Fungal disease suppression by inorganic salts: A review

Crop Protection

Volumn 29, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 1059-1075

  Deliopoulos, Thomas ^a   Kettlewell, Peter S ^a   Hare, Martin C ^a  

^a HARPER ADAMS UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Conventional fungicides; Fungal disease management; Inorganic salts; Natural products

Indexed keywords

BICARBONATE; DICOTYLEDON; DISEASE CONTROL; FUNGAL DISEASE; FUNGICIDE; LITERATURE REVIEW; PATHOGEN; PHOSPHATE (INORGANIC); WHEAT;

BLUMERIA GRAMINIS; ERYSIPHALES; ERYSIPHE NECATOR; GOLOVINOMYCES CICHORACEARUM; MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA; MYCOSPHAERELLA GRAMINICOLA; NECATOR; PHYTOPHTHORA; PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS; PODOSPHAERA FULIGINEA; SEPTORIA; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; TUBER (TRUFFLE); VITACEAE;

EID: 77955773703     PISSN: 02612194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.05.011     Document Type: Review

References (195)

1. Abbasi P.A., Lazarovits G. Effects of AG3 phosphonate formulations on incidence and severity of Pythium damping-off of cucumber seedlings under growth room, microplot, and field conditions. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2005, 27:420-429.
2. Abbasi P.A., Lazarovits G. Effect of soil application of AG3 phosphonate on the severity of clubroot of bok choy and cabbage caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Plant Dis. 2006, 90:1517-1522.
3. Abbasi P.A., Lazarovits G. Seed treatment with phosphonate (AG3) suppresses Pythium damping-off of cucumber seedlings. Plant Dis. 2006, 90:459-464.
4. Adatia M.H., Besford R.T. The effects of silicon on cucumber plants grown in recirculating nutrient solution. Ann. Bot. 1986, 58:343-351.
5. Agrios G.N. Plant Pathology 2005, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 922 pp. fifth ed.
6. Anon Council Directive of 21 December 1978 prohibiting the placing on the market and use of plant protection products containing certain active substances (79/117/EEC). Official Journal of the European Communities 1979, 36. OJ L 33, 8.2.1979.
7. Anon Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides. Official Journal of the European Union 2009, 52:71-86. L 309, 24 November 2009. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2009:309:0071:0086:EN:PDF.
8. Anon Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC. Official Journal of the European Union 2009, 52:1-50. L 309, 24 November 2009. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2009:309:0001:0050:EN:PDF.
9. Arslan U., Ilhan K., Karabulut O.A. Evaluation of food additives and low-toxicity compounds for the control of bean rust and wheat leaf rust. J. Phytopathol. 2006, 154:534-541.
10. Banerjee K., Oulkar D.P., Adsule P.G. Persistence and residue dynamics of Mancozeb and its toxic metabolite ethylene thiourea (ETU) in table grapes. Acta Hortic. 2008, 785:409-412.
11. Barker A.V., Pilbeam D.J. Handbook of Plant Nutrition 2007, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 632 pp.
12. Barrett S.R., Shearer B.L., Hardy G.E.S. The efficacy of phosphite applied after inoculation on the colonisation of Banksia brownii stems by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australas. Plant Pathol. 2003, 32:1-7.
13. Bélanger R.R., Bowen P.A., Ehret D.L., Menzies J.G. Soluble silicon: its role in crop and disease management of greenhouse crops. Plant Dis. 1995, 79:329-336.
14. Berni R.F., Prabhu A.S. Relative efficiency of silicon sources on rice leaf blast control. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 2003, 38:195-201.
15. Biggs A.R., Elkholi M.M., Elneshawy S.M. Effect of calcium salts on growth, pectic enzyme activity, and colonization of peach twigs by Leucostoma persoonii. Plant Dis. 1994, 78:886-890.
16. Brent K.J., Hollomon D.W. Fungicide Resistance: The Assessment of Risk 1998, FRAC Monograph No. 2, Global Crop Protection Federation, Brussels, Belgium, 48 pp.
17. Broyer T.C., Carlton A.B., Johnson C.M., Stout P.R. Chlorine: a micronutrient element for higher plants. Plant Physiol. 1954, 29:526-532.
18. Brunings A.M., Datnoff L.E., Simonne E.H. Phosphorous Acid and Phosphoric Acid: When All P Sources Are Not Equal 2005, Publication HS1010, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 8 pp. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HS254.
19. Butt T.M., Copping L.G. Fungal biological control agents. Pestic. Outlook 2000, 11:186-191.
20. Casulli F., Santomauro A., Faretra F. Natural compounds in the control of powdery mildew on Cucurbitaceae. EPPO Bull. 2000, 30:209-212.
