메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 444-509

Modeling of biomass gasification in fluidized bed

Author keywords

Fluidization; Fluidized bed; Gasification; Modeling; Review; Simulation

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; FLUIDIZATION; FLUIDIZED BED PROCESS; GASIFICATION; MODELS; REVIEWS;

EID: 77955099342     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.12.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (745)

References (395)
  • 1
  • 2
    • 22444449012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and commercialisation of biomass and waste gasification technologies from reliable and robust co-firing plants towards synthesis gas production and advanced cycles
    • Rome
    • Kurkela E, Nieminen M, Simell, P. Development and commercialisation of biomass and waste gasification technologies from reliable and robust co-firing plants towards synthesis gas production and advanced cycles. 2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, Rome; 2004, pp. 10-5.
    • (2004) 2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection , pp. 10-15
    • Kurkela, E.1    Nieminen, M.2    Simell, P.3
  • 5
    • 0016975698 scopus 로고
    • Coal devolatilisation and hydrogasification
    • D.B. Anthony, and J.B. Howard Coal devolatilisation and hydrogasification AIChE J 22 1976 625 656
    • (1976) AIChE J , vol.22 , pp. 625-656
    • Anthony, D.B.1    Howard, J.B.2
  • 6
    • 0018059303 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneous kinetics of coal char gasification and combustion
    • N.M. Laurendeau Heterogeneous kinetics of coal char gasification and combustion Prog Energy Combust Sci 4 1978 221 270
    • (1978) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.4 , pp. 221-270
    • Laurendeau, N.M.1
  • 8
    • 0027767014 scopus 로고
    • Interactive processes in gasification and combustion-II. Isolated carbon, coal and porous char particles
    • K. Annamalai, and W. Ryan Interactive processes in gasification and combustion-II. Isolated carbon, coal and porous char particles Prog Energy Combust Sci 19 1993 383 446
    • (1993) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.19 , pp. 383-446
    • Annamalai, K.1    Ryan, W.2
  • 9
    • 0025227019 scopus 로고
    • Devolatilization and combustion characteristics of coal particles
    • S.C. Saxena Devolatilization and combustion characteristics of coal particles Prog Energy Combust Sci 16 1990 55 94
    • (1990) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.16 , pp. 55-94
    • Saxena, S.C.1
  • 11
    • 0041621661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coal conversion submodels for design applications at elevated pressures. Part I. Devolatilization and char oxidation
    • S. Niksa, G.S. Liu, and R.H. Hurt Coal conversion submodels for design applications at elevated pressures. Part I. Devolatilization and char oxidation Prog Energy Combust Sci 29 2003 425 477
    • (2003) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.29 , pp. 425-477
    • Niksa, S.1    Liu, G.S.2    Hurt, R.H.3
  • 12
    • 6344291311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coal conversion submodels for design applications at elevated pressures. Part II. Char gasification
    • G.S. Liu, and S. Niksa Coal conversion submodels for design applications at elevated pressures. Part II. Char gasification Prog Energy Combust Sci 30 2004 679 717
    • (2004) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.30 , pp. 679-717
    • Liu, G.S.1    Niksa, S.2
  • 13
    • 34248669286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some recent advances in the understanding of the pyrolysis and gasification behaviour of Victorian brown coal
    • C.Z. Li Some recent advances in the understanding of the pyrolysis and gasification behaviour of Victorian brown coal Fuel 86 2007 1664 1683
    • (2007) Fuel , vol.86 , pp. 1664-1683
    • Li, C.Z.1
  • 14
