Plasmaspheric density structures and dynamics: Properties observed by the CLUSTER and IMAGE missions

Space Science Reviews

Volumn 145, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 55-106

  Darrouzet, Fabien ^a   Gallagher, Dennis L ^b   André, Nicolas ^c   Carpenter, Donald L ^d   Dandouras, Iannis ^e   Décréau, Pierrette M E ^f   De Keyser, Johan ^a   Denton, Richard E ^g   Foster, John C ^h   Goldstein, Jerry ⁱ   Moldwin, Mark B ^j   Reinisch, Bodo W ^k   Sandel, Bill R ^l   Tu, Jiannan ^k  

^a BELGIAN INSTITUTE FOR SPACE AERONOMY   (Belgium)

^b NASA MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^c EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY   (Netherlands)

^d STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

^f UNIVERSITÉ D'ORLÉANS   (France)

^g DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

^h MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

ⁱ SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

CLUSTER; IMAGE; Plasma Structures; Plasmasphere

Indexed keywords

CLUSTER; DENSITY IMAGES; DENSITY STRUCTURES; EROSION PROCESS; FOUR-POINT; FOUR-POINT MEASUREMENTS; IMAGE; IN-SITU MEASUREMENT; NEW RESULTS; PLASMA STRUCTURE; PLASMASPHERE; SPATIAL GRADIENTS;

DYNAMICS;

MAGNETOSPHERE;

