메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue , 2010, Pages 21-47

Causal inference in sociological research

Author keywords

counterfactual model; endogeneity; identification; nonparametric estimation; treatment effects; unobserved heterogeneity

Indexed keywords


EID: 77955621189     PISSN: 03600572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102702     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (292)

References (159)
  • 1
    • 66149085233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Econometric evaluation of social programs, Part III: Distributional treatment effects, dynamic treatment effects, dynamic discrete choice, and general equilibrium policy evaluation
    • Abbring JH, Heckman JJ. 2007. Econometric evaluation of social programs, Part III: distributional treatment effects, dynamic treatment effects, dynamic discrete choice, and general equilibrium policy evaluation. See Heckman & Leamer 2007, pp. 5145-5303
    • (2007) See Heckman & Leamer 2007 , pp. 5145-5303
    • Abbring, J.H.1    Heckman, J.J.2
  • 2
    • 84936823740 scopus 로고
    • Change scores as dependent variables in regression analysis
    • Allison PD. 1990. Change scores as dependent variables in regression analysis. Sociol. Methodol. 20:93-114
    • (1990) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.20 , pp. 93-114
    • Allison, P.D.1
  • 3
    • 84965799963 scopus 로고
    • Using panel data to estimate the effects of events
    • Allison PD. 1994. Using panel data to estimate the effects of events. Sociol. Methods Res. 23:174-199
    • (1994) Sociol. Methods Res. , vol.23 , pp. 174-199
    • Allison, P.D.1
  • 5
    • 0025656003 scopus 로고
    • Lifetime earnings and the Vietnam era draft lottery: Evidence from social security administrative records
    • Angrist JD. 1990. Lifetime earnings and the Vietnam era draft lottery: evidence from social security administrative records. Am. Econ. Rev. 80:313-335
    • (1990) Am. Econ. Rev. , vol.80 , pp. 313-335
    • Angrist, J.D.1
  • 6
    • 0035585156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimations of limited dependent variable models with dummy endogenous regressors: Simple strategies for empirical practice
    • Angrist JD. 2001. Estimations of limited dependent variable models with dummy endogenous regressors: simple strategies for empirical practice. J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 19:2-16
    • (2001) J. Bus. Econ. Stat. , vol.19 , pp. 2-16
    • Angrist, J.D.1
  • 7
    • 0001360838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children and their parents' labor supply: Evidence from exogenous variation in family size
    • Angrist JD, Evans WN. 1998. Children and their parents' labor supply: evidence from exogenous variation in family size. Am. Econ. Rev. 88:450-477
    • (1998) Am. Econ. Rev. , vol.88 , pp. 450-477
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Evans, W.N.2
  • 8
    • 84922353689 scopus 로고
    • Two-stage least squares estimation of average causal effects in models with variable treatment intensity
    • Angrist JD, Imbens GW. 1995. Two-stage least squares estimation of average causal effects in models with variable treatment intensity. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 90:431-442
    • (1995) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.90 , pp. 431-442
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Imbens, G.W.2
  • 9
    • 0346880128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables
    • Angrist JD, Imbens GW, Rubin DB. 1996. Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 91:444-455
    • (1996) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.91 , pp. 444-455
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Imbens, G.W.2    Rubin, D.B.3
  • 10
    • 77956790242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical strategies in labor economics
    • ed. O Ashenfelter, D Card Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • Angrist JD, Krueger AB. 1999. Empirical strategies in labor economics. In Handbook of Labor Economics, ed. O Ashenfelter, D Card, 3:1277-1366 Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • (1999) Handbook of Labor Economics , vol.3 , pp. 1277-1366
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Krueger, A.B.2
  • 11
    • 0040332008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental variables and the search for identification: From supply and demand to natural experiments
    • Angrist JD, Krueger AB. 2001. Instrumental variables and the search for identification: from supply and demand to natural experiments. J. Econ. Perspect. 15:69-85
    • (2001) J. Econ. Perspect. , vol.15 , pp. 69-85
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Krueger, A.B.2
  • 12
    • 0039552198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using Maimonides' rule to estimate the effect of class size on scholastic achievement
    • Angrist JD, Lavy V. 1999. Using Maimonides' rule to estimate the effect of class size on scholastic achievement. Q.J. Econ. 114:533-575
    • (1999) Q.J. Econ. , vol.114 , pp. 533-575
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Lavy, V.2
  • 14
    • 0039758339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Income, Schooling, and Ability: Evidence from a New Sample of Identical Twins
    • Ashenfelter O, Rouse C. 1998. Income, schooling, and ability: evidence from a new sample of identical twins. Q.J. Econ. 113:253-284 (Pubitemid 128039960)
    • (1998) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.113 , Issue.1 , pp. 253-284
    • Ashenfelter, O.1    Rouse, C.2
  • 15
    • 33645038723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and inference in nonlinear difference-in-difference models
    • Athey S, Imbens GW. 2006. Identification and inference in nonlinear difference-in-difference models. Econometrica 74:431-497
    • (2006) Econometrica , vol.74 , pp. 431-497
    • Athey, S.1    Imbens, G.W.2
  • 16
    • 0034863869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass education and fertility transition
    • Axinn WG, Barber JS. 2001. Mass education and fertility transition. Am. Sociol. Rev. 66:481-505
    • (2001) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.66 , pp. 481-505
    • Axinn, W.G.1    Barber, J.S.2
  • 18
    • 16244397038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjusting for time-varying confounding in survival analysis
    • Barber JS, Murphy SA, Verbitsky N. 2004. Adjusting for time-varying confounding in survival analysis. Sociol. Methodol. 34:163-192
