Is the calcium correct? Measuring serum calcium in dialysis patients

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 283-289

  Morton, A Ross ^a   Garland, Jocelyn S ^a   Holden, Rachel M ^a  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CALCIUM;

BLOOD; CALCINOSIS; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; HUMAN; PROGNOSIS; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; VASCULAR DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; VASCULAR DISEASES;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CALCINOSIS; CALCIUM; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; PROGNOSIS; RENAL DIALYSIS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 77955129739     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00735.x     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, Goodman W, Martin K, Olgaard K, Ott S, Sprague S, Lamiere N, Eknoyan G. Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2006, 69:1945-1953.
2. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association between serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: a national study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 31:607-617.
3. Nikolov IG, Mozar A, Drüeke T, Massy ZA. Impact of disturbances of calcium and phosphate metabolism on vascular calcification and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Blood Purif 2009, 27:350-359.
4. Jono S, McKee MD, Murray CE, Shioi A, Nishizawa Y, Mori H, Giachelli CM. Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res 2000, 87:E10-E17.
5. Greaves I, Grant AJ, Health DA, Michael J, Adu D. Hypercalcaemia: changing causes over the past 10 years. Br Med J 1992, 304:1284.
6. Morton AR, Murphy S, Hirsch D, Leblanc M, Barré P, Lok C, Hercz G, Hodsman A, Reslerova M, Levin A. Development and utility of a multidimensional grid to assess individual mineral metabolism control in hemodialysis patients: a potential aid for therapeutic decision making. Hemodial Int 2010, [Epub ahead of print]
7. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 42(Suppl.):S1-S201.
8. Jindal K, Chan CT, Déziel C, Hirsch D, Soroka SD, Tonelli M, Culleton BF. Hemodialysis clinical practice guidelines for the Canadian Society of Nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17(Suppl. 1):S1-S27.
9. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group: KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int 2009, 76(Suppl. 113):S1-S130.
10. Taylor JG, Bushinsky DA. Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Blood Purif 2009, 27:387-394.
11. Besarab A, Caro JF. Increased absolute calcium binding to albumin in hypoalabuminemia. J Clin Pathol 1981, 34:1368-1374.
12. Erstad BL, Richards H, Rose S, Nakazato P, Fortune J. Influence of twenty-five pre cent human serum albumin on total and ionized calcium concentrations in vivo. Crit Care 1999, 3:117-121.
13. Katz S, Klotz IM. Interactions of calcium with serum albumin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1953, 44:351-361.
14. Merlini G, Fitzpatrick LA, Siris ES, Bilezikian JP, Birken S, Beychok S, Osserman EF. A human myeloma immunoglobulin G binding four moles of calcium associated with symptomatic hypercalcemia. J Clin Immunol 1984, 3:185-196.
15. Aduen J, Bernstein WK, Miller J, Kerzner R, Bhatiani A, Davison L, Chernow B. Relationship between blood lactate concentrations and ionized calcium, glucose, and acid-base status in critically ill and noncritically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1995, 23:246-252.
16. Lehmann M, Mimouni F. Serum phosphate concentrations. Effect on serum ionized calcium concentration in vitro. Am J Dis Child 1989, 143:1340-1341.
17. Ferrari P, Singer R, Agarwal A, Hurn A, Townsend MA, Chubb P. Serum phosphate is an important determinant of corrected serum calcium in end-stage kidney disease. Nephrology 2009, 14:383-388.
18. McLean FC, Hastings AB. The state of calcium in the fluids of the body. J Biol Chem 1935, 108:285-322.
19. Burnett RW, Christiansen TF, Covington AK, Fogh-Andersen N, Külpmann WR, Lewenstam A, Maas AHJ, Müller-Plathe O, Sachs C, Siggaard-Andersen O, VanKessel AL, Zijlstra WG. IFCC Recommended reference method for the determination of the substance concentration of ionized calcium in undiluted serum, plasma or whole blood. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000, 38:1301-1314.
20. Ladenson JH, Bowers GN. Free calcium in serum. II. Rigor of homeostatic control, correlations with total serum calcium, and review on data in patients with disturbed calcium metabolism. Clin Chem 1973, 19:575-582.
21. Hötzel WGE. Intra-individual variation of some analytes in serum of patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Chem 1987, 33:670-673.
