'The sea is swinging into view': Modern British maritime history in a globalised world

English Historical Review

Volumn 124, Issue 510, 2009, Pages 1109-1134

  O'hara, Glen ^a  

^a OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955753930     PISSN: 00138266     EISSN: 14774534     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ehr/cep274     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. D. Cannadine, 'Introduction' , in D. Cannadine, ed., Empire, the Sea and Global History: Britain's Maritime World, c.1763-1840(Basingstoke,2007), p.2.
2. C. Matson, 'The Atlantic Economy in an Era of Revolutions: An Introduction', William and Mary Quarterly , lxii (2005), pp. 358-9.
3. B. Bailyn,'Introduction ', in D. Armitage and M. Braddick, eds., Th e British Atlantic World, I500-I800(Basingstoke, 2002), p. xv.
4. K. Wigen, 'Oceans of History' , American Historical Review , cxi (2006), p. 717;
5. A. Games, 'Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges and Opportunities', American Historical Review , cxi (2006), p. 741;
6. P. Horden and N. Purcell, 'The Mediterranean and "The New Th alassology"', American Historical Review , cxi (2006), pp. 722-3.
7. J.H. Bentley, R. Bridenthal and K. Wigen, eds., Seascapes: Maritime Histories, Littoral Cultures, and Transoceanic Exchanges (Honolulu, 2007).
8. See also the review of the book by H. Driessen, 'Seascapes and Mediterranean Crossings' , Journal of Global History , iii (2008),pp. 445-9.
9. A.G. Hopkins, 'Globalization-An Agenda for Historians ', in Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (London, 2002), p. 1.
10. P. Manning, 'Introduction ', in Manning, ed., Slave Trades, 1500-1800: Globalization of Forced Labour (Aldershot, 1996), p. xviii.
11. T. Ballantyne, 'Empire, Knowledge and Culture: From Proto-Globalization to Modern Globalization ' , in Hopkins, Globalization , p.116.
12. K.H. O'Rourke and J.G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth Century Atlantic Economy (Boston Mass.,2001), pp. Ç269-277.
13. P. Manning, Navigating World History: Historians Create a Global Past (Basingstoke, 2003), pp. 2-3, 204, 222.
14. J. Black, The British Seaborne Empire (London, 2004), pp. 1, 10-15.
15. R.F. Buschmann, 'Oceans of World History: Delineating Aquacentric Notions in the Global Past ' , History Compass , ii (2004), p. 1.
16. nd edn., Cambridge, 1999), esp. pp.19-61.
17. M. Castells, 'Informationalism, Networks, and the Network Society: A Theoretical Blueprint ' , in M. Castells, ed., The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (Cheltenham, 2004), p. 3.
18. A. Prakash and J.A. Hart, 'Globalization and Governance ', in Prakash and Hart, eds., Globalization and Governance (1999), pp. 9-10.
19. See for diff erent perspectives Oxfam, 'Growth wiThequity is Good for the Poor', in F.J. Lechner and J. Boli, eds., The Globalization Reader (pbk. edn., Oxford, 2004), pp. 183-9;
20. D. Dollar and A. Kraay, 'Growth is Good for the Poor ', Journal of Economic Growth , vii (2002), pp. 195-225.
21. These developments are analysed by L. Sklair, Globalization, Capitalism and its Alternatives (Oxford, 2002), pp. 277-96.
22. put polemically by N. Klein, No Logo (rev. edn., London, 2001), pp. 439-46.
23. critiqued by P. Legrain, Open World: The Truth about Globalisation (London, 2002), esp. pp. 320-34.
24. Innovatively explored, in an early example, in D.A. Farnie,' The Commercial Empire of the Atlantic, 1607-1783', Economic History Review , xv (1962), esp. pp. 206-12.
25. M. Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World (London, 1999);
26. I. Gately, La Diva Nicotina: The Story of How Tobacco Seduced the World (London, 2002).
27. K. Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1993), e.g. pp. 80-5.
28. L. Colley, The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh: How a Remarkable Woman Crossed Seas and Empires to Become Part of World History (pbk. edn., London, 2008), p. 28.
