Queen Elizabeth and the myth of sea-power in English history

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

Volumn 14, Issue , 2004, Pages 153-174

  Rodger, N A M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748321377     PISSN: 00804401     EISSN: 14740648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0080440104000180     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (146)

1. Charles de La Roncière, Histoire de la marine française (6 vols., Paris, 1899-1932), IV, 102-18
2. B. Dietz, 'The Huguenot and English Corsairs during the Third Civil War in France, 1568 to 1570', Proceedings of the Huguenot Society, 19 (1952-8), 278-94
3. James A. Williamson, Hawkins of Plymouth, 2nd edn (1969), 165-70
4. Patrick Villiers, Les corsaires du Littoral: Dunkerque, Calais, Boulogne, de Philippe II à Louis XIV (1568-1713) (Villeneuve d'Ascq, 2000), 26-7
5. D. J. B. Trim, 'The "Secret War" of Elizabeth I: England and the Huguenots during the Early Wars of Religion, 1562-77', Proc. Hug. Soc., 27 (1999), 189-99
6. D. A. Gardiner, 'The History of Belligerent Rights on the High Seas in the Fourteenth Century', Law Quarterly Review, 48 (1932), 521-46
7. René de Mas Latrie, 'Du droit de marque ou droit de représailles au moyen âge', Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, 27 (1866), 529-77, 29 (1868), 294-347, 612-35
8. Marie-Claire Chavarot, 'La pratique des lettres de marque d'après les arrêts du parlement (XIIIe-debut XVe siècle)', Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, 149 (1981), 51-89
9. Pierre Chaplais, 'Règlement des conflits internationaux franco-anglais au XIVe siècle (1293-1377)', Le Moyen Age, 57 (1951), 259-302
10. Florence E. Dyer, 'Reprisals in the Sixteenth Century', Mariner's Mirror, 21 (1935), 187-97
11. Documents relating to Law and Custom of the Sea, ed. R. G. Marsden (Navy Records Society vols. 49-50, 1915-16), I, 119-24 [hereafter NRS]
12. Mickaël Augeron, 'Coligny et les Espagnols à travers la course (c. 1560-1572): une politique maritime au service de la cause protestante', in Coligny, les protestants et la mer, ed. Martine Acerra and Guy Martinière (Paris, 1997), 155-76
13. Ralph Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (1973), 77-80
14. David Loades, England's Maritime Empire: Seapower, Commerce and Policy, 1490-1690 (2000), 85-114
15. Timothy George, 'War and Peace in the Puritan Tradition', Church History, 52 (1984), 492-503
16. D. J. B. Trim, 'Protestant refugees in Elizabethan England and confessional conflict in France and the Netherlands, c. 1562-c. 1610', in From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1550-1750, ed. Randolph Vigne and Charles Littleton (Brighton, 2001), 68-79
17. Alan James, 'Between "Huguenot" and "Royal": Naval Affairs during the Wars of Religion', in The Adventure of Religious Pluralism in Early Modern France, ed. Keith Cameron, Mark Greengrass and Penny Roberts (Oxford and New York, 2000), pp. 101-12
18. An Elizabethan in 1582: The Diary of Richard Madox, Fellow of All Souls, ed. Elizabeth S. Donno (Hakluyt Society, second series, CXLVI, 1976), 144
19. Kenneth Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480-1630 (Cambridge, 1984), 128-38
20. Documents concerning English Voyages to the Spanish Main 1569-1580, ed. I. A. Wright (Hakluyt Society, second series, LXXI, 1932), xxx-xxxv
21. G. V. Scammell, 'The English in the Atlantic Islands c. 1450-1650', MM, 72 (1986), 295-317, at 302-3
22. The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589, ed. R. B. Wernham (NRS, CXXVII, 1988), 179
23. A. L. Rowse, Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge: An Elizabethan Hero (1937), 117-21, 132-44
24. English Privateering Voyages to the West Indies 1588-1595, ed. K. R. Andrews (Hakluyt Society, second series, CXI, 1959), 339 n. 4
25. Jean Meyer, 'La course: romantisme, exutoire sociale, réalité économique', Annales de Bretagne, 78 (1971), 307-44, at 311