EID: 77955223432     PISSN: 00386308     EISSN: 15729672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11214-008-9438-9     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. S. Abe, H. Kawano, J. Goldstein, S. Ohtani, S.I. Solovyev, D.G. Baishev, K. Yumoto, Simultaneous identification of a plasmaspheric plume by a ground magnetometer pair and IMAGE Extreme Ultraviolet Imager. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A11202 (2006)
2. M.L. Adrian, D.L. Gallagher, L.A. Avanov, IMAGE EUV observation of radially bifurcated plasmaspheric features: First observations of a possible standing ULF waveform in the inner magnetosphere. J. Geo-phys. Res. 109, A01203 (2004)
3. N. André, J.F. Lemaire, Convective instabilities in the plasmasphere. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 68(2), 213-227 (2006) (Pubitemid 43071673)
4. J.J. Angerami, Whistler duct properties deduced from VLF observations made with the Ogo 3 satellite near the magnetic equator. J. Geophys. Res. 75(31), 6115-6135 (1970)
5. M. Blanc, A.D. Richmond, The ionospheric disturbance dynamo. J. Geophys. Res. 85(A4), 1669-1686 (1980)
6. H.G. Booker, Guidance of radio and hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 67(11), 4135-4162 (1962)
7. J.E. Borovsky, M.H. Denton, A statistical look at plasmaspheric drainage plumes. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A09221 (2008)
8. J.E. Borovsky, M.F. Thomsen, D.J. McComas, T.E. Cayton, D.J. Knipp, Magnetospheric dynamics and mass flow during the November 1993 storm. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A11), 26373-26394 (1998) (Pubitemid 128664931)
9. P.C. Brandt, D.G. Mitchell, Y. Ebihara, B.R. Sandel, E.C. Roelof, J.L. Burch, R. Demajistre, Global IM-AGE/HENA observations of the ring current: Examples of rapid response to IMF and ring current-plasmasphere interaction. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1359 (2002)
10. K. Bullough, J.L. Sagredo, Longitudinal structure in the plasmapause: VLF goniometer observations of knee-whistlers. Nature 225(5237), 1038-1039 (1970)
11. J.L. Burch, IMAGE mission overview. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1-2), 1-14 (2000)
12. J.L. Burch, S.B. Mende, D.G. Mitchell, T.E. Moore, C.J. Pollock, B.W. Reinisch, B.R. Sandel, S.A. Fuselier, D.L. Gallagher, J.L. Green, J.D. Perez, P.H. Reiff, Views of Earth's magnetosphere with the IMAGE satellite. Science 291, 619-624 (2001a) (Pubitemid 32150414)
13. J.L. Burch, D.G. Mitchell, B.R. Sandel, P.C. Brandt, M. Wüest, Global dynamics of the plasmasphere and ring current during magnetic storms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(6), 1159-1162 (2001b) (Pubitemid 32569230)
14. J.L. Burch, J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, Cause of plasmasphere corotation lag. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L05802 (2004)
15. P. Canu, P.M.E. Décréau, J.G. Trotignon, J.L. Rauch, H.C. Séran, P. Fergeau, M. Lévêque, P. Martin, F.X. Sené, E. Le Guirriec, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, Identification of natural plasma emissions observed close to the plasmapause by the Cluster-Whisper relaxation sounder. Ann. Geophys. 19(10-12), 1697-1709 (2001)
16. D.L. Carpenter, New experimental evidence of the effect of magnetic storms on the magnetosphere. J. Geo-phys. Res. 67(1), 135-145 (1962)
17. D.L. Carpenter, Whistler evidence of a "knee" in the magnetospheric ionization density profile. J. Geophys. Res. 68(6), 1675-1682 (1963)
18. D.L. Carpenter, Whistler Evidence of the Dynamic Behavior of the Duskside Bulge in the Plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75(19), 3837-3847 (1970)
19. D.L. Carpenter, Some aspects of plasmapause probing by whistlers. Radio Sci. 18(6), 917-925 (1983)
20. D.L. Carpenter, R.R. Anderson, An ISEE/Whistler model of equatorial electron density in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 97(A2), 1097-1108 (1992)
21. D.L. Carpenter, J. Lemaire, Erosion and recovery of the plasmasphere in the plasmapause region. Space Sci. Rev. 80(1-2), 153-179 (1997) (Pubitemid 127507608)
22. D.L. Carpenter, J. Lemaire, The plasmasphere boundary layer. Ann. Geophys. 22(12), 4291-4298 (2004) (Pubitemid 40191201)
23. D.L. Carpenter, B.L. Giles, C.R. Chappell, P.M.E. Décréau, R.R. Anderson, A.M. Persoon, A.J. Smith, Y. Corcuff, P. Canu, Plasmasphere dynamics in the duskside bulge region: A new look at an old topic. J. Geophys. Res. 98(A11), 19243-19271 (1993)
24. D.L. Carpenter, R.R. Anderson, W. Calvert, M.B. Moldwin, CRRES observations of density cavities inside the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 105(A10), 23323-23338 (2000)
25. D.L. Carpenter, M.A. Spasojević, T.F. Bell, U.S. Inan, B.W. Reinisch, I.A. Galkin, R.F. Benson, J.L. Green, S.F. Fung, S.A. Boardsen, Small-scale field-aligned plasmaspheric density structures inferred from the Radio Plasma Imager on IMAGE. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A9), 1258 (2002)