21. Chandler D., Davidson G., Grant W.P., Greaves J., Tatchell G.M. Microbial biopesticides for integrated crop management: an assessment of environmental and regulatory sustainability. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2008, 19:275-283.
22. Cherif M., Bélanger R.R. Use of potassium silicate amendments in recirculating nutrient solutions to suppress Pythium ultimum on long English cucumber. Plant Dis. 1992, 76:1008-1011.
23. Christensen N.W., Taylor R.G., Jackson T.L., Mitchell B.L. Chloride effects on water potentials and yield of winter wheat infected with take-all root rot. Agron. J. 1981, 73:1053-1058.
24. -, and a disulfonic stilbene. Plant Physiol. 1984, 76:490-497.
25. Cohen Y., Coffey M.D. Systemic fungicides and the control of oomycetes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1986, 24:311-338.
26. Cook, J.W., 1997. The effect of foliar applied fertilisers on leaf diseases of cereals. PhD thesis, Harper Adams University College, Newport, UK, 274 pp.
27. Cook J.W., Kettlewell P.S., Parry D.W. Control of Erysiphe graminis and Septoria tritici on wheat with foliar-applied potassium chloride. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1993, 63:126.
28. Cooke L.R., Little G. The effect of foliar application of phosphonate formulations on the susceptibility of potato tubers to late blight. Pest Manag. Sci. 2002, 58:17-25.
29. Copping L.G., Menn J.J. Biopesticides: a review of their action, applications and efficacy. Pest Manag. Sci. 2000, 56:651-676.
30. Crane M., Norton A., Leaman J., Chalak A., Bailey A., Yoxon M., Smith J., Fenlon J. Acceptability of pesticide impacts on the environment: what do United Kingdom stakeholders and the public value?. Pest Manag. Sci. 2006, 62:5-19.
31. Crisp P., Wicks T.J., Bruer D., Scott E.S. An evaluation of biological and abiotic controls for grapevine powdery mildew. 2. Vineyard trials. Aust. J. Grape Wine R 2006, 12:203-211.
32. 2 evolution in higher plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1983, 724:1-5.
33. Cunha M.G., Rizzo D.M. Development of fungicide cross resistance in Helminthosporium solani population from California. Plant Dis. 2003, 87:798-803.
34. Cushman K.E., Evans W.B., Ingram D.M., Gerard P.D., Straw R.A., Canaday C.H., Wyatt J.E., Kenty M.M. Reduced foliar disease and increased yield of pumpkin regardless of management approach or fungicide combinations. Horttechnology 2007, 17:56-61.
35. Daayf F., Schmitt A., Bélanger R.R. Evidence of phytoalexins in cucumber leaves infected with powdery mildew following treatment with leaf extracts of Reynoutria sachalinensis. Plant Physiol. 1997, 113:719-727.
36. Daniel R., Guest D. Defence responses induced by potassium phosphonate in Phytophthora palmivora-challenged Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2005, 67:194-201.
37. Dann E.K., Muir S. Peas grown in media with elevated plant-available silicon levels have higher activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, are less susceptible to a fungal leaf spot pathogen and accumulate more foliar silicon. Australas. Plant Pathol. 2002, 31:9-13.
38. Datnoff L.E., Raid R.N., Snyder G.H., Jones D.B. Effect of calcium silicate on blast and brown spot intensities and yields of rice. Plant Dis. 1991, 75:729-732.
39. Datnoff L.E., Rodrigues F.A. The Role of Silicon in Suppressing Rice Diseases. Feature Story February 2005 2005, The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 28 pp. http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/silicon.
40. DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs) Potential of Simple Salts to Partially Substitute for Conventional Foliar Fungicides on Crops 2008, Final Report on Defra Project PS2117, PSD, York, UK, 24 pp. http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx%3FDocument%3DPS2117_7449_FRP.doc.
41. Deliopoulos T., Kettlewell P.S., Hare M.C. Inorganic salts for suppressing powdery mildew in cucurbits - a worldwide survey. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 2008, 73:51-56.
42. Dorn B., Musa T., Krebs H., Fried P.M., Forrer H.R. Control of late blight in organic potato production: evaluation of copper-free preparations under field, growth chamber and laboratory conditions. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2007, 119:217-240.
43. Durrant W.E., Dong X. Systemic acquired resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2004, 42:185-209.
44. Elmer W.H. Association between Mn-reducing root bacteria and NaCl applications in suppression of Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus. Phytopathology 1995, 85:1461-1467.
45. Elmer W.H. Influence of chloride and nitrogen form on Rhizoctonia root and crown rot of table beets. Plant Dis. 1997, 81:635-640.
46. Elmer W.H. Influence of inoculum density of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cyclaminis and sodium chloride on cyclamen and the development of fusarium wilt. Plant Dis. 2002, 86:389-393.