29. K. Ward, Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company (Cambridge, 2009), p. 307;
30. see for a very similar point made about the British Indian Ocean in a later period, T.R. Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena 1860-1920 (London, 2007), esp. pp. 214-216.
31. C. Bridge and K. Fedorowich, 'Mapping the British World' , Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , xxxi (2003), p. 6.
32. See S. Haggerty, The British-Atlantic Trading Community, 1760-1810: Men, Women and the Distribution of Goods (Boston Mass., 2006), p. 109.
33. G. Cookson, The Cable: Th e Wire that Changed the World (Stroud, 2003).
34. T. Standage, The Victorian Internet: Th e Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century's Online Pioneers (London, 1998).
35. S. Potter, 'Webs, Networks and Systems: Globalization and the Mass Media in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century British Empire ', Journal of British Studies , xlvi (2007), p. 622;
36. S. Woolgar, 'Five Rules of Virtuality ', in S. Woolgar, ed., Virtual Society? Technology, Cyberbole, Reality (Oxford, 2002), pp. 1-22.
37. D.P. Nickles, Under the Wire: How the Telegraph Changed Diplomacy (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), p. 81.
38. On imperial strategy cf. Paul M. Kennedy, 'Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1879-1914 ', English Historical Review , lxxxvi (1971), pp. 728-52.
39. R.V. Kubicek, The Administration of Imperialism: Joseph Chamberlain and the Colonial Office (Durham, NC, 1969), pp.30-2;
40. C. Bright, Imperial Telegraphic Communication (London, 1911), pp. 93-4.
41. On Scottish business networks see e.g. D. Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World, 1750-1720(Manchester, 2005), pp. 84-93;
42. M. Fry, The Scottish Empire (London, 2001), pp. 71-2;
43. on Jewish experiences cf. most recently N. Snyder, 'English Markets, Jewish Merchants and Atlantic Endeavours: Jews and the Making of British Transatlantic Commercial Culture,1650-1800', in R.L. Kagan and P.D. Morgan, eds., Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism 1500-1800 (Baltimore Md., 2009), pp. 50-74.
44. For some of the implications of this see J.M. Price, 'What Did Merchants Do? Refl ections on British Overseas Trade, 1660-1790', Journal of Economic History , xlix (1989), pp. 278-81.
45. P. Mathias, 'Risk, Credit and Kinship in Early Modern Enterprise ' , in J.I. McCusker and K. Morgan, eds., The Early Modern Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 16-22, 25.
46. S. Pearsall, Atlantic Families: Lives and Letters in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 2008),esp. pp. 111-13.
47. J. Smail, 'Credit, Risk and Honour in Eighteenth Century Commerce ' , Journal of British Studies , xliv (2005), pp. 447-8.
48. B. Bailyn, Atlantic History: Concept and Contours (Cambridge Mass., 2005), p. 85.
49. For the latter phrase see F. Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (Eng trans., London, 1972), vol. I, pp. 224-30.
50. J.H. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830 (London, 2006);
51. D. Abulafi a, The Discovery of Mankind: Atlantic Encounters in the Age of Columbus (London, 2008), pp.218-21 on the English and early Atlantic empire-building.
52. On which see also P.J. Katzenstein, A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium (Ithaca NY, 2005).
53. K.N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660-1760 (Cambridge, 1978), p. 455.
54. see K.N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, 1985), e.g. pp. 224-5, on the ' social nature of trade' .
55. S. Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge Mass., 2006), pp. 4-5.
56. Good histories of the 'British Indian Ocean ' now abound: see e.g. R.J. Barendse, Th e Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century (2002), ch. 9, pp.424-60;
57. M. Pearson, The Indian Ocean (2002), ch. 7, pp. 190-248.
58. J.F. Warren, The Sulu Zone 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State (Singapore, 1981), p. 252.
59. J.F. Warren, ' The Global Economy and the Sulu Zone: Connections, Commodities and Culture ' , in B. Klein and G. Mackenthune, eds., Sea Changes: Historicizing the Ocean (New York, 2004), p. 60;
60. see also J.F. Warren, Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity (Singapore,2002).