26. C.R. Chappell, Recent satellite measurements of the morphology and dynamics of the plasmasphere. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 10(4), 951-979 (1972)
27. C.R. Chappell, Detached Plasma Regions in the Magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 79(13), 1861-1870 (1974)
28. C.R. Chappell, K.K. Harris, G.W. Sharp, The morphology of the bulge region of the plasmasphere. J. Geo-phys. Res. 75(19), 3848-3861 (1970a)
29. C.R. Chappell, K.K. Harris, G.W. Sharp, A study of the influence of magnetic activity on the location of the plasmapause as measured by OGO 5. J. Geophys. Res. 75(1), 50-56 (1970b)
30. A.J. Chen, J.M. Grebowsky, Plasma Tail Interpretations of Pronounced Detached Plasma Regions Measured by Ogo 5. J. Geophys. Res. 79(25), 3851-3855 (1974)
31. S.H. Chen, T.E. Moore, Magnetospheric convection and thermal ions in the dayside outer magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A03215 (2006)
32. A.J. Chen, R.A. Wolf, Effects on the plasmasphere of a time-varying convection electric field. Planet. Space Sci. 20(4), 483-509 (1972)
33. M.A. Clilverd, A.J. Smith, N.R. Thomson, The annual variation in quiet time plasmaspheric electron density, determined from whistler mode group delays. Planet. Space Sci. 39(7), 1059-1067 (1991)
34. M.A. Clilverd, F.W. Menk, G. Milinevski, B.R. Sandel, J. Goldstein, B.W. Reinisch, C.R. Wilford, M.C. Rose, N.R. Thomson, K.H. Yearby, G.J. Bailey, I.R. Mann, D.L. Carpenter, In-situ and ground-based intercalibration measurements of plasma density at L = 2.5. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A10), 1365 (2003)
35. M.A. Clilverd, N.P. Meredith, R.B. Horne, S.A. Glauert, R.R. Anderson, N.R. Thomson, F.W. Menk, B.R. Sandel, Longitudinal and seasonal variations in plasmaspheric electron density: Implications for electron precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A11210 (2007)
36. K.D. Cole, Formation of field-aligned irregularities in the magnetosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 33, 741-750 (1971)
37. P.D. Craven, D.L. Gallagher, R.H. Comfort, Relative concentration of He+ in the inner magnetosphere as observed by the DE 1 retarding ions mass spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 102(A2), 2279-2289 (1997) (Pubitemid 127694312)
38. I. Dandouras, Detection of plasmaspheric wind by analysis of ion measurements obtained onboard the Cluster spacecraft. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 10, 5360 (2008)
39. I. Dandouras, V. Pierrard, J. Goldstein, C. Vallat, G.K. Parks, H. Rème, C. Gouillart, F. Sevestre, M. McCarthy, L.M. Kistler, B. Klecker, A. Korth, M.B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, P. Escoubet, A. Masson, Multipoint observations of ionic structures in the plasmasphere by CLUSTER-CIS and comparisons with IMAGE-EUV observations and with model simulations, in Inner Magnetosphere Interactions: New Perspectives from Imaging, ed. by J. Burch, M. Schulz, H. Spence. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 159 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 2005), pp. 23-53
40. F. Darrouzet, Etude de la magnétosphère terrestre par l'analyse multipoint des données de la mission CLUSTER. Contributions à la caractérisation des frontières et de la magnétosphère interne. PhD thesis, University of Orléans, France, 2006
41. F. Darrouzet, P.M.E. Décréau, J. De Keyser, A. Masson, D.L. Gallagher, O. Santolík, B.R. Sandel, J.G. Trotignon, J.L. Rauch, E. Le Guirriec, P. Canu, F. Sedgemore, M. André, J.F. Lemaire, Density structures inside the plasmasphere: Cluster observations. Ann. Geophys. 22(7), 2577-2585 (2004) (Pubitemid 39131093)
42. F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, P.M.E. Décréau, D.L. Gallagher, V. Pierrard, J.F. Lemaire, B.R. Sandel, I. Dan-douras, H. Matsui, M. Dunlop, J. Cabrera, A. Masson, P. Canu, J.G. Trotignon, J.L. Rauch, M. André, Analysis of plasmaspheric plumes: CLUSTER and IMAGE observations. Ann. Geophys. 24(6), 1737-1758 (2006a) (Pubitemid 44770330)
43. F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, P.M.E. Décréau, J.F. Lemaire, M.W. Dunlop, Spatial gradients in the plasmasphere from Cluster. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L08105 (2006b)
44. F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, P.M.E. Décréau, F. El Lemdani-Mazouz, X. Vallières, Statistical analysis of plas-maspheric plumes with CLUSTER/WHISPER observations. Ann. Geophys. 26(8), 2403-2417 (2008)
45. J. De Keyser, F. Darrouzet, M.W. Dunlop, P.M.E. Décréau, Least-squares gradient calculation from multipoint observations of scalar and vector fields: Methodology and applications with cluster in the plasma-sphere. Ann. Geophys. 25(4), 971-987 (2007) (Pubitemid 46748561)
46. J. De Keyser, D.L. Carpenter, F. Darrouzet, D.L. Gallagher, J. Tu, CLUSTER and IMAGE: New ways to study the Earth's plasmasphere. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
47. P.M.E. Décréau, D. Carpenter, C.R. Chappell, R.H. Comfort, J. Green, R.C. Olsen, J.H. Waite Jr., Latitudinal plasma distribution in the dusk plasmaspheric bulge: Refilling phase and quasi-equilibrium state. J. Geophys. Res. 91(A6), 6929-6943 (1986)