26. R. B. Wernham, 'Elizabethan War Aims and Strategy', in Elizabethan Government and Society: Essays Presented to Sir John Neale, ed. S. T. Bindoff, J. Hurstfield and C. H. Williams (1961), 340-68, quoted at 340
27. Bruce Lenman, England's Colonial Wars 1550-1688: Conflicts, Empire and National Identity (Harlow, 2001), 85
28. Kenneth R. Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering: English Privateering during the Spanish War 1585-1603 (Cambridge, 1964), 6, 9, 16, 232-5
29. Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement, 17-36, 248
30. Loades, England's Maritime Empire, 111-25
31. Geoffrey Scammell, The World Encompassed: The First European Maritime Empires, c. 800-1650 (1981), 498
32. Norman Clayton, 'Naval Administration, 1603-1628' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds, 1935), 281
33. Robert Kayll, The Trade's Increase (1809)
34. Brian Dietz, 'The Royal Bounty and English Merchant Shipping in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries', MM, 77 (1991), 5-20, at 5
35. Daniel A. Baugh in 'Maritime Strength and Atlantic Commerce: The Uses of "A Grand Marine Empire"', in An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815, ed. Lawrence Stone (1994), 185-223
36. David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (1989), 110-23
37. Carol Z. Wiener, 'The Beleaguered Isle: A Study of Elizabethan and Jacobean Anti-Catholicism', Past and Present, 51 (1971), 27-62
38. John Miller, Popery and Politics in England 1660-1688 (Cambridge, 1973), 67-90
39. G. M. D. Howat, Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy (1974), 52
40. S. R. Gardiner, History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-1642 (10 vols., 1883-4), V, 191
41. Conrad Russell, Parliaments and English Politics 1621-1629 (Oxford, 1979), 8, 71-83, 284-5, 290
42. Thomas Cogswell, 'Foreign Policy and Parliament: The Case of La Rochelle', English Historical Review, 99 (1984), 241-67
43. Roger Lockyer, Buckingham: The Life and Political Career of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham, 1592-1628 (1981), 190, 244, 266, 467-74
44. S. L. Adams, 'Foreign Policy and the Parliaments of 1621 and 1624', in Factions and Parliament: Essays on Early Stuart History, ed. Kevin Sharpe (Oxford, 1978), 139-71
45. Simon Adams, 'Spain or the Netherlands? The Dilemmas of Early Stuart Foreign Policy', in Before the English Civil War: Essays on Early Stuart Politics and Government, ed. Howard Tomlinson (1983), 79-101
46. W. Frank Craven, 'The Earl of Warwick, a Speculator in Piracy', Hispanic American Historical Review, 10 (1930), 457-79
47. 'The Earl of Warwick's Voyage of 1627', ed. Nelson P. Bard, in The Naval Miscellany V, ed. N. A. M. Rodger (NRS, CXXV, 1984), 15-93
48. Nelson P. Bard, 'The Ship Money Case and William Fiennes, Viscount Saye and Sele', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 50 (1977), 177-84
49. N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, I: 660-1649 (1997), 379-86, 393-4
50. Thomas Gage, in A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. T. Birch (7 vols., 1742), III, 60
51. Thomas Gage, in Thurloe State Papers, ed. Birch, III, 61
52. Steven C. A. Pincus, 'Popery, Trade and Universal Monarchy: The Ideological Context of the Outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War', EHR, 107 (1992), 1-29
53. John F. Battick, 'Cromwell's Diplomatic Blunder: The Relationship between the Western Design of 1654-55 and the French Alliance of 1657', Albion, 5 (1973), 279-98
54. Charles P. Korr, Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy towards France, 1649-1658 (Berkeley, CA, 1975)
55. Timothy Venning, Cromwellian Foreign Policy (1995)
56. Hans-Christoph Junge, Flottenpolitik und Revolution: Die Entstehung der englischen Seemacht während der Herrschaft Cromwells (Stuttgart, 1980)