    • (2004) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.34 , pp. 163-192
    • Barber, J.S.1    Murphy, S.A.2    Verbitsky, N.3
  • 19
    • 0442278089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of California's inmate classification system using a generalized regression discontinuity design
    • Berk RA, de Leeuw J. 1999. An evaluation of California's inmate classification system using a generalized regression discontinuity design. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 94:1045-1052
    • (1999) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.94 , pp. 1045-1052
    • Berk, R.A.1    De Leeuw, J.2
  • 20
    • 0011697235 scopus 로고
    • Capitalizing on nonrandom assignment to treatments: A regression-discontinuity evaluation of a crime-control program
    • Berk RA, Rauma D. 1983. Capitalizing on nonrandom assignment to treatments: a regression-discontinuity evaluation of a crime-control program. J.Am. Stat. Assoc. 78:21-27
    • (1983) J.Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.78 , pp. 21-27
    • Berk, R.A.1    Rauma, D.2
  • 21
    • 23944517335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Greg and Emily more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination
    • Bertrand M, Mullainathan S. 2004. Are Greg and Emily more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. Am. Econ. Rev. 94:991-1013
    • (2004) Am. Econ. Rev. , vol.94 , pp. 991-1013
    • Bertrand, M.1    Mullainathan, S.2
  • 22
    • 33846696017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What mean impacts miss: Distributional effects of welfare reform experiments
    • BitlerMP, Gelbach JB, Hoynes HW. 2006. What mean impacts miss: distributional effects of welfare reform experiments. Am. Econ. Rev. 96:988-1012
    • (2006) Am. Econ. Rev. , vol.96 , pp. 988-1012
    • Bitler, M.P.1    Gelbach, J.B.2    Hoynes, H.W.3
  • 23
    • 21244467561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the effects of education on earnings: Models, methods and results from the national child development survey
    • Blundell R, Dearden L, Sianesi B. 2005. Evaluating the effects of education on earnings: models, methods and results from the national child development survey. J. R. Stat. Soc. A 168:473-512
    • (2005) J. R. Stat. Soc. A , vol.168 , pp. 473-512
    • Blundell, R.1    Dearden, L.2    Sianesi, B.3
  • 24
    • 67849102029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative approaches to evaluation in empirical microeconomics
    • Blundell R, Dias MC. 2009. Alternative approaches to evaluation in empirical microeconomics. J. Hum. Resour. 44:565-640
    • (2009) J. Hum. Resour. , vol.44 , pp. 565-640
    • Blundell, R.1    Dias, M.C.2
  • 25
    • 84871768280 scopus 로고
    • Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable is weak
    • Bound J, Jaeger DA, Baker RM. 1995. Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable is weak. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 90:443-450
    • (1995) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.90 , pp. 443-450
    • Bound, J.1    Jaeger, D.A.2    Baker, R.M.3
  • 26
    • 33750044581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of job displacement on job quality: Findings from the Wisconsin longitudinal study
    • Brand JE. 2006. The effects of job displacement on job quality: findings from the Wisconsin longitudinal study. Res. Soc. Stratif. Mobil. 24:275-298
    • (2006) Res. Soc. Stratif. Mobil. , vol.24 , pp. 275-298
    • Brand, J.E.1
  • 27
    • 33747353884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression and matching estimates of the effects of elite college attendance on educational and career achievement
    • Brand JE, Halaby CN. 2006. Regression and matching estimates of the effects of elite college attendance on educational and career achievement. Soc. Sci. Res. 35:749-770
    • (2006) Soc. Sci. Res. , vol.35 , pp. 749-770
    • Brand, J.E.1    Halaby, C.N.2
  • 28
    • 34548799684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and estimation of causal effects with time-varying treatments and time-varying outcomes
    • Brand JE, Xie Y. 2007. Identification and estimation of causal effects with time-varying treatments and time-varying outcomes. Sociol. Methodol. 37:393-434
    • (2007) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.37 , pp. 393-434
    • Brand, J.E.1    Xie, Y.2
  • 29
    • 0034981137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrete choice with social interactions
    • Brock WA, Durlauf SN. 2001. Discrete choice with social interactions. Rev. Econ. Stud. 68:235-60
    • (2001) Rev. Econ. Stud. , vol.68 , pp. 235-260
    • Brock, W.A.1    Durlauf, S.N.2
  • 30
    • 0035035417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The wage penalty for motherhood
    • Budig MJ, England P. 2001. The wage penalty for motherhood. Am. Sociol. Rev. 66:204-225
    • (2001) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.66 , pp. 204-225
    • Budig, M.J.1    England, P.2
  • 31
    • 1842569355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating distributions of treatment effects with an application to the returns to schooling and measurement of the effects of uncertainty on college choice
    • Carneiro P, Hansen K, Heckman JJ. 2003. Estimating distributions of treatment effects with an application to the returns to schooling and measurement of the effects of uncertainty on college choice. Int. Econ. Rev. 44:361-422
    • (2003) Int. Econ. Rev. , vol.44 , pp. 361-422
    • Carneiro, P.1    Hansen, K.2    Heckman, J.J.3
  • 32
    • 33845269079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental quantile regression inference for structural and treatment effect models
    • Chernozhukov V, Hansen C. 2006. Instrumental quantile regression inference for structural and treatment effect models. J. Econom. 132:491-525
    • (2006) J. Econom. , vol.132 , pp. 491-525
    • Chernozhukov, V.1    Hansen, C.2
  • 33
    • 51849158781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood effects on economic self-sufficiency: A reconsideration of the Moving to Opportunity experiment
    • Clampet-Lundquist S,Massey DS. 2008. Neighborhood effects on economic self-sufficiency: a reconsideration of the Moving to Opportunity experiment. Am. J. Sociol. 114:107-143
    • (2008) Am. J. Sociol. , vol.114 , pp. 107-143
    • Clampet-Lundquist, S.1    Massey, D.S.2
  • 36
    • 34248384075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty?