61. Heather Sutherland argues that Warren does not go nearly far enough in H. Sutherland, ' The Sulu Zone Revisited ', Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , xxxv(2004), pp. 133-57.
62. H.P. Ray, 'Crossing the Seas: Connecting Maritime Space in Colonial India', in H.P. Ray and E.A. Alpers, eds., Cross Currents and Community Networks:The History of the Indian Ocean World (Oxford, 2007), esp. p. 51.
63. This stands in contradistinction to Kenneth McPherson's emphasis on cultural and economic 'zones ' surrounding each major maritime centre: see K. McPherson, 'Maritime Communities: An Overview', in Ray and Alpers, eds., Cross Currents , pp. 34-49.
64. P. de Souza and H. Adlai Murdoch, 'Oceanic Dialogues: From the Black Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific' , International Journal of Francophone Studies , viii (2005), pp. 133-46.
65. P. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London, 1993), pp. 1-40;
66. The comment is from J. Bentley, 'Sea and Ocean Basins as Frameworks of Historical Analysis', Geographical Review , lxxxix (1999), pp. 217-20.
67. F. Broeze, 'Maritime History at the Crossroads', in F. Broeze, ed., Maritime History at the Crossroads: A Critical Review of Recent Historiography (St John's, Newfoundland, 1995), pp. xiii-xiv.
68. P.A. Coclanis, 'Drang Nach Osten: Bernard Bailyn, the World-Island, and the Idea of Atlantic History', Journal of World History , xiii (2002), pp. 176-8.
69. R.A. Bickers, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism, 1900-1949 (Manchester, 1996), esp. ch. 3, pp. 67-114.
70. R.A. Bickers, The Scramble for China, 1839-1949 (London, forthcoming, 2009).
71. In more specialist terms, see , D. Brunero, Britain's Imperial Cornerstone in China: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service, 1854-1949 (London, 2006).
72. F. Fernandez-Armesto, 'Maritime History and World History', in D. Finamore, ed., Maritime History as World History (Gainesville Fla., 2004), pp. 29-30.
73. P. Emmer, 'In Search of a System: The Atlantic Economy 1500-1800', in H. Pietschmann, ed., Atlantic History: A History of the Atlantic System, 1580-1830 (Gottingen, 2002), p. 170.
74. See, for instance, Maxine Berg's comments on the role of international trade in fostering a sense of fashion and novelty: M. Berg, Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth Century England (Oxford, 2005), e.g. p. 20.
75. Games, 'Atlantic History ', pp. 745-751.
76. P.J. Stern, 'British Asia and British Atlantic: Comparisons and Connections' , William and Mary Quarterly , lxiii (2006), pp. 694-5.
77. D. Gabaccia, 'A Long Atlantic in a Wider World ', Atlantic Studies , i (2004), pp.1, 7.
78. E. Sager, Seafaring Labour: The Merchant Marine of Atlantic Canada, 1820-1914 (Kingston, Ont., 1989).
79. N. Jones, The Plimsoll Sensation: The Great Campaign to Save Lives at Sea (pbk. edn., London, 2007), p. 15.
80. R. Samuel, People's History and Socialist Theory (London, 1981), pp. xv-xvi, 123, 275;
81. For the connection to specifi cally maritime studies see D. Armitage, 'The Red Atlantic', Reviews in American History , xxix (2001), pp. 479-86.
82. e.g. N. Rogers, 'Liberty Road: Opposition to Impressment in Britain during the American War of Independence', in C. Howell and R.J. Twomey, eds., Jack Tar in History: Essays in the History of Maritime Life and Labour (Fredericton, New Brunwick, 1991), pp. 55-75.
83. B. Bathurst, The Wreckers: A Story of Killing Seas, False Lights and Plundered Ships (pbk. edn., London, 2006), pp. 42-54.