47. Elmer W.H. Local and systemic effects of NaCl on root composition, rhizobacteria, and Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus. Phytopathology 2003, 93:186-192.
48. Elmer W.H. Using sodium chloride to control plant diseases. Important Articles on Salt and Trace Minerals in Animal Nutrition 2003, Salt Institute, Alexandria, VA. http://www.saltinstitute.org/elmer.html.
49. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Regulating Biopesticides 2009, http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides.
50. Epstein E. The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:11-17.
51. European Commission Note of the Meeting of Experts on Industrial Contaminants in Food: Information on Ways to Lower the Levels of Acrylamide Formed in Food 2003, Acrylamide Workshop, 20-21 October 2003, Brussels, Belgium. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/acryl_guidance.pdf.
52. European Commission Risk Issues 2006, Special Eurobarometer 238/Wave 64.1 - TNS Opinion & Social. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/General/comm_summary_eurobarometer_en1,0.pdf%3Fssbinary%3Dtrue.
53. Fallik E., Ziv O., Grinberg S., Alkalai S., Klein J.D. Bicarbonate solutions control powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on sweet red pepper and reduce the development of postharvest fruit rotting. Phytoparasitica 1997, 25:41-43.
54. Fawe A., Abou-Zaid M., Menzies J.G., Bélanger R.R. Silicon-mediated accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins in cucumber. Phytopathology 1998, 88:396-401.
55. Fixen P.E. Crop responses to chloride. Advances in Agronomy 1993, 107-150. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. D.L. Sparks (Ed.).
56. Flowers T.J. Chloride as a nutrient and as an osmoticum. Advances in Plant Nutrition 1988, vol. 3:55-78. Praeger, New York, NY. P.B. Tinker, A. Laechi (Eds.).
57. Förster H., Adaskaveg J.E., Kim D.H., Stanghellini M.E. Effect of phosphite on tomato and pepper plants and on susceptibility of pepper to Phytophthora root and crown rot in hydroponic culture. Plant Dis 1998, 82:1165-1170.
58. Fry W.E., Goodwin S.B. Resurgence of the Irish potato famine fungus. Bioscience 1997, 47:363-370.
59. Gali H.V., Smith C.C. Effect of silicon on growth, fertility, and mineral composition of an annual brome, Bromus secalinus L. (Gramineae). Am. J. Bot. 1992, 79:1259-1263.
60. Gillman J.H., Zlesak D.C., Smith J.A. Applications of potassium silicate decrease black spot infection in Rosa hybrida. Hortscience 2003, 38:1144-1147.
61. González-Rodríguez R.M., Rial-Otero R., Cancho-Grande B., Simal-Gándara J. Determination of 23 pesticide residues in leafy vegetables using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and analyte protectants. J. Chromatogr. A. 2008, 1196:100-109.
62. González-Rodríguez R.M., Rial-Otero R., Cancho-Grande B., Simal-Gándara J. Occurrence of fungicide and insecticide residues in trade samples of leafy vegetables. Food Chem. 2008, 107:1342-1347.
63. Gottstein H.D., Kuć J.A. Induction of systemic resistance to anthracnose in cucumber by phosphates. Phytopathology 1989, 79:176-179.
64. Grant B.R., Dunstan R.H., Griffith J.M., Niere J.O., Smillie R.H. The mechanism of phosphonic (phosphorous) acid action in Phytophthora. Australas. Plant Pathol. 1990, 19:115-121.
65. Greaves J. Biopesticides, regulatory innovation and the regulatory state. Public Pol. Adm. 2009, 24:245-264.
66. Greenway D.L. Potassium Bicarbonate (073508) and Sodium Bicarbonate (073505) Fact Sheet 1999, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_073508.htm.
67. Grybauskas A.P., Their A.L., Sammons D.J. Effect of chloride fertilizers on development of powdery mildew of winter wheat. Plant Dis. 1988, 72:605-608.
68. Guest D.I., Bompeix G. The complex mode of action of phosphonates. Australas. Plant Pathol. 1990, 19:113-115.
69. Guest D.I., Grant B.R. The complex action of phosphonates as antifungal agents. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 1991, 66:159-187.
70. Hammerschmidt R. Induced disease resistance: how do induced plants stop pathogens?. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 1999, 55:77-84.
71. Hardy G.E.S., Barrett S., Shearer B.L. The future of phosphite as a fungicide to control the soilborne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi in natural ecosystems. Australas. Plant Pathol. 2001, 30:133-139.
72. Hashim L.O., Russell G.E. Possible control of brown (leaf) rust on winter wheat by applying chlorides to the soil. Cereal Rusts Bull. 1982, 10:29-34.
73. HDC (Horticultural Development Company) Use of Potassium Hydrogen Carbonate for Powdery Mildew Control 2005, Final Report on HDC Project CP48, HDC, East Malling, UK, 30 pp.
