Treatment of hypophosphatemia in the intensive care unit: A review

Critical Care

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2010, Pages

  Geerse, Daniël A ^a   Bindels, Alexander J ^a   Kuiper, Michael A ^b,c,d   Roos, Arnout N ^a   Spronk, Peter E ^c,d,e   Schultz, Marcus J ^c,d  

^a CATHARINA HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b MEDICAL CENTER LEEUWARDEN   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^d HERMES Critical Care Group   (Netherlands)

^e GELRE HOSPITALS   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIPYRIDAMOLE; PHOSPHATE; POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE; VITAMIN D;

ARTICLE; CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; HEART FAILURE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; MORTALITY; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; BLOOD; CRITICAL ILLNESS; INCIDENCE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; STATISTICS;

CRITICAL ILLNESS; HUMANS; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; INCIDENCE; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; PHOSPHATES; PREVALENCE;

EID: 77955113732     PISSN: 13648535     EISSN: 1466609X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/cc9215     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Gaasbeek A, Meinders AE. Hypophosphatemia: an update on its etiology and treatment. Am J Med 2005, 118:1094-1101. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.014, 16194637.
2. Amanzadeh J, Reilly RF. Hypophosphatemia: an evidence-based approach to its clinical consequences and management. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006, 2:136-148. 10.1038/ncpneph0124, 16932412.
3. Bugg NC, Jones JA. Hypophosphataemia: pathophysiology, effects and management on the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia 1998, 53:895-902. 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00463.x, 9849285.
4. Paleologos M, Stone E, Braude S. Persistent, progressive hypophosphataemia after voluntary hyperventilation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2000, 98:619-625. 10.1042/CS19990172, 10781395.
5. Kjeldsen SE, Moan A, Petrin J, Weder AB, Julius S. Effects of increased arterial epinephrine on insulin, glucose and phosphate. Blood Press 1996, 5:27-31. 10.3109/08037059609062103, 8777469.
6. Murer H, Hernando N, Forster I, Biber J. Proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption: molecular mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2000, 80:1373-1409.
7. Barak V, Schwartz A, Kalickman I, Nisman B, Gurman G, Shoenfeld Y. Prevalence of hypophosphatemia in sepsis and infection: the role of cytokines. Am J Med 1998, 104:40-47. 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00275-1, 9528718.
8. Webb DE, Austin HA, Belldegrun A, Vaughan E, Linehan WM, Rosenberg SA. Metabolic and renal effects of interleukin-2 immunotherapy for metastatic cancer. Clin Nephrol 1988, 30:141-145.
9. Riedler GF, Scheitlin WA. Hypophosphataemia in septicaemia: higher incidence in gram-negative than in gram-positive infections. Br Med J 1969, 1:753-756. 10.1136/bmj.1.5646.753, 1982839, 4890205.
10. Shor R, Halabe A, Rishver S, Tilis Y, Matas Z, Fux A, Boaz M, Weinstein J. Severe hypophosphatemia in sepsis as a mortality predictor. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2006, 36:67-72.
11. Cunha BA. Hypophosphatemia: diagnostic significance in Legionnaires' disease. Am J Med 2006, 119:e5-6. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.11.026, 16828618.
12. Cohen J, Kogan A, Sahar G, Lev S, Vidne B, Singer P. Hypophosphatemia following open heart surgery: incidence and consequences. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004, 26:306-310. 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.03.004, 15296888.