84. For recent examples of these concepts in action, see e.g. H.A. Whitfi eld, 'Black Loyalists and Black Slaves in Maritime Canada', History Compass , v (2007), pp. 1980-97.
85. W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail (Cambridge Mass., 1997).
86. See her description of Forten's 1784-5 sojourn in London: J. Winch, A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten (Oxford, 2003), pp. 53-63.
87. L. Tabili, 'We Ask for British Justice': Workers and Racial Diff erence in Late Imperial Britain (London, 1994), esp. pp. 41-2, 59-60.
88. J.N. Brown, Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail: Geographies of Race in Black Liverpool (Princeton NJ, 2005), e.g. pp. 20-1.
89. M. Rediker, The Slave Ship: A Human History (London, 2007), pp. 229-30.
90. L. Chrisman, 'Black Transnationalisms Revisited ' , Postcolonial Studies , ix (2006), pp. 213-23.
91. Relatively populist examples of both traditions are, respectively, D. Pope, Life in Nelson's Navy (London, 1981), esp. pp. 3-13;
92. J. Neale, The Cutlass and the Lash: Mutiny and Discipline in Nelson's Navy (London, 1985), esp. pp. 13-22, 55-67.
93. Though itself indebted to e.g. J. Lemisch, 'Jack Tar in the Streets: Merchant Seamen in the Politics of Revolutionary America', William and Mary Quarterly , xxv (1968), pp. 371-407.
94. M. Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World 1700-1750 (Cambridge, 1987), p. 79.
95. I. Land, 'Tidal Waves: The New Coastal History', Journal of Social History , xl (2007), p. 734.
96. See C. Emsley, 'Review: The Wooden World', Social History , xii (1987), p. 390. See also notes 80 and 81 below.
97. G. Dening, Mr Bligh's Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 65-7, 69-71.
98. S. Ashley, 'How Navigators Think: The Death of Captain Cook Revisited', Past and Present , cxciv (2007), pp. 107-12.
99. C. Lloyd, The British Seaman, 1200-1860: A Social Survey (London, 1968), pp. 103-4.
100. M. Lewis, A Social History of the Navy, 1793-1815 (London, 1960), pp. 58-9, 81.
101. J.S. Bromley, 'The British Navy and its Seamen after 1688: Notes Towards an Unwritten History', in S. Palmer and G. Williams, eds., Charted and Uncharted Waters: Proceedings of a Conference on the Study of British Maritime History (Greenwich, 1981), pp.148, 152-7.
102. S. Conway, War, State and Society in Mid-Eighteenth Century Britain and Ireland (Oxford, 2006), pp. 89-93.
103. N.A.M. Rodger, The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy (1986), pp. 352-62.
104. N.A.M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, 660-1649 (pbk. edn., Harmondsworth, 2004), pp. 131-42, 297-326, 395-410;
105. N.A.M. Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649-1815 (pbk. edn., Harmondsworth, 2005), pp. 50-64, 112-35, 201-15, 312-26, 380-407, 442-53, 489-527; on samples, see pp. 498-9.
106. N.A.M. Rodger, 'Honour and Duty at Sea, 1660-1815', Historical Research , lxxv (2002), pp. 428-30.
107. See R. Morriss,'Recent Biographical Works on Horatio Nelson', Reviews in History , http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/articles/morriss.html , accessed 29 April 2009.
108. 'Horatio Nelson: Conjurer of Victory', The Economist , 23 June 2005.
109. The best recent treatments are, in alphabetical order, R. Knight, The Pursuit of Victory: The Life and Achievement of Horatio Nelson (London, 2005);
110. A. Lambert, Nelson: Britannia's God of War (London, 2005);
111. J. Sugden, Nelson: A Dream of Glory (London, 2004).
112. E.J. Christopher, 'The Sons of Neptune and the Sons of Ham: A History of Slave Ship Crews and their Captive Cargoes', University College London unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, 2003, pp. 147-50;
113. E.J. Christopher, Slave Ship Sailors and their Captive Cargoes (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 165-74.