    • Correll SJ, Benard S, Paik I. 2007. Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? Am. J. Sociol. 112:1297-1338
    • (2007) Am. J. Sociol. , vol.112 , pp. 1297-1338
    • Correll, S.J.1    Benard, S.2    Paik, I.3
  • 38
  • 39
    • 10044298710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical propensity score matching: A reply to Smith and Todd
    • Dehejia R. 2005. Practical propensity score matching: a reply to Smith and Todd. J. Econom. 125:355-364
    • (2005) J. Econom. , vol.125 , pp. 355-364
    • Dehejia, R.1
  • 40
    • 0036102924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propensity score-matching methods for nonexperimental causal studies
    • Dehejia RH, Wahba S. 2002. Propensity score-matching methods for nonexperimental causal studies. Rev. Econ. Stat. 84:151-161
    • (2002) Rev. Econ. Stat. , vol.84 , pp. 151-161
    • Dehejia, R.H.1    Wahba, S.2
  • 41
    • 16244377716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing bias in the estimation of causal effects: Rosenbaum bounds on matching estimators and instrumental variables estimation with imperfect instruments
    • DiPrete TA, Gangl M. 2004. Assessing bias in the estimation of causal effects: Rosenbaum bounds on matching estimators and instrumental variables estimation with imperfect instruments. Sociol. Methodol. 34:271-310
    • (2004) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.34 , pp. 271-310
    • Diprete, T.A.1    Gangl, M.2
  • 42
    • 0033772244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family chance, employment transitions, and the welfare state: Household income dynamics in the United States and Germany
    • DiPrete TA, McManus PA. 2000. Family chance, employment transitions, and the welfare state: household income dynamics in the United States and Germany. Am. Sociol. Rev. 65:343-370
    • (2000) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.65 , pp. 343-370
    • Diprete, T.A.1    McManus, P.A.2
  • 43
    • 12344328572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are schools the great equalizer? Cognitive inequality during the summer months and the school year
    • Downey D, Broh B, von Hippel P. 2004. Are schools the great equalizer? Cognitive inequality during the summer months and the school year. Am. Sociol. Rev. 69:613-635
    • (2004) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.69 , pp. 613-635
    • Downey, D.1    Broh, B.2    Von Hippel, P.3
  • 44
    • 3543016088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children?
    • Duncan GJ, Yeung WJ, Brooks-Gunn J, Smith JR. 1998. How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children? Am. Sociol. Rev. 63:406-423
    • (1998) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.63 , pp. 406-423
    • Duncan, G.J.1    Yeung, W.J.2    Brooks-Gunn, J.3    Smith, J.R.4
  • 45
    • 0035741522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A framework for the study of individual behavior and social interactions
    • Durlauf SN. 2001. A framework for the study of individual behavior and social interactions. Sociol. Methodol. 31:47-87
    • (2001) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.31 , pp. 47-87
    • Durlauf, S.N.1
  • 46
    • 0036867666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the empirics of social capital
    • Durlauf SN. 2002. On the empirics of social capital. Econ. J. 112:F459-79
    • (2002) Econ. J. , vol.112
    • Durlauf, S.N.1
  • 47
    • 59849126189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wives and ex-wives: A new test for homogamy bias in the widowhood effect
    • Elwert F, Christakis NA. 2008. Wives and ex-wives: a new test for homogamy bias in the widowhood effect. Demography 45:851-873
    • (2008) Demography , vol.45 , pp. 851-873
    • Elwert, F.1    Christakis, N.A.2
  • 50
    • 0034339946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of a confounding variable on a regression coefficient
    • Frank KA. 2000. Impact of a confounding variable on a regression coefficient. Sociol. Methods Res. 29:147-194
    • (2000) Sociol. Methods Res. , vol.29 , pp. 147-194
    • Frank, K.A.1
  • 51
    • 54949145766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic treatment assignment: The consequences for evaluations using observational data
    • Fredriksson P, Johansson P. 2008. Dynamic treatment assignment: the consequences for evaluations using observational data. J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 26:435-445
    • (2008) J. Bus. Econ. Stat. , vol.26 , pp. 435-445
    • Fredriksson, P.1    Johansson, P.2
  • 52
    • 46249111567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weighting regressions by propensity scores
    • Freedman DA, Berk RA. 2008. Weighting regressions by propensity scores. Eval. Rev. 32:392-409
    • (2008) Eval. Rev. , vol.32 , pp. 392-409
    • Freedman, D.A.1    Berk, R.A.2
  • 53
    • 58749099948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics and social structure
    • Freese J. 2008. Genetics and social structure. Am. J. Sociol. 114:S1-35
    • (2008) Am. J. Sociol. , vol.114
    • Freese, J.1
  • 54
    • 3042548075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welfare states and the scar effects of unemployment: A comparative analysis of the United States and West Germany
    • Gangl M. 2004. Welfare states and the scar effects of unemployment: a comparative analysis of the United States and West Germany. Am. J. Sociol. 109:1319-1364
    • (2004) Am. J. Sociol. , vol.109 , pp. 1319-1364
    • Gangl, M.1
  • 55
    • 33846699499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scar effects of unemployment: An assessment of institutional complementarities
    • Gangl M. 2006. Scar effects of unemployment: an assessment of institutional complementarities. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71:986-1013
    • (2006) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.71 , pp. 986-1013
    • Gangl, M.1
  • 56
    • 70349591012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kausalanalyse durch Matchingverfahren [Matching methods for the causal analysis of observational data]. In
    • ed. A Diekmann, pp. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag
    • Gangl M, DiPrete TA. 2006. Kausalanalyse durch Matchingverfahren [Matching methods for the causal analysis of observational data]. In Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung. Sonderh. 44 Kolner Z. Soziol. Sozialpsychol., ed. A Diekmann, pp. 396-420. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag
    • (2006) Methoden der Empirischen Sozialforschung. Sonderh. 44 Kolner Z. Soziol. Sozialpsychol. , pp. 396-420
    • Gangl, M.1    Diprete, T.A.2
  • 57
    • 0000057823 scopus 로고
    • Micro experiments and macro effects
    • ed. CF Manski, I Garfinkel Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    • Garfinkel I, Manski CF, Michalopoulos C. 1992. Micro experiments and macro effects. In Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs, ed. CF Manski, I Garfinkel, pp. 253-273 Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    • (1992) Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs , pp. 253-273
    • Garfinkel, I.1    Manski, C.F.2    Michalopoulos, C.3
  • 58
    • 0035528171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal inference for complex longitudinal data: The continuous case
    • Gill RD, Robins JM. 2001. Causal inference for complex longitudinal data: the continuous case. Ann. Stat. 29:1785-1811
    • (2001) Ann. Stat. , vol.29 , pp. 1785-1811
    • Gill, R.D.1    Robins, J.M.2
  • 59
    • 0000590932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orchestrating impartiality: The impact of "blind" auditions on female musicians
    • Goldin C, Rouse C. 2000. Orchestrating impartiality: the impact of "blind" auditions on female musicians. Am. Econ. Rev. 90:715-741
    • (2000) Am. Econ. Rev. , vol.90 , pp. 715-741
    • Goldin, C.1    Rouse, C.2
  • 60
    • 4344681947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Panel models in sociological research: Theory into practice
    • Halaby CN. 2004. Panel models in sociological research: theory into practice. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 30:507-544
    • (2004) Annu. Rev. Sociol. , vol.30 , pp. 507-544
    • Halaby, C.N.1
  • 61
    • 1842426356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counterfactual models of neighborhood effects: The effect of neighborhood poverty on dropping out and teenage pregnancy
    • Harding DJ. 2003. Counterfactual models of neighborhood effects: the effect of neighborhood poverty on dropping out and teenage pregnancy. Am. J. Sociol. 109:676-719
    • (2003) Am. J. Sociol. , vol.109 , pp. 676-719
    • Harding, D.J.1
  • 62
    • 0000011585 scopus 로고
    • Dummy endogenous variables in a simultaneous equation system
    • Heckman JJ. 1978. Dummy endogenous variables in a simultaneous equation system. Econometrica 46:931-959
    • (1978) Econometrica , vol.46 , pp. 931-959
    • Heckman, J.J.1
  • 63
    • 0002262018 scopus 로고
    • Randomization and social policy evaluation
    • ed. CF Manski, I Garfinkel Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    • Heckman JJ. 1992. Randomization and social policy evaluation. In Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs, ed. CF Manski, I Garfinkel, pp. 201-230 Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    • (1992) Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs , pp. 201-230
    • Heckman, J.J.1
  • 64
    • 5744242927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental variables: A study of implicit behavioral assumptions used in making program evaluations
    • Heckman JJ. 1997. Instrumental variables: a study of implicit behavioral assumptions used in making program evaluations. J. Hum. Resour. 32:441-462
    • (1997) J. Hum. Resour. , vol.32 , pp. 441-462
    • Heckman, J.J.1
  • 65
    • 0040435565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal parameters and policy analysis in economics: A twentieth century retrospective
    • Heckman JJ. 2000. Causal parameters and policy analysis in economics: a twentieth century retrospective. Q. J. Econ. 115:45-97
    • (2000) Q. J. Econ. , vol.115 , pp. 45-97
    • Heckman, J.J.1
  • 66
    • 0034860536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micro data, heterogeneity, and the evaluation of public policy: Nobel lecture
    • Heckman JJ. 2001. Micro data, heterogeneity, and the evaluation of public policy: Nobel lecture. J. Polit. Econ. 109:673-748
    • (2001) J. Polit. Econ. , vol.109 , pp. 673-748
    • Heckman, J.J.1
  • 67
    • 33644867915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scientific model of causality
    • Heckman JJ. 2005. The scientific model of causality. Sociol. Methodol. 35:1-97
    • (2005) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.35 , pp. 1-97
    • Heckman, J.J.1
  • 68
    • 84950420463 scopus 로고
    • Choosing among alternative nonexperimental methods for estimating the impact of social programs: The case of manpower training
    • Heckman JJ, Hotz VJ. 1989. Choosing among alternative nonexperimental methods for estimating the impact of social programs: the case of manpower training. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 84:862-874
    • (1989) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.84 , pp. 862-874
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Hotz, V.J.2
  • 69
    • 0001622038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator: Evidence from evaluating a job training program
    • Heckman JJ, Ichimura H, Todd PE. 1997a. Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator: evidence from evaluating a job training program. Rev. Econ. Stud. 64:605-654
    • (1997) Rev. Econ. Stud. , vol.64 , pp. 605-654
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Ichimura, H.2    Todd, P.E.3
  • 70
    • 0000423207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator
    • Heckman JJ, Ichimura H, Todd PE. 1998. Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator. Rev. Econ. Stud. 65:261-294
    • (1998) Rev. Econ. Stud. , vol.65 , pp. 261-294
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Ichimura, H.2    Todd, P.E.3
  • 71
    • 77956779653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The economics and econometrics of active labor market programs
    • ed. O Ashenfelter, D Card Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • Heckman JJ, LaLonde RJ, Smith JA. 1999. The economics and econometrics of active labor market programs. In Handbook of Labor Economics, ed. O Ashenfelter, D Card, 3:1865-2097. Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • (1999) Handbook of Labor Economics , vol.3 , pp. 1865-2097
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Lalonde, R.J.2    Smith, J.A.3
  • 73
    • 0000989469 scopus 로고
    • Alternative methods for evaluating the impact of interventions
