Combinations of inhibitors of the reninangiotensin system with calcium channel blockers for the treatment of hypertension: Focus on perindopril/amlodipine

Current Medical Research and Opinion

Volumn 26, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 2263-2276

  Mourad, Jean Jacques ^a   Le Jeune, Sylvain ^a   Pirollo, Anthony ^a   Mourad, Clarisse ^a   Gaudouen, Yann ^a   Lopez Sublet, Marilucy ^a  

^a AVICENNE HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Angiotensin receptor blocker; Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; Arterial hypertension; Calcium channel blocker; Combination therapy

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; AMLODIPINE PLUS BENAZEPRIL; AMLODIPINE PLUS OLMESARTAN; AMLODIPINE PLUS PERINDOPRIL; AMLODIPINE PLUS VALSARTAN; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL PLUS BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; ATENOLOL PLUS HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; BENAZEPRIL PLUS HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; FELODIPINE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE PLUS LISINOPRIL; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE PLUS LOSARTAN; INDAPAMIDE PLUS PERINDOPRIL; OLMESARTAN; PERINDOPRIL; QUINAPRIL; RAMIPRIL; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TRANDOLAPRIL; TRANDOLAPRIL PLUS VERAPAMIL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

ANKLE EDEMA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; COUGHING; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EDEMA; HEART FAILURE; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MONOTHERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG EFFECT; EVALUATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PERINDOPRIL; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77955605928     PISSN: 03007995     EISSN: 14734877     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2010.510925     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-1913
2. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-2572
3. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2007;28:1462-1536
4. Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J Hypertens 2009: published online 20 October 2009, doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328333146d
5. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet 2000;356:1955-1964
6. Turnbull F, Neal B, Algert C, et al. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1410-1419
7. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: a quantitative overview updated until 1 March 2003. J Hypertens 2003;21:1055-1076
8. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288:2981-2997
9. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995-1003 (Pubitemid 34286536)
10. Progress Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based bloodpressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033-1041
11. Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003;362:1527-1535
12. Pereira M, Lunet N, Azevedo A, et al. Differences in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension between developing and developed countries. J Hypertens 2009;27:963-975
13. Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999-2004. Hypertension 2007;49:69-75
14. Falaschetti E, Chaudhury M, Mindell J, et al. Continued improvement in hypertension management in England: results from the Health Survey for England 2006. Hypertension 2009;53:480-486
15. Whitworth JA. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21:1983-1992
16. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Hypertension: management of hypertension in adults in primary care: partial update. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2006
17. Bangalore S, Kamalakkannan G, Parkar S, et al. Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2007; 120:713-719
18. Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK, et al. Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am J Med 2009;122:290-300
19. Elliott WJ. Is fixed combination therapy appropriate for initial hypertension treatment? Curr Hypertens Rep 2002;4:278-285
20. Waeber B, Burnier M, Brunner HR. Compliance with antihypertensive therapy. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999;21:973-985
21. Gupta AK, Arshad S, Poulter NR. Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 2010;55:399-407
22. Stankus V, Hemmelgarn B, Campbell NR, et al. Reducing costs and improving hypertension management. Can J Clin Pharmacol/Journal Canadien de Pharmacologie Clinique 2009;16:e151-5
23. Gradman AH, Basile JN, Carter BL, et al. Combination therapy in hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010;4:42-50
24. Brewster UC, Setaro JF, Perazella MA. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: cardiorenal effects and implications for renal and cardiovascular disease states. Am J Med Sci 2003;326:15-24
25. Schmieder RE, Hilgers KF, Schlaich MP, et al. Renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular risk. Lancet 2007;369:1208-1219