48. P.M.E. Décréau, P. Fergeau, V. Krasnosels'kikh, M. Lévêque, Ph. Martin, O. Randriamboarison, F.X. Sené, J.G. Trotignon, P. Canu, P.B. Mögensen, Whisper Investigators, WHISPER, a resonance sounder and wave analyser: Performances and perspectives for the Cluster mission. Space Sci. Rev. 79(1-2), 157-193 (1997) (Pubitemid 127505539)
49. P.M.E. Décréau, P. Fergeau, V. Krasnosels'kikh, E. Le Guirriec, M. Lévêque, P. Martin, O. Randriamboarison, J.L. Rauch, F.X. Sené, H.C. Séran, J.G. Trotignon, P. Canu, N. Cornilleau, H. de Féraudy, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, P.B. Mögensen, G. Gustafsson, M. André, D.A. Gurnett, F. Darrouzet, J. Lemaire, C.C. Harvey, P. Travnicek, Whisper experimenters, Early results from the Whisper instrument on Cluster: an overview. Ann. Geophys. 19(10-12), 1241-1258 (2001)
50. P.M.E. Décréau, C. Ducoin, G. Le Rouzic, O. Randriamboarison, J.L. Rauch, X. Trotignon, J.G. Vallières, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, M.P. Gough, A.M. Buckley, T.D. Carozzi, Observation of continuum radiations from the CLUSTER fleet: First results from direction finding. Ann. Geophys. 22(7), 2607-2624 (2004) (Pubitemid 39131096)
51. P.M.E. Décréau, E. Le Guirriec, J.L. Rauch, J.G. Trotignon, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, J. Lemaire, A. Masson, F. Sedgemore, M. André, Density irregularities in the plasmasphere boundary player: Cluster observations in the dusk sector. Adv. Space Res. 36(10), 1964-1969 (2005) (Pubitemid 41660086)
52. Z.C. Dent, I.R. Mann, F.W. Menk, J. Goldstein, C.R. Wilford, M.A. Clilverd, L.G. Ozeke, A coordinated ground-based and IMAGE satellite study of quiet-time plasmaspheric density profiles. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(12), 1600 (2003)
53. R.E. Denton, Magneto-seismology using spacecraft observations, in Magnetospheric ULF Waves: Synthesis and New Directions, ed. by K. Takahashi, P.J. Chi, R.E. Denton, R.L. Lysak. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 169 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 2006), pp. 307-317
54. R.E. Denton, P. Décréau, M.J. Engebretson, F. Darrouzet, J.L. Posch, C. Mouikis, L.M. Kistler, C.A. Cat-tell, K. Takahashi, S. Schäfer, J. Goldstein, Field line distribution of density at L = 4.8 inferred from observations by CLUSTER. Ann. Geophys. (2008, submitted)
55. F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, J.L. Rauch, P.M.E. Décréau, J.G. Trotignon, X. Vallières, F. Darrouzet, P. Canu, X. Suraud, Wave emissions at half electron gyroharmonics in the equatorial plasmasphere region: CLUSTER observations and statistics. Adv. Space Res. (2008, in press)
56. R.C. Elphic, L.A. Weiss, M.F. Thomsen, D.J. McComas, M.B. Moldwin, Evolution of plasmaspheric ions at geosynchronous orbit during times of high geomagnetic activity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23(16), 2189-2192 (1996) (Pubitemid 126671126)
57. C.P. Escoubet, C.T. Russell, R. Schmidt (eds.), The Cluster and Phoenix Missions (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1997)
58. J.C. Foster, P.J. Erickson, A.J. Coster, J. Goldstein, F.J. Rich, Ionospheric signatures of plasmaspheric tails. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(13), 1623 (2002)
59. J.C. Foster, A.J. Coster, P.J. Erickson, W. Rideout, F.J. Rich, T.J. Immel, B.R. Sandel, Redistribution of the stormtime ionosphere and the formation of the plasmaspheric bulge, in Inner Magnetosphere Interactions: New Perspectives from Imaging, ed. by J.L. Burch, M. Schulz, H. Spence. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 159 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 2005), pp. 277-289
60. B.J. Fraser, J.L. Horwitz, J.A. Slavin, Z.C. Dent, I.R. Mann, Heavy ion mass loading of the geomagnetic field near the plasmapause and ULF wave implications. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L04102 (2005)
61. S.F. Fung, R.F. Benson, D.L. Carpenter, B.W. Reinisch, D.L. Gallagher, Investigations of irregularities in remote plasma regions by radio sounding: applications of the radio plasma imager on image. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1-2), 391-419 (2000)
62. D.L. Gallagher, M.L. Adrian, Two-dimensional drift velocities from the IMAGE EUV plasmaspheric imager. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 341-350 (2007)
63. D.L. Gallagher, P.D. Craven, R.H. Confort, Global core plasma model. J. Geophys. Res. 105(A8), 18819-18833 (2000)
64. D.L. Gallagher, M.L. Adrian, M.W. Liemohn, Origin and evolution of deep plasmaspheric notches. J. Geo-phys. Res. 110, A09201 (2005)
65. Y.I. Galperin, V.S. Soloviev, K. Torkar, J.C. Foster, M.V. Veselov, Predicting plasmaspheric radial density profiles. J. Geophys. Res. 102(A2), 2079-2091 (1997) (Pubitemid 127694293)
66. D.A. Galvan, M.B. Moldwin, B.R. Sandel, Diurnal variation in plasmaspheric He+ inferred from extreme ultraviolet images. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A09216 (2008)