    • ed. JJ Heckman, B Singer Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • Heckman JJ, Robb R. 1985. Alternative methods for evaluating the impact of interventions. In Longitudinal Analysis of Labor Market Data, ed. JJ Heckman, B Singer, pp. 156-245. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • (1985) Longitudinal Analysis of Labor Market Data , pp. 156-245
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Robb, R.2
  • 74
    • 0002857945 scopus 로고
    • Alternative methods for solving the problem of selection bias in evaluating the impact of treatment on outcomes
    • ed. H Wainer New York: Springer
    • Heckman JJ, Robb R. 1986. Alternative methods for solving the problem of selection bias in evaluating the impact of treatment on outcomes. In Drawing Inferences from Self-Selected Samples, ed. H Wainer, pp. 63-113. New York: Springer
    • (1986) Drawing Inferences from Self-Selected Samples , pp. 63-113
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Robb, R.2
  • 75
    • 0031428553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making the most out of program evaluations and social experiments: Accounting for heterogeneity in program impacts
    • Heckman JJ, Smith J, Clements N. 1997b. Making the most out of program evaluations and social experiments: accounting for heterogeneity in program impacts. Rev. Econ. Stud. 64:487-535
    • (1997) Rev. Econ. Stud. , vol.64 , pp. 487-535
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Smith, J.2    Clements, N.3
  • 76
    • 0035604231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four parameters of interest in the evaluation of social programs
    • Heckman JJ, Tobias J, Vytlacil E. 2001. Four parameters of interest in the evaluation of social programs. South. Econ. J. 68:210-223
    • (2001) South. Econ. J. , vol.68 , pp. 210-223
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Tobias, J.2    Vytlacil, E.3
  • 77
    • 33744950514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding instrumental variables in models with essential heterogeneity
    • Heckman JJ, Urzua S, Vytlacil E. 2006. Understanding instrumental variables in models with essential heterogeneity. Rev. Econom. Stat. 88:389-432
    • (2006) Rev. Econom. Stat. , vol.88 , pp. 389-432
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Urzua, S.2    Vytlacil, E.3
  • 78
    • 16344386078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural equations, treatment effects, and econometric policy evaluation
    • Heckman JJ, Vytlacil E. 2005. Structural equations, treatment effects, and econometric policy evaluation. Econometrica 73:669-738
    • (2005) Econometrica , vol.73 , pp. 669-738
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Vytlacil, E.2
  • 79
    • 66049161687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Econometric evaluation of social programs, Part I: Causal models, structural models and econometric policy evaluation
    • Heckman JJ, Vytlacil EJ. 2007a. Econometric evaluation of social programs, Part I: causal models, structural models and econometric policy evaluation. See Heckman & Leamer 2007, pp. 4779-4874
    • (2007) See Heckman & Leamer 2007 , pp. 4779-4874
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Vytlacil, E.J.2
  • 80
    • 66049142150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Econometric evaluation of social programs, Part II: Using the marginal treatment effect to organize alternative econometric estimators to evaluate social programs, and to forecast their effects in new environments
    • Heckman JJ, Vytlacil EJ. 2007b. Econometric evaluation of social programs, Part II: using the marginal treatment effect to organize alternative econometric estimators to evaluate social programs, and to forecast their effects in new environments. See Heckman & Leamer 2007, pp. 4875-5143
    • (2007) See Heckman & Leamer 2007 , pp. 4875-5143
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Vytlacil, E.J.2
  • 81
    • 1542784246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal structural models to estimate the joint causal effect of nonrandomized treatments
    • Hermn Ma, Brumback B, Robins JM. 2001. Marginal structural models to estimate the joint causal effect of nonrandomized treatments. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 96:440-448
    • (2001) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.96 , pp. 440-448
    • Harjoto, M.A.1    Brumback, B.2    Robins, J.M.3
  • 82
    • 0141495120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient estimation of average treatment effects using the estimated propensity score
    • Hirano K, Imbens GW, Ridder G. 2003. Efficient estimation of average treatment effects using the estimated propensity score. Econometrica 71:1161-1189
    • (2003) Econometrica , vol.71 , pp. 1161-1189
    • Hirano, K.1    Imbens, G.W.2    Ridder, G.3
  • 83
    • 34249885738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matching as nonparametric preprocessing for reducing model dependence in parametric causal inference
    • Ho DE, Imai K, King G. 2007. Matching as nonparametric preprocessing for reducing model dependence in parametric causal inference. Polit. Anal. 15:199-236
    • (2007) Polit. Anal. , vol.15 , pp. 199-236
    • Ho, D.E.1    Imai, K.2    King, G.3
  • 84
    • 84920420698 scopus 로고
    • Statistics and causal inference
    • Holland PW. 1986. Statistics and causal inference. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 81:945-960
    • (1986) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.81 , pp. 945-960
    • Holland, P.W.1
  • 85
    • 33748876160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating kindergarten retention policy: A case study of causal inference for multilevel observational data
    • Hong G, Raudenbush SW. 2006. Evaluating kindergarten retention policy: a case study of causal inference for multilevel observational data. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 101:901-910
    • (2006) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.101 , pp. 901-910
    • Hong, G.1    Raudenbush, S.W.2
  • 86
    • 51849121101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal inference for time-varying instructional treatments
    • Hong G, Raudenbush SW. 2008. Causal inference for time-varying instructional treatments. J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 33:333-362
    • (2008) J. Educ. Behav. Stat. , vol.33 , pp. 333-362
    • Hong, G.1    Raudenbush, S.W.2
  • 87
    • 0003559593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 2nd ed
    • Hsiao C. 2003. Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 2nd ed.