    • 0024736118 scopus 로고
    • Transfer processes local to the coal particle. A review of drying devolatilization and mass transfer in fluidized bed combustion
    • P.K. Agarwal, and R.D. La Nauze Transfer processes local to the coal particle. A review of drying devolatilization and mass transfer in fluidized bed combustion Chem Eng Res Design 67 1989 457 480
    • (1989) Chem Eng Res Design , vol.67 , pp. 457-480
    • Agarwal, P.K.1    La Nauze, R.D.2
  • 16
    • 32544433609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The state-of-the-art in pyrolysis modelling of lignocellulosic solid fuels
    • B. Moghtaderi The state-of-the-art in pyrolysis modelling of lignocellulosic solid fuels Fire and Materials 30 2006 1 34
    • (2006) Fire and Materials , vol.30 , pp. 1-34
    • Moghtaderi, B.1
  • 17
    • 37049007824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling chemical and physical processes of wood and biomass pyrolysis
    • C. Di Blasi Modeling chemical and physical processes of wood and biomass pyrolysis Prog Energy Combust Sci 34 2008 47 90
    • (2008) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.34 , pp. 47-90
    • Di Blasi, C.1
  • 18
    • 0021817736 scopus 로고
    • Fundamentals of coal combustion in fluidized beds
    • R.D. La Nauze Fundamentals of coal combustion in fluidized beds Chem Eng Res Design 63 1985 3 33
    • (1985) Chem Eng Res Design , vol.63 , pp. 3-33
    • La Nauze, R.D.1
  • 19
    • 0032307839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluidized bed combustion: Mixing and pollutant limitation
    • B. Leckner Fluidized bed combustion: mixing and pollutant limitation Prog Energy Combust Sci 24 1998 31 61
    • (1998) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.24 , pp. 31-61
    • Leckner, B.1
  • 22
    • 0033335840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Components, formulations, solutions, evaluation and application of comprehensive combustion models
    • A. Eaton, L.D. Smoot, S.C. Hill, and C.N. Eatough Components, formulations, solutions, evaluation and application of comprehensive combustion models Prog Energy Combust Sci 25 1999 387 436
    • (1999) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.25 , pp. 387-436
    • Eaton, A.1    Smoot, L.D.2    Hill, S.C.3    Eatough, C.N.4
  • 23
    • 38749083843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Description, applications and numerical modelling of bubbling fluidized bed combustion in waste-to-energy plants
    • S. Ravelli, A. Perdichizzi, and G. Barigozzi Description, applications and numerical modelling of bubbling fluidized bed combustion in waste-to-energy plants Prog Energy Combust Sci 34 2008 224 253
    • (2008) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.34 , pp. 224-253
    • Ravelli, S.1    Perdichizzi, A.2    Barigozzi, G.3
  • 26
    • 0026864187 scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modelling of fluidized bed coal gasifiers
    • V.S. Gururajan, P.K. Agarwal, and J.B. Agnew Mathematical modelling of fluidized bed coal gasifiers Trans IChemE 70 1992 211 238
    • (1992) Trans IChemE , vol.70 , pp. 211-238
    • Gururajan, V.S.1    Agarwal, P.K.2    Agnew, J.B.3
  • 29
    • 50649092431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modelling and simulation approaches of agricultural residues air gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor
    • D.A. Newstov, and A. Zabaniotou Mathematical modelling and simulation approaches of agricultural residues air gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor Chem Eng J 143 2008 10 31
    • (2008) Chem Eng J , vol.143 , pp. 10-31
    • Newstov, D.A.1    Zabaniotou, A.2
  • 31
    • 34547652886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of coal gasification at circulating fluidised bed conditions
    • M. Grabner, S. Ogriseck, and B. Meyer Numerical simulation of coal gasification at circulating fluidised bed conditions Fuel Proc Technol 88 2007 948 958