67. L.N. Garcia, S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, S.A. Boardsen, B.R. Sandel, B.W. Reinisch, Observations of the latitudinal structure of plasmaspheric convection plumes by IMAGE-RPI and EUV. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A8), 1321 (2003)
68. J. Goldstein, Plasmasphere response: Tutorial and review of recent imaging results. Space Sci. Rev. 124(1-4), 203-216 (2006)
69. J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, The global pattern of evolution of plasmaspheric drainage plumes, in Inner Magnetosphere Interactions: New Perspectives from Imaging, ed. by J.L. Burch, M. Schulz, H. Spence. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 159 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 2005), pp. 1-22
70. J. Goldstein, R.W. Spiro, P.H. Reiff, R.A. Wolf, B.R. Sandel, J.W. Freeman, R.L. Lambour, IMF-driven overshielding electric field and the origin of the plasmaspheric shoulder of May 24, 2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(16), 1819 (2002)
71. J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, W.T. Forrester, P.H. Reiff, IMF-driven plasmasphere erosion of 10 July 2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(3), 1146 (2003a)
72. J. Goldstein, M. Spasojević, P.H. Reiff, B.R. Sandel, W.T. Forrester, D.L. Gallagher, B.W. Reinisch, Identifying the plasmapause in IMAGE EUV data using IMAGE RPI in situ steep density gradients. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A4), 1147 (2003b)
73. J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, M.R. Hairston, S.B. Mende, Plasmapause undulation of 17 April 2002. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L15801 (2004a)
74. J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, M.F. Thomsen, M. Spasojević, P.H. Reiff, Simultaneous remote sensing and in situ observations of plasmaspheric drainage plumes. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A03202 (2004b)
75. J. Goldstein, J.L. Burch, B.R. Sandel, S.B. Mende, P.C. Brandt, M.R. Hairston, Coupled response of the inner magnetosphere and ionosphere on 17 April 2002. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A03205 (2005a)
76. J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, W.T. Forrester, M.F. Thomsen, M.R. Hairston, Global plasmasphere evolution 22-23 April 2001. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A12218 (2005b)
77. J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, H.U. Frey, S.B. Mende, Multiple plasmapause undulations observed by the IMAGE satellite on 20 March 2001. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 322-333 (2007) (Pubitemid 46291696)
78. J.M. Grebowsky, Model study of plasmapause motion. J. Geophys. Res. 75(22), 4329-4333 (1970)
79. J.L. Green, S. Boardsen, S.F. Fung, H. Matsumoto, K. Hashimoto, R.R. Anderson, B.R. Sandel, B.W. Reinisch, Association of kilometric continuum radiation with plasmaspheric structures. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A03203 (2004)
80. R.S. Grew, F.W. Menk, M.A. Clilverd, B.R. Sandel, Mass and electron densities in the inner magnetosphere during a prolonged disturbed interval. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L02108 (2007)
81. K.I. Gringauz, V.V. Bezrukikh, V.D. Ozerov, R.E. Rybechinsky, The study of the interplanetary ionized gas, high-energy electrons and corpuscular radiation of the Sun, employing threeelectrode charged particle traps on the second Soviet space rocket. Sov. Phys. Dokl. 5, 361-364 (1960). Published again in (1962) in Planet. Space Sci., 9, 103-107
82. G. Gustafsson, M. André, T. Carozzi, A.I. Eriksson, C.G. Fälthammar, R. Grard, G. Holmgren, J.A. Holtet, N. Ivchenko, T. Karlsson, Y. Khotyaintsev, S. Klimov, H. Laakso, P.A. Lindqvist, B. Lybekk, G. Marklund, F. Mozer, K. Mursula, A. Pedersen, B. Popielawska, S. Savin, K. Stasiewicz, P. Tanskanen, A. Vaivads, J.E. Wahlund, First results of electric field and density observations by Cluster EFW based on initial months of observations. Ann. Geophys. 19(10-12), 1219-1240 (2001)
83. A. Hasegawa, Drift-wave instability at the plasmapause. J. Geophys. Res. 76(22), 5361-5364 (1971)
84. M. Hayakawa, Association of whistlers with lightning discharges on the Earth and on Jupiter. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 57(5), 525-535 (1995)
85. R.A. Helliwell, Whistlers and Associated Ionospheric Phenomena (Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1965)
86. T.W. Hill, Inertial limit on corotation. J. Geophys. Res. 84(A11), 6554-6558 (1979)
87. J.L. Horwitz, R.H. Comfort, C.R. Chappell, A statistical characterization of plasmasphere density structure and boundary locations. J. Geophys. Res. 95(A6), 7937-7947 (1990)
88. M.C. Kelley, The Earth's Ionosphere: Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics (Academic Press, San Diego, 1989)
89. K.H. Kim, J. Goldstein, D. Berube, Plasmaspheric drainage plume observed by the Polar satellite in the prenoon sector and the IMAGE satellite during the magnetic storm of 11 April 2001. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A06237 (2007)