26. Ibrahim MM. RAS inhibition in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2006; 20:101-108
27. Waeber B. Combination therapy with ACE inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor antagonists and diuretics in hypertension. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2003;1:43-50
28. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:829-840
29. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1887-1898
30. Waeber B, Feihl F, Ruilope LM. Fixed-dose combinations as initial therapy for hypertension: a review of approved agents and a guide to patient selection. Drugs 2009;69:1761-1776
31. Jamerson KA, Nwose O, Jean-Louis L, et al. Initial angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/calcium channel blocker combination therapy achieves superior blood pressure control compared with calcium channel blocker monotherapy in patients with stage 2 hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2004;17:495-501
32. Messerli FH, Oparil S, Feng Z. Comparison of efficacy and side effects of combination therapy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (benazepril) with calcium antagonist (either nifedipine or amlodipine) versus high-dose calcium antagonist monotherapy for systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:1182-1187
33. Ram CV. Antihypertensive drugs: an overview. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2002;2:77-89
34. Brady AJ. Perindopril versus angiotensin II receptor blockade in hypertension and coronary artery disease: implications of clinical trials. Clin Drug Investig 2007;27:149-161
35. Ferrari R. Optimizing the treatment of hypertension and stable coronary artery disease: clinical evidence for fixed-combination perindopril/amlodipine. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:3543-3557
36. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:895-906
37. Gupta AK, Dahlof B, Dobson J, et al. Determinants of new-onset diabetes among 19,257 hypertensive patients randomized in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm and the relative influence of antihypertensive medication. Diabetes Care 2008;31:982-988
38. Burnier M, Brunner HR. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Lancet 2000; 355:637-645
39. Schmieder RE. Mechanisms for the clinical benefits of angiotensin II receptor blockers. Am J Hypertens 2005;18:720-730
40. Nathan S, Pepine CJ, Bakris GL. Calcium antagonists: effects on cardio-renal risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2005;46:637-642
41. Sica DA. Rationale for fixed-dose combinations in the treatment of hypertension: the cycle repeats. Drugs 2002;62:443-462
42. Messerli FH, Weir MR, Neutel JM. Combination therapy of amlodipine/benazepril versus monotherapy of amlodipine in a practice-based setting. Am J Hypertens 2002;15:550-556
43. Poldermans D, Glazes R, Kargiannis S, et al. Tolerability and blood pressurelowering efficacy of the combination of amlodipine plus valsartan compared with lisinopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in adult patients with stage 2 hypertension. Clin Ther 2007;29:279-289
44. Messerli FH. Vasodilatory edema: a common side effect of antihypertensive therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2002;4:479-482
45. Cockcroft JR. ACE inhibition in hypertension: focus on perindopril. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2007;7:303-317
46. Turnbull F, Neal B, Pfeffer M, et al. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2007;25:951-958
47. Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Ruschitzka F. Angiotensin receptor blockers: baseline therapy in hypertension? Eur Heart J 2009;30:2427-2430
48. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin- convertingenzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-153 (Pubitemid 30051645)
49. Fox KM. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362:782-788
50. Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, et al. Angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2058-2068
51. Ceconi C, Fox KM, Remme WJ, et al. ACE inhibition with perindopril and endothelial function. Results of a substudy of the EUROPA study: PERTINENT. Cardiovasc Res 2007;73:237-246
52. Comini L, Bachetti T, Cargnoni A, et al. Therapeutic modulation of the nitric oxide: all ace inhibitors are not equivalent. Pharmacol Res 2007;56:42-48
53. Ceconi C, Francolini G, Bastianon D, et al. Differences in the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the rate of endothelial cell apoptosis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007;21:423-429
54. Ceconi C, Francolini G, Olivares A, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have different selectivity for bradykinin binding sites of human somatic ACE. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;577:1-6
55. Ichihara A, Kaneshiro Y, Sakoda M, et al. Add-on amlodipine improves arterial function and structure in hypertensive patients treated with an angiotensin receptor blocker. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007;49:161-166
