamas, J. P., McCombs, M., & Lennon, F. R. (1998). Two levels of agenda setting among advertising and news in the 1995 Spanish elections. Political Communication, 15, 225-238.
37. Maher, T. M. (2001). Framing: An emerging paradigm or a phase of agenda setting? In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 83-94). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
38. McCombs, M. (2004). Setting the agenda: The mass media and public opinion. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
39. McCombs, M. (2005). The agenda-setting function of the press. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The press (pp. 156-168). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
40. McCombs, M., Llamas, J. P., Lopez-Escobar, E., & Rey, F. (1997). Candidate image in Spanish elections: second-level agenda setting effects. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74,703-717.
41. McCombs, M., Lopez-Escobar, E., & Llamas, J. P. (2000). Setting the agenda of attributes in the 1996 Spanish general election. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 77-92.
42. McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. (1993). The evolution of agenda-setting research: Twenty-five years in the marketplace of ideas. Journal of Communication, 43, 58-67.
43. McCombs, M., & Zhu, J. (1995). Capacity, diversity, and volatility of the public agenda: Trends from 1954 to 1994. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 59, 495-525.
44. McQuail, D. (1992). Media performance: Mass communication and the public interest. London: Sage.
45. Mikami, S., Takeshita, T., Nakada, M., & Kawabata, M. (1995). The media coverage and public awareness of environmental issues in Japan. Gazette, 54, 209-226.
46. Nelson, B. J. (1984). Making an issue of child abuse. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
47. Peake, J. S. (2001). Presidential agenda setting in foreign policy. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1),69-86.
48. Page, B. I., & Shapiro, R. Y. (1983). Effects of public opinion on policy. The American Political Science Review, 77(1), 175-190.
49. Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y., & Dempsey, G. R. (1987). Who moves public opinion? The American Political Science Review, 81(1), 23-44.
50. Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55-75.
51. Reese, S. D. (2001). Prologue-Framing public life: A bridging model for media research. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 7-32). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
52. Riffe, D. (1988). Comparison of media and other sources of information for Alabama legislators. Journalism Quarterly, 65(1), 46-53.
53. Rogers, E. M. (2004). Theoretical diversity in political communication. In L. L. Kaid (Ed.), Handbook of political communication research (pp. 3-16). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
54. Rogers, E. M., Dearing, J. W., & Chang, S. (1991). AIDS in the 1980s: The agenda-setting process for a public issue. Journalism Monographs, 126.
55. Rosenthal, A. (2004). Heavy lifting: The job of the American legislature. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
56. Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Agenda-setting, priming, and framing revisited: Another look at cognitive effects of political communication. Mass Communication & Society, 3, 297-316.
57. Takeshita, T., & Mikami, S. (1995). How did mass media influence the voters' choice in the 1993 general election in Japan? A study of agenda-setting. Keio Communication Review, 17,27-41.
58. Tankard, J. W. (2001). The empirical approach to the study of media framing. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 95-106). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
59. Walgrave, S., & Aelst, P. V. (2006). The contingency of the mass media's political agenda setting power: Toward a preliminary theory. Journal of Communication, 56(1), 88-109.
60. Wanta, W., & Hu, Y. (1994). Time-lag differences in the agenda setting process: An examination of five news media. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 6, 225-240.
61. Weaver, D. H. (1977). Political issues and voter need for orientation. In D. L. Shaw & M. McCombs (Eds.), The emergence of American political issues (pp. 107-119). St. Paul, MN: West.
62. Weaver, D. H., Graber, D. A., McCombs, M., & Eyal, C. H. (1981). Media agenda-setting in a presidential election: Issues, images, and interest. New York: Praeger.
63. Weaver, D. H., McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. L. (2004). Agenda-setting research: Issues, attributes, and influences. In L. L. Kaid (Ed.), Handbook of political communication research. (pp. 257-282). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
64. Winter, J., & Eyal, C. (1981). Agenda setting for the civil rights issue. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 376-383.
65. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.