114. E.J. Christopher, 'Another Head of the Hydra? Slave Trade Sailors and Militancy on the African Coast', Atlantic Studies , i (2004), pp. 145-51.
115. D.G. Kirby and M.-J. Hinkkanen, The Baltic and the North Seas (London, 2000), p. 207.
116. D.A. Baugh, 'The Eighteenth Century Navy as a National Institution' , in J.R. Hill, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy (Oxford, 1995), p. 145.
117. N.A.M. Rodger, 'Recent Books on the Royal Navy of the Eighteenth Century', Journal of Military History , lxiii (1999), p. 693.
118. Rodger, Command , p. 844.
119. R. Schultz, 'Pirates and Proletarians: Authority, Labour and Capital Accumulation in the First British Empire', Radical History Review , xliv (1989), p. 173.
120. D. Vickers et al. , 'Roundtable: Reviews of Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea', International Journal of Maritime History , i (1989), pp. 311-12.
121. A. Taylor, 'Floating Proletarians', Reviews in American History , xvi (1988), pp. 194-5.
122. P.A. Gilje, Liberty on the Waterfront: American Maritime Culture in the Age of Revolution (Philadelphia, 2004);
123. B.L. Carp, Rebels Rising: Cities and the American Revolution (New York, 2007).
124. S. Rockman, 'Work in the Cities of Colonial British North America', Journal of Urban History , xxxiii (2007), p. 1028.
125. N. Waller, 'Sea Change: Captain John Smith's True Travels between Mediterranean and Atlantic Worlds ' , in C. Buschendorf and A. Franke, eds., Transatlantic Negotiations (Heidelberg, 2005), pp. 11-12.
126. M. Foucault, 'Of Other Spaces', Diacritics , xvi (1986), p. 27.
127. Rediker, Deep Blue Sea , pp. 262-79.
128. P. Linebaugh and M. Rediker, The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Boston Mass., 2000), p. 17.
129. E. Hobsbawm, Bandits (pbk. edn., Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 17.
130. J.C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven CT, 1987).
131. For instance S.J. Stark, Female Tars: Women Aboard Ship in the Age of Sail (London, 1996), esp. pp. 82-121.
132. Rodger, 'Recent Books', p. 694.
133. Colley, Ordeal, p. xxii.
134. H. Hagmark-Cooper, 'Is There a Place for Women in Maritime History?', History in Focus,ix (2005), http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Sea/articles. html., accessed 30 April 2009.
135. R. Byron, 'The Maritime Household in Northern Europe', Comparative Studies in Society and History, xxxvi (1994), p. 271.
136. L. Abrams, Myth and Materiality in a Woman's World: Shetland, 1800-2000 (Manchester, 2005), p. 226.
137. See, most recently, L. Abrams, 'The Unseamed Picture: Conflicting Narratives of Women in the Modern European Past', Gender and History, xx (2008), pp. 628-643
138. P. Baker and J. Stanley, Hello Sailor! The Hidden History of Gay Life at Sea (2003), p. 41.
139. M. Houlbrook, Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918-1957 (Chicago, 2005), pp. 72-73
140. Cf. J.G. Merquior, Foucault (London, 1985), pp. 81-3 on this concept.
141. R. Davis, 'Maritime History: Progress and Problems', in S. Marriner, ed., Business and Businessmen: Studies in Business, Economic and Accounting History (Liverpool, 1978), p. 169.
142. D.M. Williams, 'The Progress of Maritime History, 1953-93', Journal of Transport History, xiv (1993), p. 131.
143. L. Johnman and H. Murphy, 'Maritime and Business History in Britain: Past, Present and Future?', International Journal of Maritime History, xix (2007), p. 269.
144. For this context see M. Hughes-Warrington, 'World and Global History', Historical Journal, li (2008), pp. 754-755, 759.