    • (2003) Analysis of Panel Data
    • Hsiao, C.1
  • 88
    • 40549104115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Misunderstandings between experimentalists and observationalists about causal inference
    • Imai K, King G, Stuart EA. 2008. Misunderstandings between experimentalists and observationalists about causal inference. J. R. Stat. Soc. A 171:481-502
    • (2008) J. R. Stat. Soc. A , vol.171 , pp. 481-502
    • Imai, K.1    King, G.2    Stuart, E.A.3
  • 89
    • 1842468142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity to exogeneity assumptions in program evaluation
    • Imbens GW. 2003. Sensitivity to exogeneity assumptions in program evaluation. Am. Econ. Rev. 93:126-132
    • (2003) Am. Econ. Rev. , vol.93 , pp. 126-132
    • Imbens, G.W.1
  • 90
    • 1842429563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonparametric estimation of average treatment effects under exogeneity: A review
    • Imbens GW. 2004. Nonparametric estimation of average treatment effects under exogeneity: a review. Rev. Econom. Stat. 86:4-29
    • (2004) Rev. Econom. Stat. , vol.86 , pp. 4-29
    • Imbens, G.W.1
  • 91
    • 0001566850 scopus 로고
    • Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects
    • Imbens GW, Angrist JD. 1994. Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects. Econometrica 62:467-475
    • (1994) Econometrica , vol.62 , pp. 467-475
    • Imbens, G.W.1    Angrist, J.D.2
  • 92
    • 36849078566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice
    • Imbens GW, Lemieux T. 2008. Regression discontinuity designs: a guide to practice. J. Econom. 142:615-35
    • (2008) J. Econom. , vol.142 , pp. 615-635
    • Imbens, G.W.1    Lemieux, T.2
  • 93
    • 0000694661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating outcome distributions for compliers in instrumental variables models
    • Imbens GW, Rubin DB. 1997. Estimating outcome distributions for compliers in instrumental variables models. Rev. Econ. Stud. 64:555-574
    • (1997) Rev. Econ. Stud. , vol.64 , pp. 555-574
    • Imbens, G.W.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 95
    • 64849112179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation
    • Imbens GW, Wooldridge JM. 2009. Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation. J. Econ. Lit. 47:5-86
    • (2009) J. Econ. Lit. , vol.47 , pp. 5-86
    • Imbens, G.W.1    Wooldridge, J.M.2
  • 96
    • 84930557259 scopus 로고
    • Worker interdependence and output: The Hawthorne studies reevaluated
    • Jones SRG. 1990. Worker interdependence and output: the Hawthorne studies reevaluated. Am. Sociol. Rev. 55:176-190
    • (1990) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.55 , pp. 176-190
    • Srg, J.1
  • 98
    • 67650872638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A natural experiment on residential change and recidivism: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina
    • Kirk DS. 2009. A natural experiment on residential change and recidivism: lessons from Hurricane Katrina. Am. Sociol. Rev. 74:484-505
    • (2009) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.74 , pp. 484-505
    • Kirk, D.S.1
  • 99
    • 84925105967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • Koenker R. 2005. Quantile Regression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • (2005) Quantile Regression
    • Koenker, R.1
  • 100
    • 0030505815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opportunity and choice in socially structured labor markets
    • Logan JA. 1996. Opportunity and choice in socially structured labor markets. Am. J. Sociol. 102:114-160
    • (1996) Am. J. Sociol. , vol.102 , pp. 114-160
    • Logan, J.A.1
  • 101
    • 0032270670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating two-sided logit models
    • Logan JA. 1998. Estimating two-sided logit models. Sociol. Methodol. 28:139-173
    • (1998) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.28 , pp. 139-173
    • Logan, J.A.1
  • 102
    • 49549098824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-sided estimation of mate preferences for similarities in age, education, and religion
    • Logan JA, Hoff PD, Newton MA. 2008. Two-sided estimation of mate preferences for similarities in age, education, and religion. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 103:559-569
    • (2008) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.103 , pp. 559-569
    • Logan, J.A.1    Hoff, P.D.2    Newton, M.A..3
  • 104
    • 51849089721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What can we learn about neighborhood effects from the Moving to Opportunity experiment?
    • Ludwig J, Liebman JB, Kling JR, Duncan GJ, Katz LF, et al. 2008. What can we learn about neighborhood effects from the Moving to Opportunity experiment? Am. J. Sociol. 114:144-188
    • (2008) Am. J. Sociol. , vol.114 , pp. 144-188
    • Ludwig, J.1    Liebman, J.B.2    Kling, J.R.3    Duncan, G.J.4    Katz, L.F.5
  • 106
    • 84960575613 scopus 로고
    • Identification of endogenous social effects: The reflection problem
    • Manski C. 1993. Identification of endogenous social effects: the reflection problem. Rev. Econ. Stud. 60:531-542
    • (1993) Rev. Econ. Stud. , vol.60 , pp. 531-542
    • Manski, C.1
  • 108
    • 77955629643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial identifaation of probabilities distributions
    • New York: Springer Manski CF. 2007 Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    • Manski CF. 2003. Partial Identifaation of Probabilities Distributions. New York: Springer Manski CF. 2007. Identifaation for Prediction and Decision. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    • (2003) Identifaation for Prediction and Decision
    • Manski, C.F.1
  • 109
    • 0002816952 scopus 로고
    • Alternative estimates of the effect of family structure during adolescence on high school graduation
    • Manski CF, Sandefur GD,McLanahan S, Powers D. 1992. Alternative estimates of the effect of family structure during adolescence on high school graduation. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 87:25-37
    • (1992) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.87 , pp. 25-37
    • Manski, C.F.1    Sandefur, G.D.2    McLanahan, S.3    Powers, D.4
  • 110
    • 0035042958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Losers and winners: The financial consequences of separation and divorce for men
    • McManus PA, DiPrete TA. 2001. Losers and winners: the financial consequences of separation and divorce for men. Am. Sociol. Rev. 66:246-268
    • (2001) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.66 , pp. 246-268
    • McManus, P.A.1    Diprete, T.A.2
  • 111
    • 16344377319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remarks on the analysis of causal relationships in population research
    • Moffitt RL. 2005. Remarks on the analysis of causal relationships in population research. Demography 42:91108
    • (2005) Demography , vol.42 , pp. 91-108