57. Roger Crabtree, 'The Idea of a Protestant Foreign Policy', in Cromwell, A Profile, ed. Ivan Roots (London, 1973), 160-89
58. Blair Worden, 'Oliver Cromwell and the Sin of Achan', in History, Society and the Churches: Essays in Honour of Owen Chadwick, ed. Derek Beales and Geoffrey Best (Cambridge, 1985), 125-45
59. R. C. Thompson, 'Officers, Merchants and Foreign Policy in the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell', Historical Studies Australia and New Zealand, 12 (1965-7), 149-65
60. James Scott Wheeler, The Making of a World Power: War and the Military Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England (Stroud, 1999)
61. Ronald Hutton, The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658-1667 (Oxford, 1985), 251-60
62. Steven C. A. Pincus, Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the making of English Foreign Policy, 1650-1668 (Cambridge, 1996), 354-70, 410-29
63. J. D. Davies, 'The Navy, Parliament and Political Crisis in the Reign of Charles II', Historical Journal, 36 (1993), 271-88
64. J. R. Jones, The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century (1996)
65. W. A. Speck, 'Some Consequences of the Glorious Revolution', in The World of William and Mary: Anglo-Dutch Perspectives on the Revolution of 1688-89, ed. Dale Hoak and Mordechai Feingold (Stanford, 1996), 29-41, at 31-2
66. L. Gooch, 'Catholic Officers in the Navy of James II', Recusant History, 14 (1978), 276-80
67. Peter Le Fevre, 'Tangier, the Navy, and its Connection with the Glorious Revolution of 1688', MM, 73 (1987), 187-90
68. Bishop Parker's History of his Own Time, trans. Thomas Newlin (1727), 379-80
69. J. A. Johnstone, 'Parliament and the Navy, 1688-1714' (Ph.D. thesis, Sheffield University, 1968)
70. T. J. Denman, 'The Political Debate over War Strategy, 1689-1712' (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University, 1985)
71. Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau, fourth series, ed. F. J. L. Krämer (3 vols., Leiden, 1907-9) III, 249-50, 509
72. John Ehrman, The Navy in the War of William III, 1689-1697: Its State and Direction (Cambridge, 1953), 311-20
73. Brian Lavery, The Ship of the Line (2 vols., 1983-4), I, 70-1
74. T. B. Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James II (Everyman edn, 4 vols., 1906), I, 225-8
75. Norbert Elias, 'Studies in the Genesis of the Naval Profession', British Journal of Sociology, 1 (1950), 291-309
76. J. D. Davies, Gentlemen and Tarpaulins: The Officers and Men of the Restoration Navy (Oxford, 1991)
77. Bernard Capp, Cromwell's Navy: The Fleet and the English Revolution, 1648-1660 (Oxford, 1989), 387-96
78. David Davies, 'The English Navy on the Eve of War, 1689', in Guerres Maritimes (1688-1713) (Vincennes, 1996), 1-14
79. N. A. M. Rodger, 'Commissioned Officers' Careers in the Royal Navy, 1690-1815', Journal for Maritime Research [www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk] (July 2001), graphs 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2
80. The Works of George Savile, Marquis of Halifax, ed. Mark N. Brown (3 vols., Oxford, 1989), I, 296-314
81. Robert E. Glass, 'The Image of the Sea Officer in English Literature, 1660-1710', Albion, 26 (1994), 583-99
82. John B. Hattendorf, 'The Machinery for the Planning and Execution of English Grand Strategy in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1702-1713', in Changing Interpretations and New Sources in Naval History: Papers from the Third United States Naval Academy History Symposium, ed. R. W. Love, jr (New York, 1980), 80-95
83. Jeremy Black, 'British Neutrality in the War of the Polish Succession, 1733-1735', International History Review, 8 (1986), 345-66, at 358
84. J. C. D. Clark, The Dynamics of Change: The Crisis of the 1750s and English Party Systems (Cambridge, 1982), 11-12
85. Paul Langford, 'William Pitt and Public Opinion, 1757', EHR, 88 (1973), 54-80, at 58-9
86. J. R. Jones, Britain and the World 1649-1815 (Brighton, 1980), 12-13