22. Boink ABTJ, Buckley BM, Christiansen TF, Covington AK, Maas AHJ, Müller-Plathe O, Sachs Ch, Siggaard-Andersen O. IFCC recommendation on sampling, transport and storage for the determination of the concentration of ionized calcium in whole blood, plasma and serum. J Automat Chem 1991, 13:235-239.
23. Renoe BW, McDonald JM, Ladenson JH. The effects of stasis with and without exercise on free calcium, various cations, and related parameters. Clin Chim Acta 1980, 103:91-100.
24. Cardinal P, Allan J, Hindmarsh T, Jones G, Delisle S. The effect of sodium citrate in arterial catheters on acid-base and electrolyte measurements. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:1388-1392.
25. Krahn J, Lou HIonized. Calcium: whole blood, plasma or serum? Clin Lab 2008, 54:185-189.
26. Wang S, McDonnell EH, Sedor FA, Toffaletti JG. pH effects on measurements of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in blood. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002, 126:947-950.
27. Carfary A, Patel K, Whitaker P, Garrcik P, Griffiths GJ, Warwick GL. Albumin as an outcome measure in haemodialysis patients: the effect of variation in assay method. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000, 15:1819.
28. Labriola L, Wallemacq P, Gulbis B, Jadoul M. The impact of the assay for measuring albumin on corrected ('adjusted') calcium concentrations. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009, 24:1834-1838.
29. Wortsman J, Killam LI, Traycoff RB. A rapid method for the determination of ultrafilterable calcium in serum. J Lab Clin Med 1981, 98:691-696.
30. Toffaletti J, Tompkins D, Hoff G. The Worthington "Ultrafree" device evaluated for the determination of ultrafilterable calcium in serum. Clin Chem 1981, 27:466-468.
31. D'Costa M, Cheng P-K. Ultrafiltrable calcium and magnesium in ultrafiltrates of serum prepared with the Amicon MPS-1 system. Clin Chem 1983, 29:519-522.
32. Zaloga GP, Wilkens R, Tourville J, Wood D, Klyme DM. A simple method for determining physiologically active calcium and magnesium concentrations in critically ill patients. Crit Care 1987, 15:813-816.
33. Dickerson RN, Alexander KH, Minard G, Croce MA, Brown RO. Accuracy of methods to estimate ionized and "corrected" serum calcium concentrations in critically ill multiple trauma patients receiving nutritional support. J Parenter Enteral Therapy 2004, 28:133-141.
34. McLean FC, Hasting AB. Clinical estimation and significance of calcium-ion concentrations in the blood. Am J Med Sci 1935, 189:601.
35. Morton AR, Hercz G. Hypercalcemia in dialysis patients: comparison of diagnostic methods. Dial Transplant 1991, 20:661-667.
36. Clase CM, Norman GL, Beecroft ML, Churchill DN. Albumin-corrected calcium and ionized calcium in stable hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000, 15:1841-1846.
37. Gøransson LG, Øyvind S, Bergrem H. Albumin-corrected calcium or ionized calcium in renal failure? What to measure? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005, 20:2126-2129.
38. Jain A, Bhayana S, Vlasschaert M, House A. A formula to predict corrected calcium in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:2884-2888.
39. Gauci C, Moranne O, Fouqueray B, de la Faille R, Maruani G, Haymann J-P, Jacquot C, Boffa J-J, Flamant M, Rossert J, Urena P, Stengel B, Souberbielle J-C, Foissart M, Houillier P. Pitfalls of measuring total blood calcium in patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 19:1592-1598.
40. Bringhurst FR, Demay MB, Krane SM, Kronenberg HM. Bone and mineral metabolism in health and disease (Chapter 346). Harrrion s Prinicples of Internal Medicine 17th ed 2008, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Kasper DL, Braunwald EJameson JLLoscalzo JHauser SL. (eds), New York, McGraw-Hill
41. Portale AA. Blood calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism 1999, 115-118. Favus MJ. ed, Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
42. Morton AR, Lipton A. Hypercalcemia. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology 2008, 739-748. Abeloff MD, Armitage JONiederhuber JEKastan MBMcKenna WG. eds, 4th edn, Toronto ON, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier
43. Ladenson JH, Lewis JW, Boyd JC. Failure of total calcium corrected for protein, albumin, and pH to correctly asses free calcium status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978, 46:986-993.
44. Correcting the calcium. Br Med J 1977, 4:589.
45. James MT, Zhang J, Lyon AW, Hemmelgarn BR. Derivation and internal validation of an equation for albumin-adjusted calcium. BMC Clin Pathol 2008, 8:12-17.
46. Calvi LM, Bushinsky DA. When is it appropriate to order an ionized calcium? J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 19:1257-1260.