    • Moffitt, R.L.1
  • 112
    • 0035597273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counterfactuals, causal effect heterogeneity, and the Catholic school effect on learning
    • Morgan SL. 2001. Counterfactuals, causal effect heterogeneity, and the Catholic school effect on learning. Sociol. Educ. 74:341-374
    • (2001) Sociol. Educ. , vol.74 , pp. 341-374
    • Morgan, S.L.1
  • 114
    • 33745818364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matching estimators of causal effects. Prospects and pitfalls in theory and practice
    • Morgan SL, Harding DJ. 2006. Matching estimators of causal effects. Prospects and pitfalls in theory and practice. Sociol. Methods Res. 35:3-60
    • (2006) Sociol. Methods Res. , vol.35 , pp. 3-60
    • Morgan, S.L.1    Harding, D.J.2
  • 115
    • 54049137609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A diagnostic routine for the detection of consequential heterogeneity of causal effects
    • Morgan SL, Todd JJ. 2008. A diagnostic routine for the detection of consequential heterogeneity of causal effects. Sociol. Methodol. 38:231-281
    • (2008) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.38 , pp. 231-281
    • Morgan, S.L.1    Todd, J.J.2
  • 117
    • 0035529986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Divorce effects' and causality in the social sciences
    • Ni Bhrolchain M. 2001. 'Divorce effects' and causality in the social sciences. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 17:33-57
    • (2001) Eur. Sociol. Rev. , vol.17 , pp. 33-57
    • Ni Bhrolchain, M.1
  • 118
    • 0242424960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mark of a criminal record
    • Pager D. 2003. The mark of a criminal record. Am. J. Sociol. 108:937-975
    • (2003) Am. J. Sociol. , vol.108 , pp. 937-975
    • Pager, D.1
  • 121
    • 0033847784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology
    • Robins JM, Herrnn Ma, Brumback B. 2000. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology 11:550-560
    • (2000) Epidemiology , vol.11 , pp. 550-560
    • Robins, J.M.1    Harjoto, M.A.2    Brumback, B.3
  • 122
    • 0026708512 scopus 로고
    • Estimating exposure effects by modelling the expectation of exposure conditional on confounders
    • Robins JM, Mark SD, Newey WK. 1992. Estimating exposure effects by modelling the expectation of exposure conditional on confounders. Bio/metrics 48:479-495
    • (1992) Bio/metrics , vol.48 , pp. 479-495
    • Robins, J.M.1    Mark, S.D.2    Newey, W.K.3
  • 123
    • 84972499837 scopus 로고
    • The role of a second control group in an observational study
    • Rosenbaum PR. 1987. The role of a second control group in an observational study. Stat. Sci. 2:292-306
    • (1987) Stat. Sci. , vol.2 , pp. 292-306
    • Rosenbaum, P.R.1
  • 125
    • 0001679041 scopus 로고
    • Assessing sensitivity to an unobserved binary covariate in an observational study with binary outcome
    • Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. 1983a. Assessing sensitivity to an unobserved binary covariate in an observational study with binary outcome. J. R. Stat. Soc. B 45:212-218
    • (1983) J. R. Stat. Soc. B , vol.45 , pp. 212-218
    • Rosenbaum, P.R.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 126
    • 77951622706 scopus 로고
    • The central role of the propensity score in observational studies
    • Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. 1983 b. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies. Biometrika 70:41-55
    • (1983) Biometrika , vol.70 , pp. 41-55
    • Rosenbaum, P.R.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 127
    • 0001488741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural 'natural experiments' in economics
    • Rosenzweig MR, Wolpin KI. 2000. Natural 'natural experiments' in economics. J. Econ. Lit. 38:827-74
    • (2000) J. Econ. Lit. , vol.38 , pp. 827-874
    • Rosenzweig, M.R.1    Wolpin, K.I.2
  • 129
    • 0002531157 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian inference for causal effects: The role of randomization
    • Rubin DB. 1978. Bayesian inference for causal effects: the role of randomization. Ann. Stat. 6:34-58
    • (1978) Ann. Stat. , vol.6 , pp. 34-58
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 130
    • 84950922994 scopus 로고
    • Statistics and causal inference: Comment: Which ifs have causal answers?
    • Rubin DB. 1986. Statistics and causal inference: comment: Which ifs have causal answers? J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 81:961-962
    • (1986) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.81 , pp. 961-962
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 131
    • 0035761763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using propensity scores to help design observational studies: Application to the tobacco litigation
    • Rubin DB. 2001. Using propensity scores to help design observational studies: application to the tobacco litigation. Health Serv. Outcomes Res. Methodol. 2:169-188
    • (2001) Health Serv. Outcomes Res. Methodol. , vol.2 , pp. 169-188
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 132
    • 14944344423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal inference using potential outcomes: Design, modeling, decisions
    • Rubin DB. 2005. Causal inference using potential outcomes: design, modeling, decisions. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 100:322-331
    • (2005) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.100 , pp. 322-331
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 134
    • 1542742319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining propensity score matching with additional adjustments for prognostic covariates
    • Rubin DB, Thomas N. 2000. Combining propensity score matching with additional adjustments for prognostic covariates. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 95:573-585
    • (2000) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.95 , pp. 573-585
    • Rubin, D.B.1    Thomas, N.2
  • 135
    • 0039066435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The economic consequences of parental leave mandates: Lessons from Europe
    • Ruhm CJ. 1998. The economic consequences of parental leave mandates: lessons from Europe. Q. J. Econ. 113:285-317
    • (1998) Q. J. Econ. , vol.113 , pp. 285-317
    • Ruhm, C.J.1
  • 136
    • 51849122505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moving to inequality: Neighborhood effects and experiments meet social structure
    • Sampson RJ. 2008. Moving to inequality: neighborhood effects and experiments meet social structure. Am. J. Sociol. 114:189-231
    • (2008) Am. J. Sociol. , vol.114 , pp. 189-231
    • Sampson, R.J.1
  • 137
    • 33748343650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does marriage reduce crime? A counterfactual approach to within-individual causal effects