    • (2007) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.88 , pp. 948-958
    • Grabner, M.1    Ogriseck, S.2    Meyer, B.3
  • 33
    • 84902411079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gulf Professional Publishers/Elsevier Science Amsterdam
    • C. Higman, and M. van der Burgt Gasification 2008 Gulf Professional Publishers/Elsevier Science Amsterdam
    • (2008) Gasification
    • Higman, C.1    Van Der Burgt, M.2
  • 35
    • 33745589529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The SylvaGas process from future energy resources - A commercialization success
    • M.A. Paisley, and R.P. Overend The SylvaGas process from future energy resources - a commercialization success W. Palz, J. Spitzer, K. Maniatis, K. Kwant, P. Helm, A. Grassi, Proc 12th European Conference on Biomass for Energy 2002 Industry and Climate Protection Amsterdam 975 978
    • (2002) Proc 12th European Conference on Biomass for Energy , pp. 975-978
    • Paisley, M.A.1    Overend, R.P.2
  • 36
    • 0032858848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of biomass devolatilization in a fluidized bed reactor
    • R. Di Felice, G. Coppola, S. Rapagna, and N. Jand Modeling of biomass devolatilization in a fluidized bed reactor Can J Chem Eng 77 1999 325 332
    • (1999) Can J Chem Eng , vol.77 , pp. 325-332
    • Di Felice, R.1    Coppola, G.2    Rapagna, S.3    Jand, N.4
  • 37
    • 0032144834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segregation by size difference in gas fluidized beds
    • S.Y. Wu, and J. Baeyens Segregation by size difference in gas fluidized beds Powder Technol 98 1998 139 150
    • (1998) Powder Technol , vol.98 , pp. 139-150
    • Wu, S.Y.1    Baeyens, J.2
  • 38
    • 0035829140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particle mixing in bubbling fluidized beds of binary particle systems
    • M. Wirsum, F. Fett, N. Iwanowa, and G. Lukjanow Particle mixing in bubbling fluidized beds of binary particle systems Powder Technol 120 2001 63 69
    • (2001) Powder Technol , vol.120 , pp. 63-69
    • Wirsum, M.1    Fett, F.2    Iwanowa, N.3    Lukjanow, G.4
  • 39
    • 84904820944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meso-scale structure - A challenge of computational fluid dynamics for circulating fluidized bed risers
    • Werther J, Nowak W, Wirth K-E, Hartge E-U, editors
    • Ge W, Wang W, Dong W, Wang J, Lu B, Xiong Q et al. Meso-scale structure - a challenge of computational fluid dynamics for circulating fluidized bed risers. In Werther J, Nowak W, Wirth K-E, Hartge E-U, editors. Proc Int Conf on Circulating Fluidised Beds, Hamburg; 2008, pp. 19-37.
    • (2008) Proc Int Conf on Circulating Fluidised Beds, Hamburg , pp. 19-37
    • Ge, W.1    Wang, W.2    Dong, W.3    Wang, J.4    Lu, B.5    Xiong, Q.6
  • 41
    • 0030367828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eulerian two-phase flow theory applied to fluidization
    • H. Enwald, E. Peirano, and A.E. Almstedt Eulerian two-phase flow theory applied to fluidization Int J Multiphase Flow 22 Suppl. 1 1996 21 66
    • (1996) Int J Multiphase Flow , vol.22 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 21-66
    • Enwald, H.1    Peirano, E.2    Almstedt, A.E.3
  • 42
    • 33845669164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of the bubbling fluidized bed coal gasification by the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF)
    • L. Yu, J. Lu, X. Zhang, and S. Zhang Numerical simulation of the bubbling fluidized bed coal gasification by the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) Fuel 86 2007 722 734
    • (2007) Fuel , vol.86 , pp. 722-734
    • Yu, L.1    Lu, J.2    Zhang, X.3    Zhang, S.4
  • 43
    • 19344375085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional modeling of a circulating fluidized bed gasifier for sewage sludge
