Implications of recent neuroscientific findings in patients with disorders of consciousness

Neuroethics

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 185-196

  Johnson, L Syd M ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Classical conditioning; Disorders of consciousness; Minimally conscious state; Misdiagnosis; Neuroscience; Vegetative state

Indexed keywords

AWARENESS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; HUMAN; MENTAL CAPACITY; MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS STATE; NEUROSCIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; WELFARE;

EID: 77955664259     PISSN: 18745490     EISSN: 18745504     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12152-010-9073-5     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Racine, E., R. Amaram, M. Seidler, M. Karczewska, and J. Illes. 2008. Media coverage of the persistent vegetative state and end-of-life decision making. Neurology 71: 1027-1032.
2. Jennett, B. 2005. Thirty years of the vegetative state: Clinical, ethical and legal problems. Progress in Brain Research 150: 537-543.
3. Beaumont, J.G., and P.M. Kenealy. 2005. Incidence and prevalence of the vegetative and minimally conscious states. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 15(3-4): 184- 189.
4. Owen, A.M., and M.R. Coleman. 2008. Functional neuroimaging of the vegetative state. Nature Neuroscience 9: 235-243.
5. Demertzi, A., S. Laureys, and M. Boly. 2009. Coma, persistent vegetative states, and diminished consciousness. In Encyclopedia of Consciousness, ed. W. Banks, 147-156. New York: Academic.
6. Giacino, J.T., S. Ashwal, N. Childs, R. Cranford, B. Jennett, D.I. Katz, J.P. Kelly, J.H. Rosenberg, J.Whyte, R.D. Zafonte, and N.D. Zasler. 2002. The minimally conscious state: Definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 58: 349-353.
7. Laureys, S. 2007. Eyes open, brain shut. Scientific American 296(5): 86-89.
8. Schiff, N.D., U. Ribary, D. Rodriguez Moreno, B. Beattie, E. Kronberg, R. Blasberg, J. Giacino, C. McCagg, J.J. Fins, R. Llinas, and F. Plum. 2002. Residual cerebral activity and behavioural fragments can remain in the persistently vegetative brain. Brain 125: 1210-1234.
9. Kobylarz, E.J., and N.D. Schiff. 2004. Functional imaging of severely brain-injured patients: Progress, challenges, and limitations. Archives of Neurology 61: 1357-1360.
10. Fins, J.J., J. Illes, J.L. Bernat, J. Hirsch, S. Laureys, and E. Murphy. 2008. Neuroimaging and disorders of consciousness: Envisioning an ethical research agenda. The American Journal of Bioethics 8(9): 3-12.
11. Bernat, J., and D.A. Rottenberg. 2007. Conscious awareness in PVS and MCS: The borderlands of neurology. Neurology 68: 885-886.
12. Noë, A. 2009. Out of our heads: Why you are not your brain, and other lessons from the biology of consciousness. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
13. Connolly, K. Nov 23, 2009. Trapped in his own body for 23 years-the coma victim who screamed unheard. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/ nov/23/man-trapped-coma-23-years. Accessed 23 November 2009.
14. Schnakers, C., A. Vanhaudenhuyse, J. Giacino, M. Ventura, M. Boly, S. Majerus, G. Moonen, and S. Laureys. 2009. Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state: Clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment. BMC Neurology 9(35). doi:10.1186/147-2377/9/35.
15. Andrews, K., L. Murphy, R. Munday, and C. Littlewood. 1996. Misdiagnosis of the vegetative state: Retrospective study in a rehabilitation unit. British Medical Journal 313: 13-16.
16. Childs, N.L., W.N. Mercer, and H.W. Childs. 1993. Accuracy of diagnosis of persistent vegetative state. Neurology 43: 1465-1467.
17. Fins, J.J. 2005. Rethinking disorders of consciousness: New research and its implications. Hastings Center Report 35(2): 22-24.
18. Giacino, J.T., J. Hirsch, N. Schiff, and S. Laureys. 2006. Functional Neuroimaging Applications for Assessment and Rehabilitation Planning in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 87(12), Suppl 2; S67-S76.
19. Wilson, F.C., J. Harpur, T. Watson, and J.I. Morrow. 2002. Vegetative states and minimally responsive patients- Regional survey, long-term case outcomes and service recommendations. NeuroRehabilitation 17: 231-236.
20. Schiff, N.D., U. Ribary, F. Plum, and R. Llinas. 1999. Words without mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11 (6): 650-656.
21. Lancioni, G.E., N.N. Singh, M.F. O'Reilly, J. Sigafoos, M. de Tommaso, G. Megna, A. Bosco, F. Buonocunto, V. Sacco, and C. Chiapparino. 2009. A learning assessment procedure to re-evaluate three persons with a diagnosis of post-coma vegetative state and pervasive motor impairment. Brain Injury 23(2): 154-162.