74. Heckman J.R. Chlorine. Handbook of Plant Nutrition 2006, 279-291. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. A.T. Barker, D. Pilbeam (Eds.).
75. Hervieux V., Yaganza E.S., Arul J., Tweddell R.J. Effect of organic and inorganic salts on the development of Helminthosporium solani, the causal agent of potato silver scurf. Plant Dis. 2002, 86:1014-1018.
76. Hewitt H.G. Fungicides in Crop Protection 1998, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 250 pp.
77. Homann P.H. Chloride and calcium in photosystem II: from effects to enigma. Photosyn. Res. 2002, 73:169-175.
78. Horiguchi T. Mechanism of manganese toxicity and tolerance of plants: IV. Effects of silicon on alleviation of manganese toxicity of rice plants. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 1988, 34:65-73.
79. Horst R.K., Kawamoto S.O., Porter L.L. Effect of sodium bicarbonate and oils on the control of powdery mildew and black spot of roses. Plant Dis. 1992, 76:247-251.
80. Hossain M.T., Mori R., Soga K., Wakabayashi K., Kamisaka S., Fujii S., Yamamoto R., Hoson T. Growth promotion and an increase in cell wall extensibility by silicon in rice and some other Poaceae seedlings. J. Plant Res. 2002, 115:23-27.
81. Hottes A.C. A Little Book of Climbing Plants 1933, A.T. De La Mare Co., New York, NY, 250 pp.
82. Ilhan K., Arslan U., Karabulut O.A. The effect of sodium bicarbonate alone or in combination with a reduced dose of tebuconazole on the control of apple scab. Crop Prot. 2006, 25:963-967.
83. Isman M.B. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot. 2000, 19:603-608.
84. Iwasaki K., Maier P., Fecht M., Horst W.J. Leaf apoplastic silicon enhances manganese tolerance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). J. Plant Physiol. 2002, 159:167-173.
85. Iwata M. Probenazole: a plant defence activator. Pestic. Outlook 2001, 12:28-31.
86. Jackson T.J., Burguess T., Colquhoun I., Hardy G.E.S. Action of the fungicide phosphite on Eucalyptus marginata inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi. Plant Pathol. 2000, 49:147-154.
87. Johnson D.A., Inglis D.A., Miller J.S. Control of potato tuber rots caused by oomycetes with foliar applications of phosphorous acid. Plant Dis. 2004, 88:1153-1159.
88. Kaewchai S., Soytong K., Hyde K.D. Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers. Fungal Divers. 2009, 39:25-50.
89. Kalim S., Luthra Y.P., Gandhi S.K. Cowpea root rot severity and metabolic changes in relation to manganese application. J. Phytopathol. 2003, 151:92-97.
90. Kanto T., Maekawa K., Aino M. Suppression of conidial germination and appressorial formation by silicate treatment in powdery mildew of strawberry. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 2007, 73:1-7.
91. Karabulut O.A., Arslan U., Ilhan K., Yagdi K. The effect of sodium bicarbonate alone or in combination with a reduced rate of mancozeb on the control of leaf rust Puccinia triticina in wheat. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2006, 28:484-488.
92. Karamanos R.E., Harapiak J.T., Flore N.A. Application of seed-row potash to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown on soils with high " available" potassium levels. Can. J. Plant Sci. 2003, 83:291-303.
93. Kettlewell, P.S., 2007. Simple salts as fungicides: a case-study with potassium chloride. In: Proceedings of the XVI international plant protection congress, vol. 2, 15-18 October 2007, Glasgow, UK, pp. 388-389.
94. Kettlewell P.S., Bayley G.L., Domleo R.L. Evaluation of late season foliar application of potassium chloride for disease control in winter wheat. J. Fert. Issues 1990, 7:17-23.
95. Kettlewell P.S., Blouin P., Boulby G.L. Evaluation of potassium chloride solution against leaf diseases in barley. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1992, 120:18-19.
96. Kettlewell P.S., Cook J.W., Parry D.W. Evidence for an osmotic mechanism in the control of powdery mildew disease of wheat by foliar-applied potassium chloride. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2000, 106:297-300.
97. Kuck K.-H., Gisi U. FRAC mode of action classification and resistance risk of fungicides. Modern Crop Protection Compounds 2007, 415-432. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany. W. Krämer, U. Schirmer (Eds.).
98. Kuepper G., Thomas R., Earles R. Use of Baking Soda as a Fungicide 2001, National Centre for Appropriate Technology, Fayetteville, AR. http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/bakingsoda.html.
99. La Torre A., Spera G., Lolleti D. Activity of natural products against courgette powdery mildew. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 2004, 69:671-678.