90. H.C. Koons, Observations of large-amplitude, Whistler mode wave ducts in the outer plasmasphere. J. Geo-phys. Res. 94(A11), 15393-15397 (1989)
91. J. Krall, J.D. Huba, J.A. Fedder, Simulation of H+ and He+ dynamics during plasmasphere refilling. Eos Trans. AGU 88(52), SM21A-0303 (2007)
92. R.L. Lambour, L.A. Weiss, R.C. Elphic, M.F. Thomsen, Global modeling of the plasmasphere following storm sudden commencements. J. Geophys. Res. 102(A11), 24351-24368 (1997) (Pubitemid 127694180)
93. M.J. LeDocq, D.A. Gurnett, R.R. Anderson, Electron Number Density Fluctuations near the Plasmapause Observed by the CRRES Spacecraft. J. Geophys. Res. 99(A12), 23661-23671 (1994)
94. J.F. Lemaire, The "Roche-limit" of ionospheric plasma and the formation of the plasmapause. Planet. Space Sci. 22(5), 757-766 (1974)
95. J.F. Lemaire, The mechanisms of formation of the plasmapause. Ann. Geophys. 31, 175-190 (1975)
96. J.F. Lemaire, Frontiers of the Plasmasphere. Aeronomica Acta, vol. 298. (Editions Cabay, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1985). ISBN 2-87077-310-2
97. J.F. Lemaire, Plasma distribution models in a rotating magnetic dipole and refilling plasmaspheric flux tubes. Phys. Fluids B 1(7), 1519-1525 (1989)
98. J.F. Lemaire, The formation plasmaspheric tails. Phys. Chem. Earth (C) 25, 9-17 (2000) (Pubitemid 30045086)
99. J.F. Lemaire, The formation of the light-ion-trough and peeling off the plasmasphere. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 63(11), 1285-1291 (2001)
100. J.F. Lemaire, K.I. Gringauz, The Earth's Plasmasphere (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1998)
101. J.F. Lemaire, R.W. Schunk, Plasmaspheric wind. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 54(3-4), 467-477 (1992)
102. J.F. Lemaire, R.W. Schunk, Plasmaspheric convection with non-closed streamlines. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 56(12), 1629-1633 (1994)
103. B.T. Loftus, T.E. Van Zandt, W. Calvert, Observations of conjugate ducting by the fixed-frequency topside-sounder satellite. Ann. Geophys. 22(4), 530-537 (1966)
104. A. Masson, O. Santolík, D.L. Carpenter, F. Darrouzet, P.M.E. Décréau, F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, J.L. Green, S. Grimald, F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, M.B. Moldwin, F. Němec, Advances in Plasmaspheric Wave Research with CLUSTER and IMAGE Observations. Space Sci. Rev. (2008). This issue
105. C.E. McIlwain, Coordinates for Mapping the Distribution of Magnetically Trapped Particles. J. Geophys. Res. 66(11), 3681-3691 (1961)
106. E.V. Mishin, W.J. Burke, Stormtime coupling of the ring current, plasmasphere, and topside ionosphere: Electromagnetic and plasma disturbances. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A07209 (2005)
107. M.B. Moldwin, M.F. Thomsen, S.J. Bame, D.J. McComas, K.R. Moore, An examination of the structure and dynamics of the outer plasmasphere using multiple geosynchronous satellites. J. Geophys. Res. 99(A6), 11475-11481 (1994)
108. M.B. Moldwin, M.F. Thomsen, S.J. Bame, D. McComas, G.D. Reeves, The fine-scale structure of the outer plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 100(A5), 8021-8029 (1995)
109. M.B. Moldwin, J. Howard, J. Sanny, J.D. Bocchicchio, H.K. Rassoul, R.R. Anderson, Plasmaspheric plumes: CRRES observations of enhanced density beyond the plasmapause. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A05202 (2004)
110. D.B. Muldrew, Radio propagation along magnetic field-aligned sheets of ionization observed by the Alouette topside sounder. J. Geophys. Res. 68(19), 5355-5370 (1963)
111. G. Murakami, M. Hirai, I. Yoshikawa, The plasmapause response to the southward turning of the IMF derived from sequential EUV images. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A06217 (2007)
112. A. Nishida, Formation of plasmapause, or magnetospheric plasma knee, by the combined action of magne-tospheric convection and plasma escape from the tail. J. Geophys. Res. 71(23), 5669-5679 (1966)
113. P.A. Nsumei, X. Huang, B.W. Reinisch, P. Song, V.M. Vasyliunas, J.L. Green, S.F. Fung, R.F. Benson, D.L. Gallagher, Electron density distribution over the northern polar region deduced from IMAGE/radio plasma imager sounding. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A2), 1078 (2003)
114. P.A. Nsumei, B.W. Reinisch, P. Song, J. Tu, X. Huang, Polar cap electron density distribution from IMAGE radio plasma imager measurements: Empirical model with the effects of solar illumination and geomagnetic activity. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A01217 (2008)
115. D.M. Ober, J.L. Horwitz, M.F. Thomsen, R.C. Elphic, D.J. McComas, R.D. Belian, M.B. Moldwin, Premid-night plasmaspheric "plumes". J. Geophys. Res. 102(A6), 11325-11334 (1997)
116. C.G. Park, Whistler observations of the interchange of ionization between the ionosphere and the protonosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75(22), 4249-4260 (1970)