56. Ichihara A, Kaneshiro Y, Takemitsu T, et al. Effects of amlodipine and valsartan on vascular damage and ambulatory blood pressure in untreated hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2006;20:787-794 (Pubitemid 44430678)
57. Kaneshiro Y, Ichihara A, Sakoda M, et al. Add-on benefits of amlodipine and thiazide in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease stage 1/2 patients treated with valsartan. Kidney Blood Press Res 2009;32:51-58
58. Ogihara T, Saruta T, Shimada K, et al. A randomized, double-blind, four-arm parallel-group study of the efficacy and safety of azelnidipine and olmesartan medoxomil combination therapy compared with each monotherapy in Japanese patients with essential hypertension: the REZALT study. Hypertens Res 2009;32:1148-1154
59. Hurst M, Jarvis B. Perindopril: an updated review of its use in hypertension. Drugs 2001;61:867-896 (Pubitemid 32509594)
60. Scholze J, Zilles P, Compagnone D. Verapamil SR and trandolapril combination therapy in hypertension-a clinical trial of factorial design. German Hypertension Study Group. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998;45:491-495
61. Ueng KC, Lin LC, Voon WC, et al. An eight-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of fixed-dose amlodipine/benazepril combination in comparison with amlodipine as firstline therapy in Chinese patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Blood Press Suppl 2008;1:24-31
62. Gradman AH, Cutler NR, Davis PJ, et al. Combined enalapril and felodipine extended release (ER) for systemic hypertension. Enalapril-Felodipine ER Factorial Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:431-435
63. Naidu MU, Usha PR, Rao TR, et al. Evaluation of amlodipine, lisinopril, and a combination in the treatment of essential hypertension. Postgrad Med J 2000;76:350-353
64. Poisson P, Bauer B, Schueler E, et al. Ramipril and felodipine: a comparison of the efficacy and safety of monotherapy versus combination therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 1996;13:445-456
65. Puig JG, Calvo C, Luurila O, et al. Lercanidipine, enalapril and their combination in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients: placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study with four ABPM. J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21:917-924
66. Roca-Cusachs A, Torres F, Horas M, et al. Nitrendipine and enalapril combination therapy in mild to moderate hypertension: assessment of dose-response relationship by a clinical trial of factorial design. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001;38:840-849
67. Pool J, Kaihlanen P, Lewis G, et al. Once-daily treatment of patients with hypertension: a placebo-controlled study of amlodipine and benazepril vs amlodipine or benazepril alone. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:495-498
68. Taddei S, Omboni S, Ghiadoni L, et al. Combination of lisinopril and nifedipine GITS increases blood pressure control compared with single drugs in essential hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003;41:579-585
69. Izzo Jr JL, Purkayastha D, Hall D, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of amlodipine/benazepril combination therapy and amlodipine monotherapy in severe hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2010;24:403-409
70. Edelman DA, Paul RA. Does combination therapy with a calcium channel blocker and an ACE inhibitor have additive effects on blood pressure reduction? Int J Clin Pract 2000;54:105-109
71. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290:2805-2816
72. Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2417-2428
73. Jamerson K, Bakris GL, Dahlof B, et al. Exceptional early blood pressure control rates: the ACCOMPLISH trial. Blood Press 2007;16:80-86
74. Bahl VK, Jadhav UM, Thacker HP. Management of hypertension with the fixed combination of perindopril and amlodipine in daily clinical practice: results from the STRONG prospective, observational, multicenter study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2009;9:135-142
75. Chrysant S, Melino M, Karki S, et al. The combination of olmesartan medoxomil and amlodipine besylate in controlling high blood pressure: COACH, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week factorial efficacy and safety study. Clin Ther 2008;30:587-604
76. Destro M, Luckow A, Samson M, et al. Efficacy and safety of amlodipine/valsartan compared with amlodipine monotherapy in patients with stage 2 hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study: the EX-EFFeCTS Study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2008;2:294-302
77. Barrios V, Brommer P, Haag U, et al. Olmesartan medoxomil plus amlodipine increases efficacy in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension after monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre study. Clin Drug Investig 2009;29:427-439