100. Landschoot P., Cook J. Understanding the Phosphonate Products 2005, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. http://turfgrassmanagement.psu.edu/pdf/understanding_the_phosphonate_products.pdf.
101. Leusch H.J., Buchenauer H. Effect of soil treatments with silica-rich lime fertilizers and sodium trisilicate on the incidence of wheat by Erysiphe graminis and Septoria nodorum depending on the form of N-fertilizer. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz 1989, 96:154-172.
102. Li Y.C., Bi Y., Ge Y.H., Sun X.J., Wang Y. Antifungal activity of sodium silicate on Fusarium sulphureum and its effect on dry rot of potato tubers. J. Food Sci. 2009, 74:M213-M218.
103. Liang Y. Effects of silicon on enzyme activity and sodium, potassium and calcium concentration in barley under salt stress. Plant Soil 1999, 209:217-224.
104. Liang Y.C., Sun W.C., Si J., Römheld V. Effects of foliar- and root-applied silicon on the enhancement of induced resistance to powdery mildew in Cucumis sativus. Plant Pathol. 2005, 54:678-685.
105. Lovatt C.J., Mikkelsen R.L. Phosphite fertilizers: what are they? Can you use them? What can they do?. Better Crops 2006, 90:11-13.
106. Lyon G.D., Newton A.C. Do resistance elicitors offer new opportunities in integrated disease control strategies?. Plant Pathol. 1997, 46:636-641.
107. Manandhar H.K., Jørgensen H.J.L., Mathur S.B., Smedegaard-Petersen V. Resistance to rice blast induced by ferric chloride, di-potassium hydrogen phosphate and salicylic acid. Crop Prot. 1998, 17:323-329.
108. Mann, R.L., 1999. Suppression of Septoria tritici by foliar applied potassium chloride on winter wheat. PhD thesis, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, 137 pp.
109. Mann R.L., Kettlewell P.S., Jenkinson R. Effect of foliar-applied potassium chloride on septoria leaf blotch of winter wheat. Plant Pathol. 2004, 53:653-659.
110. Marschner H., Oberle H., Cakmak I., Römheld V. Growth enhancement by silicon in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants depends on imbalance in phosphorus and zinc supply. Plant Soil 1990, 124:211-219.
111. McDonald A.E., Grant B.R., Plaxton W.C. Phosphite (phosphorous acid): its relevance in the environment and agriculture and influence on plant phosphate starvation response. J. Plant Nutr. 2001, 24:1505-1519.
112. McGovern R.J., Winston A.E., Rouse R.E., Welch A.W. Reduction of defoliation in citrus caused by Mycosphaerella citri with a novel biocompatible fungicide. Plant Dis. 2003, 87:134-138.
113. McGrath M.T., Shishkoff N. Evaluation of biocompatible products for managing cucurbit powdery mildew. Crop Prot. 1999, 18:471-478.
114. Mecteau M.R., Arul J., Tweddell R.J. Effect of organic and inorganic salts on the growth and development of Fusarium sambucinum, a causal agent of potato dry rot. Mycol. Res. 2002, 106:688-696.
115. Melgar, R., Magen, H., Camozzi, M.E., Lavandera, J., 2001. Potassium chloride application in wheat in the Pampean region, Argentina. Response to potassium or to chloride? In: Proceedings of the World Fertilizer Congress, 3-9 August 2000, Beijing, China.
116. Menzies J.G., Ehret D.L., Glass A.D.M., Helmer T., Koch C., Seywerd F. The effects of soluble silicon on the parasitic fitness of Sphaerotheca fuliginea on Cucumis sativus. Phytopathology 1991, 81:84-88.
117. Menzies J.G., Ehret D.L., Glass A.D.M., Samuels A.L. The influence of silicon on cytological interactions between Sphaerotheca fuliginea and Cucumis sativus. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 1991, 39:403-414.
118. Menzies J., Bowen P., Ehret D., Glass A.D.M. Foliar applications of potassium silicate reduce severity of powdery mildew on cucumber, muskmelon, and zucchini squash. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 1992, 117:902-905.
119. Miller R.W. Fruits: impact of cancellation of organophosphates, carbamates, B1 and B2 carcinogens on fruit industry in South Carolina from the plant disease perspective. Potential Effects of FQPA on Fruit Growers in South Carolina 1998, Clemson University, Clemson, SC. http://entweb.clemson.edu/pesticid/Document/FQPA/FQPAfrut.htm.
120. Mitchell A.F., Walters D.R. Potassium phosphate induces systemic protection in barley to powdery mildew infection. Pest Manag. Sci. 2004, 60:126-134.
121. Moraes S.R.G., Pozza E.A., Pozza A.A.A., de Carvalho J.G., de Souza P.E. Nutrition in bean plants and anthracnose intensity in function of silicon and copper application. Acta Sci. Agron 2009, 31:283-291.