22. Fernandez-Espejo, D., C. Junque, P. Vendrell, M. Bernabeu, T. Roig, N. Bargallo, and J.M. Mercader. 2008. Cerebral response to speech in vegetative and minimally conscious states after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 22(11): 882- 890.
23. Di, H.B., S.M. Yu, X.C. Weng, S. Laureys, D. Yu, J.Q. Li, P.M. Qin, Y.H. Zhu, S.Z. Zhang, and Y.Z. Chen. 2007. Cerebral response to patient's own name in minimally conscious states. Neurology 68: 895-899.
24. Perrin, F., C. Schnakers, M. Schabus, C. Degueldre, S. Goldman, S. Bredart, M. Faymonville, M. Lamy, G. Moonen, A. Luxen, P. Maquet, and S. Laureys. 2006. Brain response to one's own name in vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and locked-in syndrome. Archives of Neurology 63: 562-569.
25. Owen, A.M., M.R. Coleman, M. Boly, M.H. Davis, S. Laureys, and J.D. Pickard. 2006. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science 313: 1402.
26. Laureys, S. 2005. The neural correlates of (un)awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state. Trends in Cognitive Science. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.10. 010. (Pubitemid 41677486)
27. Rousseau, M.C., S. Confort-Gouny, A. Catala, J. Graperon, J. Blaya, E. Soulier, P. Viout, D. Galanaud, Y. Le Fur, P.J. Cozzone, and J.P. Ranjeva. 2008. A MRS-MRI-fMRI exploration of the brain. Impact of long-lasting persistent vegetative state. Brain Injury 22(2): 123-134.
28. Boly, M., M. Faymonville, P. Peigneux, B. Lambermont, P. Damas, G. Del Fiore, C. Degueldre, G. Franck, A. Luxen, M. Lamy, G. Moonen, P. Maquet, and S. Laureys. 2004. Auditory processing in severely brain injured patients: Differences between the minimally conscious state and the persistent vegetative state. Archives of Neurology 61: 233- 238.
29. Bekinschtein, T.A., D.E. Shalom, C. Forcato, M. Herrera, M.R. Coleman, F.F. Manes, and M. Sigman. 2009. Classical conditioning in the vegetative and minimally conscious state. Nature Neuroscience 12(10): 1343-4351.
30. Woodruff-Pak, D.S., and J.F. Disterhoft. 2007. Where is the trace in trace conditioning? Trends in Neurosciences 31(2): 105-112.
31. Thompson, R.F., S. Bao, L. Chen, B.D. Cipriano, J.S. Grethe, J.J. Kim, J.K. Thompson, J.A. Tracy, M.S. Weninger, and D.J. Krupa. 1997. Associative learning. International Review of Neurobiology 41: 151-189.
32. Takehara, K., S. Kawahara, and Y. Kirino. 2003. Timedependent reorganization of the brain components underlyingmemory retention in trace eyeblink conditioning. The Journal of Neuroscience 23(30): 9897-9905.
33. Fanselow, M.S., and A.M. Poulos. 2005. The neuroscience of mammalian associative learning. Annual Review of Psychology 56: 207-234.
34. Qiu, J. 2007. Probing islands of consciousness in the damaged brain. Lancet Neurology 6: 946-947.
35. Fins, J.J. and Nicholas Schiff. 2006. Shades of gray: New insights into the vegetative state. Hastings Center Report 36(6): 8.
36. BBC News (2009) Vegetative patients 'still learn.'http://news.bbc.co.uk/ 2/hi/8260774.stm. Accessed 17 December 2009.
37. Msnbc.com. 2009. Study: Patients in vegetative state can learn. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32984642/ns/healthmore-health-news/. Accessed 17 December 2009.
38. Harmon, K. 2009. Conditional consciousness: Patients in vegetative states can learn, predicting recovery. Scientific American. http://www. scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=learning-in-vegetative-state. Accessed 17 December 2009.
39. Eisenberg, J.B. 2008. Schiavo on the cutting edge: Functional brain imaging and its impact on surrogate end of-life decision-making. Neuroethics 1: 75-83.
40. Wilson, B.A., F. Gracey, and K. Bainbridge. 2001. Cognitive recovery from 'persistent vegetative state': Psychological and personal perspectives. Brain Injury 15 (12): 1083-1092.
41. Boly, M., M. Faymonville, C. Schnakers, P. Peigneux, B. Lambermont, C. Phillips, P. Lancellotti, A. Luxen, M. Lamy, G. Moonen, P. Maquet, and S. Laureys. 2008. Perception of pain in the minimally conscious state with PET activation: An observational study. Lancet 7: 1013-1020.
42. Schnakers, C., and N.D. Zasler. 2007. Pain assessment and management in disorders of consciousness. Current Opinion in Neurology 20: 620-626.
43. Laureys, S., and M. Boly. 2007. What is it like to be vegetative or minimally conscious? Current Opinion in Neurology 20: 609-613.
44. Machado, C. 2008. Recognizing a mother's voice in the persistent vegetative state. Society Proceedings Clinical Neurophysiology 119: e101-e102.