117. C.G. Park, D.L. Carpenter, Whistler evidence of large-scale electron-density irregularities in the plasmas-phere. J. Geophys. Res. 75(19), 3825-3836 (1970)
118. C.G. Park, R.A. Helliwell, The formation by electric fields of field-aligned irregularities in the magnetosphere. Radio Sci. 6(6), 299-304 (1971)
119. G. Paschmann, J.M. Quinn, R.B. Torbert, H. Vaith, C.E. McIlwain, G. Haerendel, O.H. Bauer, T. Bauer, W. Baumjohann, W. Fillius, M. Förster, S. Frey, E. Georgescu, S.S. Kerr, C.A. Kletzing, H. Matsui, P. Puhl-Quinn, E.C. Whipple, The electron drift instrument on cluster: Overview of first results. Ann. Geophys. 19(10-12), 1273-1288 (2001)
120. V. Pierrard, J. Cabrera, Comparisons between EUV/IMAGE observations and numerical simulations of the plasmapause formation. Ann. Geophys. 23(7), 2635-2646 (2005) (Pubitemid 41656302)
121. V. Pierrard, J.F. Lemaire, Development of shoulders and plumes in the frame of the interchange instability mechanism for plasmapause formation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L05809 (2004)
122. V. Pierrard, J. Goldstein, N. André, V.K. Jordanova, G.A. Kotova, J.F. Lemaire, M.W. Liemohn, H. Matsui, Physics-based models of the plasmasphere. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
123. I.G. Platt, P.L. Dyson, MF and HF propagation characteristics of ionospheric ducts. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 51, 759-774 (1989)
124. B.W. Reinisch, D.M. Haines, K. Bibl, G. Cheney, I.A. Galkin, X. Huang, S.H. Myers, G.S. Sales, R.F. Benson, S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, S. Boardsen, W.W.L. Taylor, J.L. Bougeret, R. Manning, N. Meyer-Vernet, M. Moncuquet, D.L. Carpenter, D.L. Gallagher, P. Reiff, The Radio Plasma Imager Investigation on the IMAGE Spacecraft. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1-2), 319-359 (2000)
125. B.W. Reinisch, X. Huang, P. Song, G.S. Sales, S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, D.L. Gallagher, V.M. Vasyliunas, Plasma density distribution along the magnetospheric field: RPI observations from IMAGE. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(24), 4521-4524 (2001) (Pubitemid 34166308)
126. B.W. Reinisch, X. Huang, P. Song, J.L. Green, S.F. Fung, V.M. Vasyliunas, D.L. Gallagher, B.R. Sandel, Plasmaspheric mass loss and refilling as a result of a magnetic storm. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A01202 (2004)
127. H. Rème, C. Aoustin, J.M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, B. Lavraud, J.A. Sauvaud, A. Barthe, J. Bouyssou, Th. Camus, O. Coeur-Joly, A. Cros, J. Cuvilo, F. Ducay, Y. Garbarowitz, J.L. Médale, E. Penou, H. Perrier, D. Romefort, J. Rouzaud, C. Vallat, D. Alcaydé, C. Jacquey, C. Mazelle, C. d'Uston, E. Möbius, L.M. Kistler, K. Crocker, M. Granoff, C. Mouikis, M. Popecki, M. Vosbury, B. Klecker, D. Hovestadt, H. Kucharek, E. Kuenneth, G. Paschmann, M. Scholer, N. Sckopke, E. Seidenschwang, C.W. Carlson, D.W. Curtis, C. Ingraham, R.P. Lin, J.P. McFadden, G.K. Parks, T. Phan, V. Formisano, E. Amata, M.B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, P. Baldetti, R. Bruno, G. Chionchio, A. Di Lellis, M.F. Marcucci, G. Pallocchia, A. Korth, P.W. Daly, B. Graeve, H. Rosenbauer, V. Vasyliunas, M. McCarthy, M. Wilber, L. Eliasson, R. Lundin, S. Olsen, E.G. Shelley, S. Fuselier, A.G. Ghielmetti, W. Lennartsson, C.P. Escoubet, H. Balsiger, R. Friedel, J.-B. Cao, R.A. Kovrazhkin, I. Papamastorakis, R. Pellat, J. Scudder, B. Sonnerup, First multi-spacecraft ion measurements in and near the Earth's magnetosphere with the identical Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS) experiment. Ann. Geophys. 19(10-12), 1303-1354 (2001)
128. M.A. Reynolds, G. Ganguli, Y.-J. Su, M.F. Thomsen, The local-time variation of the quiet plasmasphere: Geosynchronous observations and kinetic theory. Ann. Geophys. 21(11), 2147-2154 (2003) (Pubitemid 37418288)
129. A.D. Richmond, Self-induced motions of thermal plasma in the magnetosphere and the stability of the plasmapause. Radio Sci. 8(11), 1019-1027 (1973)
130. B.R. Sandel, M.H. Denton, Global view of refilling of the plasmasphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L17102 (2007)
131. B.R. Sandel, A.L. Broadfoot, C.C. Curtis, R.A. King, T.C. Stone, R.H. Hill, J. Chen, O.H.W. Siegmund, R. Raffanti, D.D. Allred, R.S. Turley, D.L. Gallagher, The extreme ultraviolet imager investigation for the IMAGE mission. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1-2), 197-242 (2000)
132. B.R. Sandel, R.A. King, W.T. Forrester, D.L. Gallagher, A.L. Broadfoot, C.C. Curtis, Initial results from the IMAGE extreme ultraviolet imager. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(8), 1439-1442 (2001) (Pubitemid 32575952)
133. B.R. Sandel, J. Goldstein, D.L. Gallagher, M. Spasojević, Extreme ultraviolet imager observations of the structure and dynamics of the plasmasphere. Space Sci. Rev. 109(1-4), 25-46 (2003)