122. Mucharromah E., Kuć J. Oxalate and phosphates induce systemic resistance against diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses in cucumber. Crop Prot. 1991, 10:265-270.
123. Nigro F., Schena L., Ligorio A., Pentimone I., Ippolito A., Salerno M.G. Control of table grape storage rots by pre-harvest applications of salts. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2006, 42:142-149.
124. Nonnecke I.L. Vegetable Production 1989, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, pp. 657.
125. O'Donnell P.J., Jones J.B., Antoine F.R., Ciardi J., Klee H.J. Ethylene-dependent salicylic acid regulates an expanded cell death response to a plant pathogen. Plant J. 2001, 25:315-323.
126. Olivier C., MacNeil C.R., Loria R. Application of organic and inorganic salts to field-grown potato tubers can suppress silver scurf during potato storage. Plant Dis. 1999, 83:814-818.
127. Orbović V., Syvertsen J.P., Bright D., Van Clief D.L., Graham J.H. Citrus seedling growth and susceptibility to root rot as affected by phosphite and phosphate. J. Plant Nutr. 2008, 31:774-787.
128. Oren Y., Yogev E. Acquired resistance to Phytophthora root rot and brown rot in citrus seedlings induced by potassium phosphite. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz 2002, 109:279-285.
129. Orober M., Siegrist J., Buchenauer H. Mechanisms of phosphate-induced disease resistance in cucumber. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2002, 108:345-353.
130. Oros G., Ujváry I. Botanical fungicides: natural and semi-synthetic ceveratrum alkaloids. Pestic. Sci. 1999, 55:253-264.
131. Padmanabhan S.Y. The Great Bengal Famine. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1973, 11:11-24.
132. Panicker S., Gangadharan K. Controlling downy mildew of maize caused by Peronosclerospora sorghi by foliar sprays of phosphoric acid compounds. Crop Prot. 1999, 18:115-118.
133. Perrenoud S. Potassium and Plant Health 1990, IPI Research Topics No. 3, International Potash Institute, Basel, Switzerland, 365 pp. second ed.
134. Petsikos-Panayotarou N., Markellou E., Kalamarakis A.E., Kyriakopoulou D., Malathrakis N.E. In vitro and in vivo activity of cyprodinil and pyrimethanil on Botrytis cinerea isolates resistant to other botryticides and selection for resistance to pyrimethanil in a greenhouse population in Greece. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 2003, 109:173-182.
135. Ponmurugan P., Gopi C. In vitro production of growth regulators and phosphatase activity by phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2006, 5:348-350.
136. Prévost B. Mémoire sur la cause immédiate de la Carie ou Charbon des Blés, et de plusieurs autres maladies des Plantes, et sur les préservatifs de la Carie 1807, Chez Bernard, Paris, France, 80 pp.
137. PSD (Pesticides Safety Directorate) Protected Lettuce Disease Control - Avoiding Pesticide Residue Problems 2003, http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/uploadedfiles/Web_Assets/PSD/Enforcement_lettuce_leaflet_Nov03.pdf.
138. PSD (Pesticides Safety Directorate) Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Placing of Plant Protection Products on the Market - Summary Impact Assessment 2009, http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/uploadedfiles/Web_Assets/PSD/Outcomes_paper_-_summary_impact_assessment_(Jan_09).pdf.
139. Ragsdale N.N. The impact of the food quality protection act on the future of plant disease management. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2000, 38:577-596.
140. Rebollar-Alviter A., Madden L.V., Ellis M.A. Pre- and post-infection activity of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, mefenoxam, and phosphite against leather rot of strawberry, caused by Phytophthora cactorum. Plant Dis. 2007, 91:559-564.
141. Rémus-Borel W., Menzies J.G., Bélanger R.R. Silicon induces antifungal compounds in powdery mildew-infected wheat. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2005, 66:108-115.
142. Rengel Z. Handbook of Soil Acidity 2003, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, 496 pp.
143. Reuveni M., Reuveni R. Efficacy of foliar application of phosphates in controlling powdery mildew fungus on field-grown winegrapes: effects on cluster yield and peroxidase activity in berries. J. Phytopathol. 1995, 143:21-25.
144. Reuveni M., Reuveni R. Efficacy of foliar sprays of phosphates in controlling powdery mildews in field-grown nectarine, mango trees and grapevines. Crop Prot. 1995, 14:311-314.
145. Reuveni M., Reuveni R. Foliar applications of mono-potassium phosphate fertilizer inhibit powdery mildew development in nectarine trees. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 1998, 20:253-258.
146. Reuveni R., Reuveni M. Foliar-fertilizer therapy - a concept in integrated pest management. Crop Prot. 1998, 17:111-118.