    • Sampson RJ, Laub JH, Wimer C. 2006. Does marriage reduce crime? A counterfactual approach to within-individual causal effects. Criminology 44:465-508
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , pp. 465-508
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Laub, J.H.2    Wimer, C.3
  • 138
    • 38949120296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durable effects of concentrated disadvantage on verbal ability among African-American children
    • Sampson RJ, Sharkey P, Raudenbush SW. 2008. Durable effects of concentrated disadvantage on verbal ability among African-American children. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:845-852
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 845-852
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Sharkey, P.2    Raudenbush, S.W.3
  • 140
    • 4043121884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schooling or social origin? the bias in the effect of educational attainment on social orientations
    • Sieben I, de Graaf PM. 2004. Schooling or social origin? The bias in the effect of educational attainment on social orientations. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 20:107-122
    • (2004) Eur. Sociol. Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 107-122
    • Sieben, I.1    De Graaf, P.M.2
  • 141
    • 84929229398 scopus 로고
    • Specification problems in experimental and nonexperimental social research
    • Smith HL. 1990. Specification problems in experimental and nonexperimental social research. Sociol. Methodol. 20:59-91
    • (1990) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.20 , pp. 59-91
    • Smith, H.L.1
  • 142
    • 0031522938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matching with multiple controls to estimate treatment effects in observational studies
    • Smith HL. 1997. Matching with multiple controls to estimate treatment effects in observational studies. Sociol. Methodol. 27:325-353
    • (1997) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.27 , pp. 325-353
    • Smith, H.L.1
  • 143
    • 0242306968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some thoughts on causation as it relates to demography and population studies
    • Smith HL. 2003. Some thoughts on causation as it relates to demography and population studies. Popul. Dev. Rev. 29:459-469
    • (2003) Popul. Dev. Rev. , vol.29 , pp. 459-469
    • Smith, H.L.1
  • 144
    • 17744394294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introducing new contraceptives in rural China: A field experiment
    • Smith HL. 2005. Introducing new contraceptives in rural China: a field experiment. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 599:246-271
    • (2005) Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. , vol.599 , pp. 246-271
    • Smith, H.L.1
  • 145
    • 10044222268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does matching overcome LaLonde's critique of nonexperimental estimators?
    • Smith JA, Todd PE. 2005. Does matching overcome LaLonde's critique of nonexperimental estimators? J. Econom. 125:305-353
    • (2005) J. Econom. , vol.125 , pp. 305-353
    • Smith, J.A.1    Todd, P.E.2
  • 146
    • 0003126477 scopus 로고
    • Causal inference in the social and behavioral sciences
    • ed. G Arminger, CC Clogg, ME Sobel New York: Plenum
    • Sobel ME. 1995. Causal inference in the social and behavioral sciences. In Handbook of Statistical Modeling for the Social and Behavioral Sciences ed. G Arminger, CC Clogg, ME Sobel, pp. 1-38. New York: Plenum
    • (1995) Handbook of Statistical Modeling for the Social and Behavioral Sciences , pp. 1-38
    • Sobel, M.E.1
  • 147
    • 0040843522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal inference in statistical models of the process of socioeconomic achievement. A case study
    • Sobel ME. 1998. Causal inference in statistical models of the process of socioeconomic achievement. A case study. Sociol. Methods Res. 27:318-348
    • (1998) Sociol. Methods Res. , vol.27 , pp. 318-348
    • Sobel, M.E.1
  • 148
    • 33744965909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discussion: 'The scientific model of causality'
    • Sobel ME. 2005. Discussion: 'the scientific model of causality.' Sociol. Methodol. 35:99-133
    • (2005) Sociol. Methodol. , vol.35 , pp. 99-133
    • Sobel, M.E.1
  • 149
    • 33846043680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do randomized studies of housing mobility demonstrate? Causal inference in the face of interference
    • Sobel ME. 2006. What do randomized studies of housing mobility demonstrate? Causal inference in the face of interference. J.Am. Stat. Assoc. 101:1398-1407
    • (2006) J.Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.101 , pp. 1398-1407
    • Sobel, M.E.1
  • 152
    • 0036219630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independence, monotonicity, and latent index models: An equivalence result
    • Vytlacil EJ. 2002. Independence, monotonicity, and latent index models: an equivalence result. Econometrica 70:331-341
    • (2002) Econometrica , vol.70 , pp. 331-341
    • Vytlacil, E.J.1
  • 153
    • 0036581477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of early maternal employment on child cognitive development
    • Waldfogel J, Han W-J, Brooks-Gunn J. 2002. The effects of early maternal employment on child cognitive development. Demography 39:369-392
    • (2002) Demography , vol.39 , pp. 369-392
    • Waldfogel, J.1    Han, W.-J.2    Brooks-Gunn, J.3
  • 154
    • 39449123024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanism-based approach to the identification of age-period-cohort models
    • Winship C, Harding DJ. 2008. A mechanism-based approach to the identification of age-period-cohort models. Sociol. Methods Res. 36:362-401
    • (2008) Sociol. Methods Res. , vol.36 , pp. 362-401
    • Winship, C.1    Harding, D.J.2
  • 155
    • 0033446553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The estimation of causal effects from observational data
    • Winship C, Morgan SL. 1999. The estimation of causal effects from observational data. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 25:659-706
    • (1999) Annu. Rev. Sociol. , vol.25 , pp. 659-706
    • Winship, C.1    Morgan, S.L.2
  • 158
    • 34848853862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inverse probability weighted estimation for general missing data problems
    • Wooldridge JM. 2007. Inverse probability weighted estimation for general missing data problems. J. Econom. 141:1281-1301
    • (2007) J. Econom. , vol.141 , pp. 1281-1301
    • Wooldridge, J.M.1
  • 159
    • 23944471968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weak ties, information, and influence: How workers find jobs in a local Russian labor market
    • Yakubovich V. 2006. Weak ties, information, and influence: how workers find jobs in a local Russian labor market. Am. Sociol. Rev. 70:408-421
    • (2006) Am. Sociol. Rev. , vol.70 , pp. 408-421
    • Yakubovich, V.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.