13. Martinez MJ, Martinez MA, Montero M, Campelo E, Castro I, Inaraja MT. Hypophosphatemia in postoperative patients with total parenteral nutrition: influence of nutritional support teams. Nutr Hosp 2006, 21:657-660.
14. Zazzo JF, Troche G, Ruel P, Maintenant J. High incidence of hypophosphatemia in surgical intensive care patients: efficacy of phosphorus therapy on myocardial function. Intensive Care Med 1995, 21:826-831. 10.1007/BF01700966, 8557871.
15. Goldstein J, Vincent JL, Leclerc JL, Vanderhoeft P, Kahn RJ. Hypophosphatemia after cardiothoracic surgery. Intensive Care Med 1985, 11:144-148. 10.1007/BF00258540, 3998274.
16. George R, Shiu MH. Hypophosphatemia after major hepatic resection. Surgery 1992, 111:281-286.
17. Salem RR, Tray K. Hepatic resection-related hypophosphatemia is of renal origin as manifested by isolated hyperphosphaturia. Ann Surg 2005, 241:343-348. 10.1097/01.sla.0000152093.43468.c0, 1356921, 15650646.
18. Daily WH, Tonnesen AS, Allen SJ. Hypophosphatemia: incidence, etiology, and prevention in the trauma patient. Crit Care Med 1990, 18:1210-1214. 10.1097/00003246-199011000-00004, 2225887.
19. Berger MM, Rothen C, Cavadini C, Chiolero RL. Exudative mineral losses after serious burns: a clue to the alterations of magnesium and phosphate metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 65:1473-1481.
20. Dickerson RN, Gervasio JM, Sherman JJ, Kudsk KA, Hickerson WL, Brown RO. A comparison of renal phosphorus regulation in thermally injured and multiple trauma patients receiving specialized nutrition support. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001, 25:152-159. 10.1177/0148607101025003152, 11334065.
21. Polderman KH, Bloemers FW, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR. Hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia at admission in patients with severe head injury. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:2022-2025. 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00057, 10890658.
22. Marinella MA. Refeeding syndrome and hypophosphatemia. J Intensive Care Med 2005, 20:155-159. 10.1177/0885066605275326, 15888903.
23. Polderman KH, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR. Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 2001, 94:697-705. 10.3171/jns.2001.94.5.0697, 11354399.
24. Troyanov S, Geadah D, Ghannoum M, Cardinal J, Leblanc M. Phosphate addition to hemodiafiltration solutions during continuous renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30:1662-1665. 10.1007/s00134-004-2333-2, 15156308.
25. English P, Williams G. Hyperglycaemic crises and lactic acidosis in diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med J 2004, 80:253-261. 10.1136/pgmj.2002.004291, 1742991, 15138313.
26. Buell JF, Berger AC, Plotkin JS, Kuo PC, Johnson LB. The clinical implications of hypophosphatemia following major hepatic resection or cryosurgery. Arch Surg 1998, 133:757-761. 10.1001/archsurg.133.7.757, 9688005.
27. Kruse JA, Al-Douahji M, Carlson RW. Hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients: incidence and associations. Crit Care Med 1992, 20:S104.
28. Marik PE, Bedigian MK. Refeeding hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients in an intensive care unit: a prospective study. Arch Surg 1996, 131:1043-1047.
29. Milionis HJ, Rizos E, Liamis G, Nikas S, Siamopoulos KC, Elisaf MS. Acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in patients with hypercalcemia. South Med J 2002, 95:1280-1287.
30. Dominguez-Roldan JM, Jimenez-Gonzalez PI, Garcia-Alfaro C, Hernandez-Hazanas F, Fernandez-Hinojosa E, Bellido-Sanchez R. Electrolytic disorders, hyperosmolar states, and lactic acidosis in brain-dead patients. Transplant Proc 2005, 37:1987-1989. 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.03.015, 15964319.
31. Betro MG, Pain RW. Hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphataemia in a hospital population. Br Med J 1972, 1:273-276. 10.1136/bmj.1.5795.273, 1787150, 5008477.