147. Reuveni R., Agapov V., Reuveni M., Raviv M. Effects of foliar sprays of phosphates on powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) of roses. J. Phytopathol. 1994, 142:331-337.
148. Reuveni M., Agapov V., Reuveni R. Induced systemic protection to powdery mildew in cucumber by phosphate and potassium fertilizers: effects of inoculum concentration and post-inoculation treatment. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 1995, 17:247-251.
149. Reuveni M., Agapov V., Reuveni R. Suppression of cucumber powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) by foliar sprays of phosphate and potassium salts. Plant Pathol. 1995, 44:31-39.
150. Reuveni M., Agapov V., Reuveni R. Controlling powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea in cucumber by foliar sprays of phosphate and potassium salts. Crop Prot. 1996, 15:49-53.
151. Reuveni R., Reuveni M., Agapov V. Foliar sprays of NPK fertilizers induce systemic protection against Puccinia sorghi and Exserohilum turcicum and growth response in maize. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 1996, 102:339-348.
152. Reuveni M., Agapov V., Reuveni R. A foliar spray of micronutrient solutions induces local and systemic protection against powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) in cucumber plants. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 1997, 103:581-588.
153. Reuveni M., Harpaz M., Reuveni R. Integrated control of powdery mildew on field-grown mango trees by foliar sprays of mono-potassium phosphate fertilizer, sterol inhibitor fungicides and the strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 1998, 104:853-860.
154. Reuveni M., Oppenheim D., Reuveni R. Integrated control of powdery mildew on apple trees by foliar sprays of mono-potassium phosphate fertilizer and sterol inhibiting fungicides. Crop Prot. 1998, 17:563-568.
155. Reuveni R., Dor G., Reuveni M. Local and systemic control of powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on pepper plants by foliar spray of mono-potassium phosphate. Crop Prot. 1998, 17:703-709.
156. Reuveni R., Dor G., Raviv M., Reuveni M., Tuzun S. Systemic resistance against Sphaerotheca fuliginea in cucumber plants exposed to phosphate in hydroponics system, and its control by foliar spray of mono-potassium phosphate. Crop Prot. 2000, 19:355-361.
157. Reuveni M., Sheglov D., Cohen Y. Control of moldy-core decay in apple fruits by β-aminobutyric acids and potassium phosphites. Plant Dis. 2003, 87:933-936.
158. Richardson M. Agronomic implications from the UK about availability of plant protection products. Asp. Appl. Biol. 2009, 91:1-5. Crop Prot. South. Br.
159. Rodrigues F.A., Duarte H.S.S., Domiciano G.P., Souza C.A., Korndörfer G.H., Zambolim L. Foliar application of potassium silicate reduces the intensity of soybean rust. Australas. Plant Pathol. 2009, 38:366-372.
160. Rognes S.E. Anion regulation of lupin asparagine synthetase: chloride activation of the glutamine-utilizing reactions. Phytochemistry 1980, 19:2287-2293.
161. Roseberg R.J., Christensen N.W., Jackson T.L. Chloride, soil solution osmotic potential, and soil pH effects on nitrification. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1986, 50:941-945.
162. Russell G.E. Some effects of applied sodium and potassium chloride on yellow rust in winter wheat. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1978, 90:163-168.
163. Russell P.E. The development of commercial disease control. Plant Pathol. 2006, 55:585-594.
164. Samuels A.L., Glass A.D.M., Ehret D.L., Menzies J.G. Distribution of silicon in cucumber leaves during infection by powdery mildew fungus (Sphaerotheca fuliginea). Can. J. Bot. 1991, 69:140-146.
165. Samuels A.L., Glass A.D.M., Ehret D.L., Menzies J.G. The effects of silicon supplementation on cucumber fruit: changes in surface characteristics. Ann. Bot. 1993, 72:433-440.
166. Sanogo S., Yang X.B. Relation of sand content, pH, and potassium and phosphorus nutrition to the development of sudden death syndrome in soybean. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2001, 23:174-180.
167. Savant N.K., Datnoff L.E., Snyder G.H. Depletion of plant-available silicon in soils: a possible cause of declining rice yields. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1997, 28:1245-1252.
168. Scheyer J.M., Christensen N.W., Powelson R.L. Chloride fertilizer effects on stripe rust development and grain yield of winter wheat. Plant Dis. 1987, 71:54-57.
169. Schnabl H., Raschke K. Potassium chloride as stomatal osmoticum in Allium cepa L., a species devoid of starch in guard cells. Plant Physiol. 1980, 65:88-93.
170. Schneiderhan F.J. The discovery of Bordeaux mixture. Phytopathol. Classics 1933, 3:1-25.
171. 2+ in the induction of chitinase activity in carrot suspension culture. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 1994, 45:101-109.