145. Land, 'Coastal History', p. 740.
146. J. Donald Hughes, An Environmental History of the World: Humankind's Changing Role in the Community of Life (London, 2002), pp. 184, 199, 212, 218.
147. though the fundamental differences between the twentieth century and the preceding epochs are stressed in J. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century (Harmondsworth, 2000), pp. 137-47.
148. L. Robin, 'Ecology: A Science of Empire?', in T. Griffi ths and L. Robin, eds., Ecology and Empire: The Environmental History of Settler Societies (Edinburgh, 1997), pp. 63-75.
149. see also A.W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge, 1986), esp. ch. 7, pp. 145-170
150. W. Beinart and L. Hughes, Environment and Empire (Oxford, 2007), pp. 8-12.
151. Conservation could be as important as extraction, as long as the imperialists controlled it: J.M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism (Manchester, 1988), pp. 296-311.
152. D. Whitmarsh, 'Adaptation and Change within the Fishing Industry since the 1970s', in D.J. Starkey, C. Reid and N. Ashcroft, eds., England's Sea Fisheries: The Commercial Sea Fisheries of England and Wales since 1300 (London, 2000), pp. 217-226
153. R. Robinson, 'The Development of the British Distant-Water Trawling Industry, 1880-1939', in D.J. Starkey and A.G. Jamieson, eds., Exploiting the Sea: Aspects of Britain's Maritime Economy since 1870 (Exeter, 1998), pp. 163-164
154. More populist treatments may be found in two books by Mark Kurlansky: Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World (London, 1998).
155. and The Last Fish Tale: The Fate of the Atlantic and Our Disappearing Fisheries (London, 2008).
156. G.A. Rose, The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries (St John's, Newfoundland, 2008).
157. see the discussion in 'Roundtable: reviews of George A. Rose, Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries', International Journal of Maritime History, xx (2008), pp. 291-338.
158. See in general A. Iriye, 'Environmental History and International History', Diplomatic History, xxxii (2008), p. 645.
159. and for a specific example G.T. Jóhannesson, 'How "Cod War" Came: The Origins of the Anglo-Icelandic Fisheries Dispute, 1958-61', Historical Research, lxxvii (2004), pp. 543-74. I am grateful for the assistance of Professor Kathleen Burk on this point.
160. Braudel, Mediterranean World, vol.I, pp. 103-167
161. H.A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History (Toronto, 1956 rev. edn.), esp. pp. 385-392
162. H.A. Innis, The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy (Toronto, 1954 rev. edn.), pp. 492-500.
163. R.H. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1868 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 311-316
164. see G. Williams, Buccaneers, Explorers and Settlers: British Enterprise and Encounters in the Pacific, 1670-1800 (Aldershot, 2005), p. 177.
165. Cf. the populist account of the reason for the Bounty's voyage to the Pacific from 1787 in C. Alexander, The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on The Bounty (pbk. edn., London, 2004), pp. 41-48
166. A much more academic, and more general, treatment is R. Drayton, Nature's Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the 'Improvement' of the World (London, 2000), pp. 94-124.
167. R. Olwell, 'Seeds of Empire: Florida, Kew and the British Imperial Meridian in the 1760s', in E. Mancke and C. Shammas, eds., The Creation of the British Atlantic World (Baltimore Md., 2005), p. 276.
168. W. Jeffrey Bolster, 'Putting the Ocean in Atlantic History: Maritime Communities and Marine Ecology in the Northwest Atlantic, 1500-1800', American Historical Review, cxiii (2008), pp. 28-29
169. W. Jeffrey Bolster, 'Opportunities in Marine Environmental History', Environmental History, xi (2006), pp. 567-569
170. S. McGrail, 'The Sea and Archaeology', Historical Research, lxxvi (2003), pp. 2, 5.
171. J.K. Walton, 'Seaside Resorts and Maritime History', International Journal of Maritime History, ix (1997), p. 146.
172. For instance, in Stanley Baldwin's famous May 1924 speech 'On England': see D. Cannadine, In Churchill's Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (London, 2002), p. 167.