32. Larsson L, Rebel K, Sorbo B. Severe hypophosphatemia: a hospital survey. Acta Med Scand 1983, 214:221-223. 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1983.tb08598.x, 6660029.
33. King AL, Sica DA, Miller G, Pierpaoli S. Severe hypophosphatemia in a general hospital population. South Med J 1987, 80:831-835. 10.1097/00007611-198707000-00008, 3603104.
34. Camp MA, Allon M. Severe hypophosphatemia in hospitalized patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1990, 16:365-368.
35. Hoffmann M, Zemlin AE, Meyer WP, Erasmus RT. Hypophosphataemia at a large academic hospital in South Africa. J Clin Pathol 2008, 61:1104-1107. 10.1136/jcp.2007.054940, 18820097.
36. Aubier M, Murciano D, Lecocguic Y, Viires N, Jacquens Y, Squara P, Pariente R. Effect of hypophosphatemia on diaphragmatic contractility in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 1985, 313:420-424. 10.1056/NEJM198508153130705, 3860734.
37. Gravelyn TR, Brophy N, Siegert C, Peters-Golden M. Hypophosphatemia-associated respiratory muscle weakness in a general inpatient population. Am J Med 1988, 84:870-876. 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90065-4, 3364446.
38. Agusti AG, Torres A, Estopa R, Agustividal A. Hypophosphatemia as a cause of failed weaning: the importance of metabolic factors. Crit Care Med 1984, 12:142-143. 10.1097/00003246-198402000-00012, 6697732.
39. Lichtman MA, Miller DR, Cohen J, Waterhouse C. Reduced red cell glycolysis, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate concentration, and increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity caused by hypophosphatemia. Ann Intern Med 1971, 74:562-568.
40. Larsen VH, Waldau T, Gravesen H, Siggaard-Andersen O. Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate depletion associated with hypophosphatemia detected by routine arterial blood gas analysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1996, 224:83-87. 10.3109/00365519609088626, 8865422.
41. Clerbaux T, Detry B, Reynaert M, Kreuzer F, Frans A. Reestimation of the effects of inorganic phosphates on the equilibrium between oxygen and hemoglobin. Intensive Care Med 1992, 18:222-225. 10.1007/BF01709836, 1430586.
42. O'Connor LR, Wheeler WS, Bethune JE. Effect of hypophosphatemia on myocardial performance in man. N Engl J Med 1977, 297:901-903. 10.1056/NEJM197710272971702, 904668.
43. Brautbar N, Baczynski R, Carpenter C, Massry SG. Effects of phosphate depletion on the myocardium. Adv Exp Med Biol 1982, 151:199-207.
44. Ognibene A, Ciniglio R, Greifenstein A, Jarjoura D, Cugino A, Blend D, Whittier F. Ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction: the role of hypophosphatemia. South Med J 1994, 87:65-69.
45. Schwartz A, Gurman G, Cohen G, Gilutz H, Brill S, Schily M, Gurevitch B, Shoenfeld Y. Association between hypophosphatemia and cardiac arrhythmias in the early stages of sepsis. Eur J Intern Med 2002, 13:434. 10.1016/S0953-6205(02)00130-9, 12384132.
46. Jacob HS, Amsden T. Acute hemolytic anemia with rigid red cells in hypophosphatemia. N Engl J Med 1971, 285:1446-1450. 10.1056/NEJM197112232852602, 5122895.
47. Melvin JD, Watts RG. Severe hypophosphatemia: a rare cause of intravascular hemolysis. Am J Hematol 2002, 69:223-224. 10.1002/ajh.10071, 11891812.
48. Rasmussen A, Segel E, Hessov I, Borregaard N. Reduced function of neutrophils during routine postoperative glucose infusion. Acta Chir Scand 1988, 154:429-433.
49. Ravenscroft AJ, Valentine JM, Knappett PA. Severe hypophosphataemia and insulin resistance in diabetic ketoacidosis. Anaesthesia 1999, 54:198. 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00783.x, 10215720.
50. Singhal PC, Kumar A, Desroches L, Gibbons N, Mattana J. Prevalence and predictors of rhabdomyolysis in patients with hypophosphatemia. Am J Med 1992, 92:458-464. 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90740-3, 1580292.