172. Schuerger A.C., Hammer W. Suppression of powdery mildew on greenhouse-grown cucumber by addition of silicon to hydroponic nutrient solution is inhibited at high temperature. Plant Dis. 2003, 87:177-185.
173. Smillie R., Grant B.R., Guest D. The mode of action of phosphite: evidence for both direct and indirect modes of action on three Phytophthora spp. in plants. Phytopathology 1989, 79:921-926.
174. Speiser B., Berner A., Haseli A., Tamm L. Control of downy mildew of grapevine with potassium phosphonate: effectivity and phosphonate residues in wine. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 2000, 17:305-312.
175. Taeymans D., Andersson A., Ashby P., Blank I., Gondé P., Van Eijck P., Faivre V., Lalljie S.P.D., Lingnert H., Lindblom M., Matissek R., Müller D., Stadler R.H., Studer A., Silvani D., Tallmadge D., Thompson G., Whitmore T., Wood J., Zyzak D. Acrylamide: update on selected research activities conducted by the European food and drink industry. J. AOAC Int. 2005, 88:234-241.
176. Taylor R.G., Jackson T.L., Powelson R.L., Christensen N.W. Chloride, nitrogen form, lime and planting date effects on take-all root rot of winter wheat. Plant Dis. 1983, 67:1116-1120.
177. Tebbutt T.H.Y. Principles of Water Quality Control 1998, ButterWorth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 280 pp. fifth ed.
178. Thompson D.C., Clarke B.B., Heckman J.R. Nitrogen form and rate of nitrogen and chloride application for the control of summer patch in Kentucky bluegrass. Plant Dis. 1995, 79:51-56.
179. Tottingham W.E. A preliminary study of the influence of chlorides on the growth of certain agricultural plants. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 1919, 11:1-32.
180. Vallad G.E., Goodman R.M. Systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance in conventional agriculture. Crop Sci. 2004, 44:1920-1934.
181. Van Toor R.F., Jaspers M.V., Stewart A. Bicarbonate salts and calcium cyanamide suppress apothecial production by Ciborinia camelliae. N.Z. Plant Prot. 2004, 57:142-145.
182. Von Uexküll H.R. Response of coconuts to (potassium) chloride in the Philippines. Oléagineux 1972, 27:13-19.
183. Wagner F. Die Bedeutung der Kieselsäure für das Wachstum einiger Kulturpflanzen, ihrem Nährstoffhaushalt und ihrer Anfälligkeit gegen echte Mehltaupilze. Phytopathol. Z. 1940, 12:427-479.
184. Walters D., Walsh D., Newton A., Lyon G. Induced resistance for plant disease control: maximizing the efficacy of resistance elicitors. Phytopathology 2005, 95:1368-1373.
185. Walters D.R., Bingham I.J. Influence of nutrition on disease development caused by fungal pathogens: implications for plant disease control. Ann. Appl. Biol. 2007, 151:307-324.
186. Walters D.R., Fountaine J.M. Practical application of induced resistance to plant diseases: an appraisal of effectiveness under field conditions. J. Agric. Sci. 2009, 147:523-535.
187. Walters D.R., Murray D.C. Induction of systemic resistance to rust in Vicia faba by phosphate and EDTA: effects of calcium. Plant Pathol. 1992, 41:444-448.
188. Wang Y., Stass A., Horst W.J. Apoplastic binding of aluminum is involved in silicon-induced amelioration of aluminum toxicity in maize. Plant Physiol. 2004, 136:3762-3770.
189. Williams J., Smith S.G. Correcting potassium deficiency can reduce rice stem diseases. Better Crops 2001, 85:7-9.
190. Winslow M.D. Silicon, disease resistance, and yield of rice genotypes under upland cultural conditions. Crop Sci. 1992, 32:1208-1213.
191. Yildirim I., Onogur E., Irshad M. Investigations on the efficacy of some natural chemicals against powdery mildew [Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr.] of grape. J. Phytopathol. 2002, 150:697-702.
192. Yogev E., Sadowsky A., Solel Z., Oren Y., Orbach Y. The performance of potassium phosphite for controlling Alternaria brown spot of citrus fruit. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 2006, 113:207-213.
193. Zainuri D.E., Joyce D.C., Wearing H., Coates L., Terry L. Effects of phosphonate and salicylic acid treatments on anthracnose disease development and ripening of 'Kensington Pride' mango fruit. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2001, 41:805-813.
194. Ziv O., Hagiladi A. Controlling powdery mildew in euonymus with polymer coatings and bicarbonate solutions. Hortscience 1993, 28:124-146.
195. Ziv O., Zitter T.A. Effects of bicarbonates and film-forming polymers on cucurbit foliar diseases. Plant Dis. 1992, 76:513-517.