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ces.2005.02.058, PII S0009250905001831
    • I. Petersen, and J. Werther Three-dimensional modeling of a circulating fluidized bed gasifier for sewage sludge Chem Eng Sci 60 2005 4469 4484 (Pubitemid 40721950)
    • (2005) Chemical Engineering Science , vol.60 , Issue.16 , pp. 4469-4484
    • Petersen, I.1    Werther, J.2
  • 45
    • 0001136788 scopus 로고
    • Fluid beds as chemical reactors
    • J.R. Grace Fluid beds as chemical reactors D. Geldart, Gas fluidization technology 1986 Wiley Chichester 285 339
    • (1986) Gas Fluidization Technology , pp. 285-339
    • Grace, J.R.1
  • 46
    • 0001136887 scopus 로고
    • Gaseous fluidization of solid particles
    • R.D. Toomey, and H.F. Johnstone Gaseous fluidization of solid particles Chem Eng Prog 48 1952 220 226
    • (1952) Chem Eng Prog , vol.48 , pp. 220-226
    • Toomey, R.D.1    Johnstone, H.F.2
  • 48
    • 33847800891 scopus 로고
    • Performance analysis of a fluidized bed reactor II. Observed reactor behavior compared with simple two-phase models
    • C. Chavarie, and J.R. Grace Performance analysis of a fluidized bed reactor II. Observed reactor behavior compared with simple two-phase models Ind Eng Chem Fund 14 1975 79 86
    • (1975) Ind Eng Chem Fund , vol.14 , pp. 79-86
    • Chavarie, C.1    Grace, J.R.2
  • 49
    • 0016726429 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of fluidized-bed modelling
    • M. Horio, and C.Y. Wen An assessment of fluidized-bed modelling AIChE Symp Ser 73 1977 9 21
    • (1977) AIChE Symp ser , vol.73 , pp. 9-21
    • Horio, M.1    Wen, C.Y.2
  • 50
    • 0022210266 scopus 로고
    • Chemical reactors
    • W.P.M. van Swaaij Chemical reactors J.F. Davidson, R. Clift, D. Harrison, Fluidization 2nd ed 1985 Academic Press London 595 629 Chapter 18
    • (1985) Fluidization , pp. 595-629
    • Van Swaaij, W.P.M.1
  • 52
    • 0025588686 scopus 로고
    • High-velocity fluidized bed reactors
    • J.R. Grace High-velocity fluidized bed reactors Chem Eng Sci 45 1990 1953 1966
    • (1990) Chem Eng Sci , vol.45 , pp. 1953-1966
    • Grace, J.R.1
  • 53
    • 0014552424 scopus 로고
    • Bubble assemblage for fluidized bed catalytic reactors
    • K. Kato, and C.Y. Wen Bubble assemblage for fluidized bed catalytic reactors Chem Eng Sci 24 1969 1351 1369
    • (1969) Chem Eng Sci , vol.24 , pp. 1351-1369
    • Kato, K.1    Wen, C.Y.2
  • 54
    • 0000040040 scopus 로고
    • Countercurrent backmixing model for fluidized bed catalytic reactors. Applicability of simplified solutions
    • C. Fryer, and O.E. Potter Countercurrent backmixing model for fluidized bed catalytic reactors. Applicability of simplified solutions Ind Eng Chem Fund 11 1972 338 344
    • (1972) Ind Eng Chem Fund , vol.11 , pp. 338-344
    • Fryer, C.1    Potter, O.E.2
  • 55
    • 0020815262 scopus 로고
    • Fluidized-bed reactor model with generalized particle balances. Part I: Formulation and solution
    • B.W. Overturf, and G.V. Reklaitis Fluidized-bed reactor model with generalized particle balances. Part I: formulation and solution AIChE J 29 1983 813 820
    • (1983) AIChE J , vol.29 , pp. 813-820
    • Overturf, B.W.1    Reklaitis, G.V.2
  • 56
    • 0020810597 scopus 로고
    • Fluidized-bed reactor model with generalized particle balances. Part II: Coal combustion application
    • B.W. Overturf, and G.V. Reklaitis Fluidized-bed reactor model with generalized particle balances. Part II: coal combustion application AIChE J 29 1983 820 829
    • (1983) AIChE J , vol.29 , pp. 820-829
    • Overturf, B.W.1    Reklaitis, G.V.2
  • 57
    • 85008055682 scopus 로고
    • Complex reaction in fluidised beds-simulation of gasification
    • K. Yoshida, and D. Kunii Complex reaction in fluidised beds-simulation of gasification J Chem Eng Jpn 7 1974 34 39
    • (1974) J Chem Eng Jpn , vol.7 , pp. 34-39
    • Yoshida, K.1    Kunii, D.2
  • 58
    • 0022043088 scopus 로고