51. Knochel JP, Barcenas C, Cotton JR, Fuller TJ, Haller R, Carter NW. Hypophosphatemia and rhabdomyolysis. J Clin Invest 1978, 62:1240-1246. 10.1172/JCI109244, 371889, 748377.
52. Michell AW, Burn DJ, Reading PJ. Central pontine myelinolysis temporally related to hypophosphataemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003, 74:820. 10.1136/jnnp.74.6.820, 1738472, 12754365.
53. Falcone N, Compagnoni A, Meschini C, Perrone C, Nappo A. Central pontine myelinolysis induced by hypophosphatemia following Wernicke's encephalopathy. Neurol Sci 2004, 24:407-410. 10.1007/s10072-003-0197-9, 14767687.
54. Wilson HK, Keuer SP, Lea AS, Boyd AE, Eknoyan G. Phosphate therapy in diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Intern Med 1982, 142:517-520. 10.1001/archinte.142.3.517, 6802095.
55. Fisher J, Magid N, Kallman C, Fanucchi M, Klein L, McCarthy D, Roberts I, Schulman G. Respiratory illness and hypophosphatemia. Chest 1983, 83:504-508. 10.1378/chest.83.3.504, 6825484.
56. Woodhead MA, Macfarlane JT. Legionnaires' disease: a review of 79 community acquired cases in Nottingham. Thorax 1986, 41:635-640. 10.1136/thx.41.8.635, 460410, 3787545.
57. Sankaran RT, Mattana J, Pollack S, Bhat P, Ahuja T, Patel A, Singhal PC. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with bacterial pneumonia. Chest 1997, 111:595-600. 10.1378/chest.111.3.595, 9118693.
58. Vaidyanathan D, Venkatesan S, Ramadesikan VK. Serum phosphate in acute myocardial infarction. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000, 44:225-228.
59. Chung PY, Sitrin MD, Te HS. Serum phosphorus levels predict clinical outcome in fulminant hepatic failure. Liver Transpl 2003, 9:248-253. 10.1053/jlts.2003.50053, 12619021.
60. Lentz RD, Brown DM, Kjellstrand CM. Treatment of severe hypophosphatemia. Ann Intern Med 1978, 89:941-944.
61. Brown KA, Dickerson RN, Morgan LM, Alexander KH, Minard G, Brown RO. A new graduated dosing regimen for phosphorus replacement in patients receiving nutrition support. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2006, 30:209-214. 10.1177/0148607106030003209, 16639067.
62. Taylor BE, Huey WY, Buchman TG, Boyle WA, Coopersmith CM. Treatment of hypophosphatemia using a protocol based on patient weight and serum phosphorus level in a surgical intensive care unit. J Am Coll Surg 2004, 198:198-204. 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2003.09.013, 14759775.
63. Charron T, Bernard F, Skrobik Y, Simoneau N, Gagnon N, Leblanc M. Intravenous phosphate in the intensive care unit: more aggressive repletion regimens for moderate and severe hypophosphatemia. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29:1273-1278. 10.1007/s00134-003-1872-2, 12845429.
64. Perreault MM, Ostrop NJ, Tierney MG. Efficacy and safety of intravenous phosphate replacement in critically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 1997, 31:683-688.
65. Rosen GH, Boullata JI, O'Rangers EA, Enow NB, Shin B. Intravenous phosphate repletion regimen for critically ill patients with moderate hypophosphatemia. Crit Care Med 1995, 23:1204-1210. 10.1097/00003246-199507000-00009, 7600828.
66. Bollaert PE, Levy B, Nace L, Laterre PF, Larcan A. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of rapid correction of hypophosphatemia in patients with septic shock. Chest 1995, 107:1698-1701. 10.1378/chest.107.6.1698, 7781370.
67. Kruse JA, Al-Douahji M, Carlson RW. Rapid intravenous phosphate replacement in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1992, 20:S104.
68. Prie D, Blanchet FB, Essig M, Jourdain JP, Friedlander G. Dipyridamole decreases renal phosphate leak and augments serum phosphorus in patients with low renal phosphate threshold. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998, 9:1264-1269.