173. Cf. e.g. J.M. Winter, Remembering War: The Great War Between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven CT, 2006), p. 244.
174. A. King, Memorials of the Great War in Britain (Oxford, 1998), p. 45.
175. On the great post-war monuments see J. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 85-108.
176. For the later importance of personal narratives over monuments, see S. Hynes, 'Personal Narratives and Commemoration', in J. Winter and E. Sivan, eds., War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century (London, 1999), pp. 206-207
177. See M. Francis, The Flyer: British Culture and the Royal Air Force, 1939-1945 (Oxford, 2008), esp. pp. 16-20.
178. T. Clayton and P. Craig, Finest Hour (London, 2001), pp. 317-318
179. J. Baxendale, Priestley's England: J.B. Priestley and English Culture (Manchester, 2007), pp. 148-149
180. See, for the last case in that list, N.A.M. Rodger, 'Queen Elizabeth and the Myth of Sea Power in English History', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, VIth series, xiv (2004), pp. 153-174
181. On 'deep England' see most recently B. Byrne, 'England-Whose England? Narratives of Nostalgia, Emptiness and Evasion in Imaginations of National Identity', Sociological Review, lv (2007), pp. 509-530
182. E. Childers, The Riddle of the Sands (pbk. edn., Oxford, 1998), p. 89.
183. R. Colls, Identity of England (Oxford, 2002), p. 239.
184. R. Samuel, Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity (London, 1989), vol. i, pp. 49-51.
185. Cf. A. Law, 'Of Navies and Navels: Britain as a Mental Island', Geografiska Annaler B: Human Geography, lxxxvii (2005), pp. 267-277
186. L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (London, 1992).
187. L. Colley, Captives: Britain, Empire and the World, 1600-1850 (London, 2002).
188. For similar evidence of captivity as 'unnatural' from an earlier period, see M. Todd, 'A Captive's Story: Puritans, Pirates and the Drama of Reconciliation', Seventeenth Century, xii (1997), pp. 37-56.
189. A history in which, frustratingly, 'everything seems to be connected with everything else': see Conway, War, State and Society, p. 85.
190. T. Koditschek, 'The Making of British Nationality', Victorian Studies, xliv (2002), pp. 389-398.
191. Some of the potential has been summarised in K. Lunn and A. Day, 'Britain as Island: National Identity and the Sea', in H. Brocklehurst and R. Phillips, eds., History, Nationhood and the Question of Britain (Basingstoke, 2004), esp. pp. 127-131
192. J. Rüger, The Great Naval Game: Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 3, 4, 8.
193. T. Jenks, Naval Engagements: Patriotism, Cultural Politics, and the Royal Navy (Oxford, 2006), esp. pp. 183-186, 245-6.
194. M.A. Conley, From Jack Tar to Union Jack: Representing Naval Manhood in the British Empire, 1870-1918 (Manchester, 2009), e.g. pp. 127-128, 165-6, 193-4.
195. An earlier article on the same theme is C.I. Hamilton, 'Naval Hagiography and the Victorian Hero', Historical Journal, xxiii (1980), pp. 381-98.
196. C. Harvie, A Floating Commonwealth: Politics, Culture and Technology on Britain's Atlantic Coast, 1860-1930 (Oxford, 2008), p. 29.
197. e.g. J. Glete, Warfare at Sea, 1500-1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe (London, 2000).
198. M. Kettle, 'Brown Britishness', The Guardian, 25 April 2007.
199. T. Helm, 'What Has Happened to Gordon Brown's "Britishness" Agenda?', The Guardian, 4 February 2009.
200. The International Fleet Review of 2005 was a good example of deliberate reconstructions of an imagined past: B. Fenton and T. Harding, 'Fleet Lives Up to England's Expectations', Daily Telegraph, 29 June 2005.
201. B. Cunliffe, Facing the Ocean: The Atlantic and its Peoples, 8000 BC to AD 1500 (Oxford, 2001), p. 554.