    • Study of fluidized bed steam gasification of char by thermogravimetrically obtained kinetics
    • I. Matsui, D. Kunii, and T. Fursuawa Study of fluidized bed steam gasification of char by thermogravimetrically obtained kinetics J Chem Eng Jpn 18 1985 105 113
    • (1985) J Chem Eng Jpn , vol.18 , pp. 105-113
    • Matsui, I.1    Kunii, D.2    Fursuawa, T.3
  • 59
    • 0019441686 scopus 로고
    • Modeling a low pressure steam-oxygen fluidized bed coal gasification reactor
    • A.W. Weimer, and D.E. Clough Modeling a low pressure steam-oxygen fluidized bed coal gasification reactor Chem Eng Sci 36 1981 549 567
    • (1981) Chem Eng Sci , vol.36 , pp. 549-567
    • Weimer, A.W.1    Clough, D.E.2
  • 60
    • 0023823953 scopus 로고
    • Gasification of coal in a fluidized bed in the presence of water vapor and oxygen; An experimental study and a first attempt at modeling the reactor
    • M. Saffer, A. Ocampo, and C. Laguerie Gasification of coal in a fluidized bed in the presence of water vapor and oxygen; an experimental study and a first attempt at modeling the reactor Int Chem Eng 28 1988 46 61
    • (1988) Int Chem Eng , vol.28 , pp. 46-61
    • Saffer, M.1    Ocampo, A.2    Laguerie, C.3
  • 61
    • 0024096014 scopus 로고
    • Modelling a pilot-scale fluidised bed coal gasification reactor
    • R.P. Ma, R.M. Felder, and J.K. Ferrell Modelling a pilot-scale fluidised bed coal gasification reactor Fuel Proc Technol 19 1988 265 290
    • (1988) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.19 , pp. 265-290
    • Ma, R.P.1    Felder, R.M.2    Ferrell, J.K.3
  • 63
    • 0018288855 scopus 로고
    • Fluidized bed gasification reactor modeling 1. Model description and numerical results for a single bed
    • H.S. Caram, and N.R. Amundson Fluidized bed gasification reactor modeling 1. Model description and numerical results for a single bed Ind Eng Chem Proc Des Dev 18 1978 80 96
    • (1978) Ind Eng Chem Proc des Dev , vol.18 , pp. 80-96
    • Caram, H.S.1    Amundson, N.R.2
  • 64
    • 0000882152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modelling of a bubbling fluidised-bed coal gasifier and the significance of net flow
    • H.M. Yan, C. Heidenreich, and D.K. Zhang Mathematical modelling of a bubbling fluidised-bed coal gasifier and the significance of net flow Fuel 77 1997 1067 1079
    • (1997) Fuel , vol.77 , pp. 1067-1079
    • Yan, H.M.1    Heidenreich, C.2    Zhang, D.K.3
  • 65
    • 0032629956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling of bubbling fluidised bed coal gasifiers
    • H.M. Yan, C. Heidenreich, and D.K. Zhang Modelling of bubbling fluidised bed coal gasifiers Fuel 78 1999 1027 1047
    • (1999) Fuel , vol.78 , pp. 1027-1047
    • Yan, H.M.1    Heidenreich, C.2    Zhang, D.K.3
  • 66
    • 18844461992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A non-isothermal model of bubbling fluidised-bed coal gasifier
    • D.P. Ross, H.M. Yan, Z. Zhong, and D.K. Zhang A non-isothermal model of bubbling fluidised-bed coal gasifier Fuel 84 2005 1469 1481
    • (2005) Fuel , vol.84 , pp. 1469-1481
    • Ross, D.P.1    Yan, H.M.2    Zhong, Z.3    Zhang, D.K.4
  • 67
    • 38249015229 scopus 로고
    • A numerical model of a fluidized bed biomass gasifier
    • H. Jiang, and R.V. Morey A numerical model of a fluidized bed biomass gasifier Biomass Bioenergy 3 1992 431 447
    • (1992) Biomass Bioenergy , vol.3 , pp. 431-447
    • Jiang, H.1    Morey, R.V.2
  • 68
    • 0034883239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A two-phase one-dimensional biomass gasification kinetics model
    • D. Fiaschi, and M. Michelini A two-phase one-dimensional biomass gasification kinetics model Biomass Bioenergy 21 2001 1211 1232
    • (2001) Biomass Bioenergy , vol.21 , pp. 1211-1232
    • Fiaschi, D.1    Michelini, M.2
  • 69
    • 33845589424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor: Experiments and modeling