78. Schunkert H, Glazer RD, Wernsing M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of amlodipine/valsartan combination therapy in hypertensive patients not adequately controlled on amlodipine monotherapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:2655-2662
79. Chrysant SG, Lee J, Melino M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of amlodipine plus olmesartan medoxomil in patients with difficult-to-treat hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2010: published online 18 February 2010, doi: jhh20105[pii]10.1038/jhh.2010.5
80. Allemann Y, Fraile B, Lambert M, et al. Efficacy of the combination of amlodipine and valsartan in patients with hypertension uncontrolled with previous monotherapy: the Exforge in Failure after Single Therapy (EX-FAST) study. J Clin Hypertens 2008;10:185-194
81. Trenkwalder P, Schaetzl R, Borbas E, et al. Combination of amlodipine 10 mg and valsartan 160 mg lowers blood pressure in patients with hypertension not controlled by an ACE inhibitor/CCB combination. Blood Press Suppl 2008;2:13-21
82. Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Cohen JD, et al. Verapamil-sustained releasebased treatment strategy is equivalent to atenolol-based treatment strategy at reducing cardiovascular events in patients with prior myocardial infarction: an INternational VErapamil SR-Trandolapril (INVEST) substudy. Am Heart J 2008;156:241-247
83. Bakris GL, Gaxiola E, Messerli FH, et al. Clinical outcomes in the diabetes cohort of the INternational VErapamil SR-Trandolapril study. Hypertension 2004;44:637-642
84. Cooper-DeHoff RM, Aranda Jr JM, Gaxiola E, et al. Blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk Hispanic patients-findings from the International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study (INVEST). Am Heart J 2006;151:1072-1079
85. Bertrand ME, Ferrari R, Remme WJ, et al. Clinical synergy of perindopril and calcium-channel blocker in the prevention of cardiac events and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Post hoc analysis of the EUROPA study. Am Heart J 2010;159:795-802
86. Jamerson KA, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al. The comparison of 24-hour ambulatory and clinic blood pressure readings in the ACCOMPLISH trial [abstract LB-OR-010]. 24th Annual Scientific Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Hypertension, May 6-9, 2009, San Francisco, CA. J Clin Hypertens 2009;11:397
87. Phend C. ASH: calcium channel blocker benefits in ACCOMPLISH not explained by ambulatory BP, 2009. Available at: http://medpagetoday.com/tbprint. cfm?tbid/14135 [Last accessed 2 June 2010]
88. Bakris GL, Sarafidis PA, Weir MR, et al. Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375: 1173-1181
89. Poulter NR, Wedel H, Dahlof B, et al. Role of blood pressure and other variables in the differential cardiovascular event rates noted in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA). Lancet 2005;366:907-913
90. Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, et al. Differential impact of blood pressurelowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation 2006;113:1213-1225
91. O'Rourke M. Arterial stiffness, systolic blood pressure, and logical treatment of arterial hypertension. Hypertension 1990;15:339-347
92. O'Rourke M. Mechanical principles in arterial disease. Hypertension 1995;26:2-9
93. Manisty CH, Zambanini A, Parker KH, et al. Differences in the magnitude of wave reflection account for differential effects of amlodipine-versus atenolol-based regimens on central blood pressure: an Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial substudy. Hypertension 2009;54:724-730
94. Dolan E, Stanton AV, Thom S, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring predicts cardiovascular events in treated hypertensive patients-an Anglo-Scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial substudy. J Hypertens 2009;27:876-885
95. Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Muxfeldt ES. Prognostic influence of office and ambulatory blood pressures in resistant hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2340-2346
96. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Nagai K, et al. Prediction of stroke by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus screening blood pressure measurements in a general population: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2000;18:847-854
97. Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, et al.; ASCOT-BLA and MRC Trial Investigators. Effects of β-blockers and calcium-channel blockers on within-individual variability in blood pressure and risk of stroke. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:469-80. Epub 2010 Mar 11
98. Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, et al. Prognostic significance of visit-tovisit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension. Lancet 2010;375:895-905
99. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:861-869
100. Holzgreve H, Nakov R, Beck K, et al. Antihypertensive therapy with verapamil SR plus trandolapril versus atenolol plus chlorthalidone on glycemic control. Am J Hypertens 2003;16(5 Pt 1):381-386