45. Schiff, N.D., J.T. Giacino, K. Kalmar, J.D. Victor, K. Baker, M. Gerber, B. Fritz, B. Eisenberg, J. O'Connor, E.J. Kobylarz, S. Farris, A. Machado, C. McCagg, F. Plum, J.J. Fins, and A.R. Rezai. 2007. Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury. Nature 448(7153): 600-604.
46. Staffen, W., M. Kronbichler, M. Aichhorn, A. Mair, and G. Ladurner. 2006. Selective brain activity in response to one's own name in the persistent vegetative state. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 77: 1383-1384.
47. Voss, H.U., A.M. Ulug, J.P. Dyke, R. Watts, E.J. Kobylarz, B.D. McCandliss, L.A. Heier, B.J. Beattie, K.A. Hamacher, S. Vallabhajosula, S.J. Goldsmith, D. Ballon, J.T. Giacino, and N.D. Schiff. 2006. Possible axonal regrowth in late recovery from the minimally conscious state. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 116(7): 2005-2011.
48. Childs, N.L., and W.N. Mercer. 1996. Brief report: Late improvement in consciousness after post-traumatic vegetative state. The New England Journal of Medicine 334: 24-25.
49. Andrews, K. 1993. Recovery of patients after four months or more in the persistent vegetative state. British Medical Journal 306: 1597-1600.
50. Wijdicks, E.F.M. 2006. Minimally conscious state vs. persistent vegetative state: The case of Terry (Wallis) vs. the case of Terri (Schiavo). Mayo Clinic Proceedings 81(9): 1155-1158.
51. Clauss, R.P., andW. Nel. 2006. Drug induced arousal from the permanent vegetative state. NeuroRehabilitation 21(1): 23-28.
52. Lo, B., L. Dornbrand, L.E. Wolf, and M. Groman. 2002. The Wendland case-withdrawing life support from incompetent patients who are not terminally ill. The New England Journal of Medicine 346(19): 1489-1493.
53. Whyte, J., D. Katz, D. Long, M.C. DiPasquale, M. Polansky, K. Kalmar, J. Giacino, N. Childs, W. Mercer, P. Novak, P. Maurer, and B. Eifert. 2005. Predictors of outcome in prolonged posttraumatic disorders of consciousness and assessment of medication effects: A multicenter study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86: 453-462.
54. Meythaler, J.M., R.C. Brunner, A. Johnson, and T.A. Novack. 2002. Amantadine to improve neurorecovery in traumatic brain injury-associated diffuse axonal injury: A pilot double-blind randomized trial. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 17(4): 300-313.
55. Hughes, S., A. Colantonio, P.L. Santaguida, and T. Paton. 2005. Amantadine to enhance readiness for rehabilitation following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 19 (14): 1197-1206.
56. McDowell, S., J. Whyte, and M. D'Esposito. 1998. Differential effect of a dopaminergic agonist on prefrontal function in traumatic brain injury. Brain 121(6): 1155- 1164.
57. Clauss, R.P., W.M. Guldenpfennig, H.W. Nel, M.M. Sathekge, and R.R. Venkannagari. 2000. Extraordinary arousal from semi-comatose state on zolpidem. A case report. South African Medical Journal 90(1): 68-72.
58. Singh, R., C. McDonald, K. Dawson, S. Lewis, A. Pringle, S. Smith, and B. Pentland. 2008. Zolpidem in a minimally conscious state. Brain Injury 22(1): 103-106.
59. Cohen, S.I., and T.T. Duong. 2008. Increased arousal in a patient with anoxic brain injury after administration of zolpidem. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 87(3): 229-231.
60. Schiff, N.D., J.T. Giacino, and J.J. Fins. 2009. Deep brain stimulation, neuroethics, and the minimally conscious state: Moving beyond proof of principle. Archives of Neurology 66(6): 697-702.
61. In re Quinlan, 355 A. 2d 647 - NJ: Supreme Court 1976.
62. Cruzan v. Director, Mo. Dept. of Health, 497 US 261 - Supreme Court 1990.
63. MacNiven, J.A., R. Poz, K. Bainbridge, F. Gracey, and B. A. Wilson. 2003. Emotional adjustment following cognitive recovery from 'persistent vegetative state': Psychological and personal perspectives. Brain Injury 17(6): 525- 533.
64. Kahane, G., and J. Savulescu. 2009. Brain damage and the moral significance of consciousness. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 34: 6-26.
65. Dyer, C. Nov 20, 2006. Judge rejects right-to-die plea by family. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/nov/20/health.humanrights. Accessed 17 December 2009.
66. Pallister, D. Dec 7, 2006. Judge allows death with dignity for woman as 'miracle' drug fails. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/dec/ 07/health.medicineand health1. Accessed 17 December 2009.
67. Fins, J.J. 2006. Affirming the right to care, preserving the right to die: Disorders of consciousness and neuroethics after Schiavo. Palliative & Supportive Care 4: 169-178.
68. Grenvik, A., B. Eross, and D. Powner. 1980. Historical survey of mechanical ventilation. International Anesthesiology Clinics 18(2): 1-10.