87. James T. Boulton, 'Arbitrary Power: An Eighteenth-Century Obsession', Studies in Burke and his Times, 9 (1968), 905-26
88. David Armitage, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, 2000), 143-4, 173
89. Philip Woodfine, 'The Anglo-SpanishWar of 1739', in The Origins of War in Early Modern Europe, ed. Jeremy Black (Edinburgh, 1987), 185-209
90. Ruth Bourne, Queen Anne's Navy in the West Indies (New Haven, 1939), 20
91. Dr James Drake, An Essay concerning the Necessity of Equal Taxes (1939)
92. Daniel A. Baugh, British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole (Princeton, 1965), 15
93. Philip Woodfine, Britannia's Glories: The Walpole Ministry and the 1739 War with Spain (Woodbridge, 1998)
94. idem, 'Ideas of Naval Power and the Conflict with Spain, 1737-1742', in The British Navy and the Use of Naval Power in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Jeremy Black and Philip Woodfine (Leicester, 1988), 71-90
95. Richard Harding, Amphibious Warfare in the Eighteeth Century: The British Expedition to the West Indies 1740-1742 (Woodbridge, 1991), 22-6
96. Gerald Jordan and Nicholas Rogers, 'Admirals as Heroes: Patriotism and Liberty in Hanoverian England', Journal of British Studies, 28 (1989), 201-24
97. Kathleen Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', P&P, 121 (1988), 74-109
98. Bob Harris, '"American Idols": War and the Middling Ranks in Mid-Eighteenth Century Britain', P&P, 150 (1996), 111-41, at 119-21
99. Nicholas Rogers, Crowds, Culture and Politics in Georgian Britain (Oxford, 1998), 61-3
100. Jeremy Black, Natural and Necessary Enemies: Anglo-French Relations in the Eighteenth Century (1986), 161
101. Colin Haydon, '"I Love my King and my Country, but a Roman Catholic I Hate": Anti-Catholicism, Xenophobia and National Identity in Eighteenth-Century England', in Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland, c. 1650-c. 1850, ed. Tony Claydon and Ian McBride (Cambridge, 1998), 33-52
102. The Fourth Earl of Sandwich: Diplomatic Correspondence 1763-1765, ed. Frank Spencer (Manchester, 1961), 7
103. Israel Maudit, Considerations on the Present German War, 4th edn (1761), 10
104. Stephen Conway, 'War and National Identity in the Mid-Eighteenth-Century British Isles', EHR, 116 (2001), 863-93, at 884-6
105. Peter Krahé, Literarische Seestücke: Darstellungen von Meer und Seefahrt in der englischen Literatur des 18. bis 20. Jahrhunderts (Hamburg, 1992), 29-43
106. Juan A. Ortega y Medina, El conflicto anglo-español por el dominio oceanico (siglos XVI y XVIII) (Mexico City 1981)
107. Geoff Quilley, '"All Ocean Is her Own": The Image of the Sea and the Identity of the Maritime Nation in Eighteenth-Century British Art', in Imagining Nations, ed. Geoffrey Cubitt (Manchester, 1998), 132-52
108. Kathleen Wilson, The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 1715-1782 (Cambridge, 1995), 256-8
109. The Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty 1771-1782, ed. G. R. Barnes and J. H. Owen (NRS, LXIX, LXXI, LXXV, LXXVIII, 1932-8), II, 191
110. A. M. W. Stirling, Pages & Portraits from the Past, Being the Private Papers of Admiral Sir William Hotham, G.C.B. Admiral of the Red (2 vols., 1919), II, 311
111. Stephen Conway, The British Isles and the War of American Independence (Oxford, 2000), 255-6
112. J. S. Bromley, 'Away from Impressment: The Idea of a Royal Naval Reserve, 1696-1859', in Britain and the Netherlands, VI: War and Society, ed. A. C. Duke and C. A. Tamse (The Hague, 1977), 168-88
113. Gillian Hughes, 'The Act for the Increase and Encouragement of Seamen, 1696-1710. Could it Have Solved the Royal Navy's Manning Problem?', in Guerres Maritimes, 25-34
114. Christopher Lloyd, The British Seaman 1200-1860: A Social Survey (1968), 173-93
115. Stephen Gradish, The Manning of the British Navy during the Seven Years' War (1980), 107-10