134. N. Singh, Refilling of a plasmaspheric flux tube: microscopic plasma processes, in Modeling Magnetospheric Plasma, ed. by T.E. Moore, J.H. Waite. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 44 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 1988), pp. 87-99
135. N. Singh, J.L. Horwitz, Plasmaspheric refilling: Recent observations and modelling. J. Geophys. Res. 97(A2), 1049-1079 (1992)
136. R.L. Smith, Propagation characteristics of whistlers trapped in field-aligned columns of enhanced ionization. J. Geophys. Res. 66(11), 3699-3707 (1961)
137. M. Spasojević, J. Goldstein, D.L. Carpenter, U.S. Inan, B.R. Sandel, M.B. Moldwin, B.W. Reinisch, Global response of the plasmasphere to a geomagnetic disturbance. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A9), 1340 (2003)
138. M. Spasojević, H.U. Frey, M.F. Thomsen, S.A. Fuselier, S.P. Gary, B.R. Sandel, U.S. Inan, The link between a detached subauroral proton arc and a plasmaspheric plume. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L04803 (2004)
139. R.W. Spiro, M. Harel, R.A. Wolf, P.H. Reiff, Quantitative simulation of a magnetospheric substorm. 3. Plas-maspheric electric fields and evolution of the plasmapause. J. Geophys. Res. 86(A4), 2261-2272 (1981)
140. L.R.O. Storey, An investigation of whistling atmospherics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.) 246A, 113-141 (1953)
141. H.J. Strangeways, M.J. Rycroft, Trapping of whistler-waves through the side of ducts. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 42, 983-994 (1980)
142. Y. Su, M.F. Thomsen, J.E. Borovsky, J.C. Foster, A linkage between polar patches and plasmaspheric drainage plumes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(1), 111-113 (2001)
143. D. Summers, B. Ni, N.P. Meredith, R.B. Horne, R.M. Thorne, M.B. Moldwin, R.R. Anderson, Electron scattering by whistler-mode ELF hiss in plasmaspheric plumes, J. Geophys. Res. 113, A04219 (2008)
144. G. Tarcsai, Ionosphere-plasmasphere electron fluxes at middle latitudes obtained from whistlers. Adv. Space Res. 5(4), 155-158 (1985)
145. H.A. Taylor Jr., J.M. Grebowsky, W.J. Walsh, Structured variations of the plasmapause: Evidence of a coro-tating plasma tail. J. Geophys. Res. 76(28), 6806-6814 (1971)
146. R.J. Thomson, The formation and lifetime of whistler ducts. Planet. Space Sci. 26(5), 423-430 (1978)
147. J.G. Trotignon, P.M.E. Décréau, J.L. Rauch, E. Le Guirriec, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, The whisper relaxation sounder onboard cluster: A powerful tool for space plasma diagnosis around the Earth. Cosm. Res. 41(4), 369-372 (2003)
148. N.A. Tsyganenko, D.P. Stern, Modeling the global magnetic field of the large-scale Birkeland current systems. J. Geophys. Res. 101(A12), 27187-27198 (1996)
149. J. Tu, P. Song, B.W. Reinisch, X. Huang, J.L. Green, H.U. Frey, P.H. Reiff, Electron density images of the middle-and high-latitude magnetosphere in response to the solar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A12210 (2005)
150. J. Tu, P. Song, B.W. Reinisch, J.L. Green, X. Huang, Empirical specification of field-aligned plasma density profiles for plasmasphere refilling. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A06216 (2006)
151. J. Tu, P. Song, B.W. Reinisch, J.L. Green, Smooth electron density transition from plasmasphere to the sub-auroral region. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A05227 (2007)
152. C.L. Waters, F.W. Menk, M.F. Thomsen, C. Foster, F.R. Fenrich, Remote sensing of the magnetosphere using ground-based observations of ULF waves, in Magnetospheric ULF Waves: Synthesis and New Directions, ed. by K. Takahashi, P.J. Chi, R.E. Denton, R.L. Lysak. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 169 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 2006), pp. 319-340
153. G.R. Wilson, J.L. Horwitz, J. Lin, A semikinetic model for early stage plasmasphere refilling. 1. Effects of coulomb collisions. J. Geophys. Res. 97(A2), 1109-1119 (1992)
154. E. Yizengaw, M.B. Moldwin, The altitude extension of the mid-latitude trough and its correlation with plasmapause position. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L09105 (2005)
155. E. Yizengaw, H. Wei, M.B. Moldwin, D. Galvan, L. Mandrake, A. Mannucci, X. Pi, The correlation between mid-latitude trough and the plasmapause. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L10102 (2005)
156. E. Yizengaw, M.B. Moldwin, D.A. Galvan, Ionospheric signatures of a plasmaspheric plume over Europe. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L17103 (2006)
157. E. Yizengaw, J. Dewar, J. MacNeil, M.B. Moldwin, D. Galvan, J. Sanny, D. Berube, B. Sandel, The occurrence of ionospheric signatures of plasmaspheric plumes over different longitudinal sectors. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A08318 (2008)
158. I. Yoshikawa, A. Yamazaki, K. Yamashita, Y. Takizawa, M. Nakamura, Which is a significant contributor for outside of the plasmapause, an ionospheric filling or leakage of plasmaspheric materials?: Comparison of He II (304 Å) images. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A2), 1080 (2003)