116. Lord Gage, in The Parliamentary History of England, ed. William Cobbett (36 vols., 1806-20), XI, 422
117. William Coxe, Memoirs of the Administration of the Right Honourable Henry Pelham (2 vols., 1829), II, 67
118. John A. Wood, 'The City of London and Impressment 1776-1777', Proceedings of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, 8 (1956-9), 111-27
119. Nicholas Rogers, 'Liberty Road: Opposition to Impressment in Britain during the American War of Independence', in Jack Tar in History: Essays in the History of Maritime Life and Labour, ed. Colin Howell and Richard J. Twomey (Fredericton, NB, 1991), 53-75
120. Prince Hoare, Memoirs of Granville Sharp, 2nd edn (2 vols., 1828)
121. John Sainsbury, Disaffected Patriots: London Supporters of Revolutionary America 1769-1782 (Gloucester, 1987), 134-9
122. Linda Colley, 'Radical Patriotism in Eighteenth-Century England', in Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, ed. Raphael Samuel (3 vols., 1989), I, 169-87
123. Stephen Conway, 'The Politics of British Military and Naval Mobilization, 1775-83', EHR, 112 (1997), 1179-201
124. Margarette Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy: British Sea Power, 1750-1815 (Aldershot, 2002), 66
125. J. Lemisch, 'Jack Tar in the Streets: Merchant Seamen in the Politics of Revolutionary America', William and Mary Quarterly, third series, 35 (1968), 371-407, at 383
126. N. A. M. Rodger, The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy (1986), 164-82
127. J. R. Hale, 'Incitement to Violence? English Divines on the Theme of War, 1578 to 1631', in Renaissance War Studies (1983), 487-517, at 494, 498
128. D. Hay, 'War, Dearth and Theft in the Eighteenth Century: The Record of the English Courts', P&P, 95 (1982), 117-60, at 157
129. Gillian Russell, The Theatres of War: Performance, Politics and Society, 1793-1815 (Oxford, 1995), 8
130. Clive Emsley, 'The Recruitment of Petty Offenders during the French Wars 1793-1815, MM, 66 (1980), 199-208
131. Philip Woodfine, '"Proper Objects of the Press": Naval Impressment and Habeas Corpus in the French Revolutionary Wars', in The Representation and Reality of War: The British Experience: Essays in Honour of David Wright, ed. Keith Dockray and Keith Laybourn (Stroud, 1999), 36-60
132. Bob Harris, 'Patriotic Commerce and National Revival: The Free British Fishery Society and British Politics, c. 1749-58', EHR, 114 (1999), 285-313, at 207, 302-3
133. Stanley Ayling, The Elder Pitt, Earl of Chatham (1976), 66
134. John M. Norris, 'The Policy of the British Cabinet in the Nootka Crisis', EHR, 70 (1955), 562-80
135. M. D. George, English Political Caricature to 1792: A Study of Opinion and Propaganda (Oxford, 1959), 163-6
136. John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt: The Years of Acclaim (1969), 313
137. Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740-1830 (1987), 80-2, 92, 129-33, 194, 213-21
138. Paul Langford, Public Life and the Propertied Englishman 1689-1798 (1991), 536-41
139. Emma Vincent Macleod, A War of Ideas: British Attitudes to the Wars against Revolutionary France 1792-1802 (Aldershot, 1998), 185
140. Alison Yarrington, The Commemoration of the Hero, 1800-1864: Monuments to the British Victors of the Napoleonic Wars (1988), 7
141. Lynda Pratt, 'Naval Contemplation: Poetry, Patriotism and the Navy 1797-99', Journal for Maritime Research [www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk] (Dec. 2000), 4
142. Linda Colley, 'The Apotheosis of George III: Loyalty, Royalty and the British Nation 1760-1820', P&P, 102 (1984), 94-129, at 128
143. J. E. Cookson, The British Armed Nation, 1793-1815 (Oxford, 1997), 215-17
144. Gwyn A. Williams, Madoc: The Making of a Myth (1979), 31-67
145. Cynthia Fansler Behrman, Victorian Myths of the Sea (Athens, OH, 1977)
146. F. M. Cornford, Microcosmographia Academica, Being a Guide for the Young Academic Politician (Cambridge, 1908), 4