    • R. Radmanesh, J. Chaouki, and C. Guy Biomass gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor: experiments and modeling AIChE J 52 2006 4258 4272
    • (2006) AIChE J , vol.52 , pp. 4258-4272
    • Radmanesh, R.1    Chaouki, J.2    Guy, C.3
  • 70
    • 0347537903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental fact-finding in CFB biomass gasification for ECN's 500 kWth pilot plant
    • S.R.A. Kersten, W. Prins, A. van der Drift, and W.P.M. van Swaaij Experimental fact-finding in CFB biomass gasification for ECN's 500 kWth pilot plant Ind Eng Chem Res 42 2003 6755 6764
    • (2003) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.42 , pp. 6755-6764
    • Kersten, S.R.A.1    Prins, W.2    Van Der Drift, A.3    Van Swaaij, W.P.M.4
  • 71
    • 0001046347 scopus 로고
    • Lateral dispersion of large coal particles in an industrial-scale fluidized bed combustor
    • Q. Xiang, G. Huang, M. Ni, K. Cen, and T. Tao Lateral dispersion of large coal particles in an industrial-scale fluidized bed combustor Proc Int Conf Fluid Bed Combust 9 1987 546 553
    • (1987) Proc Int Conf Fluid Bed Combust , vol.9 , pp. 546-553
    • Xiang, Q.1    Huang, G.2    Ni, M.3    Cen, K.4    Tao, T.5
  • 75
    • 4344629938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3D model of combustion in large-scale circulating fluidized bed boilers
    • H. Luecke, E.U. Hartge, and J. Werther 3D model of combustion in large-scale circulating fluidized bed boilers Int J Chem Reactor Eng 2 2004 article A11
    • (2004) Int J Chem Reactor Eng , vol.2
    • Luecke, H.1    Hartge, E.U.2    Werther, J.3
  • 78
    • 0001513517 scopus 로고
    • Einfluesse der Strömung, Diffusion und des Wärmeueberganges auf die Leistung von Reaktionsöfen
    • G. Damköhler Einfluesse der Strömung, Diffusion und des Wärmeueberganges auf die Leistung von Reaktionsöfen Zeitschrift der Elektrochemie 42 1936 846 862
    • (1936) Zeitschrift der Elektrochemie , vol.42 , pp. 846-862
    • Damköhler, G.1
  • 79
  • 81
    • 0029169917 scopus 로고
    • Solids mixing in fluidized beds
    • L. Shen, M. Zhang, and Y. Xu Solids mixing in fluidized beds Powder Technol 84 1995 207 212
    • (1995) Powder Technol , vol.84 , pp. 207-212
    • Shen, L.1    Zhang, M.2    Xu, Y.3
  • 83
    • 0018058945 scopus 로고
    • Mixing and segregation of a small proportion large particles in gas fluidized beds of considerably smaller ones
    • A.W. Nienow, P.N. Rowe, and T. Chiba Mixing and segregation of a small proportion large particles in gas fluidized beds of considerably smaller ones AIChE Symp Ser 74 1978 45 53
    • (1978) AIChE Symp ser , vol.74 , pp. 45-53
    • Nienow, A.W.1    Rowe, P.N.2    Chiba, T.3
  • 84
    • 0022449670 scopus 로고
    • Free object motion in a gas fluidized bed
    • K.D. Tran, H. Masson, and G.M. Rios Free object motion in a gas fluidized bed Chem Eng Commun 47 1986 247 272
    • (1986) Chem Eng Commun , vol.47 , pp. 247-272
    • Tran, K.D.1    Masson, H.2    Rios, G.M.3
  • 85
    • 0026679386 scopus 로고
    • Minimum and maximum velocities for fluidization for mixtures of agricultural and forest residues with a second fluidized solid. Preliminary data and results with sand-sawdust mixtures
    • M.P. Aznar, F.A. Garcia-Gorria, and J. Corella Minimum and maximum velocities for fluidization for mixtures of agricultural and forest residues with a second fluidized solid. Preliminary data and results with sand-sawdust mixtures Int Chem Eng 32 1989 95 102
    • (1989) Int Chem Eng , vol.32 , pp. 95-102
    • Aznar, M.P.1    Garcia-Gorria, F.A.2    Corella, J.3
  • 86
    • 33750985351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass mixing in a fluidized bed biomass gasifier for hydrogen production
    • L. Shen, J. Xiao, F. Niklasson, and F. Johnsson Biomass mixing in a fluidized bed biomass gasifier for hydrogen production Chem Eng Sci 62 2007 636 643
    • (2007) Chem Eng Sci , vol.62 , pp. 636-643
    • Shen, L.1    Xiao, J.2    Niklasson, F.3    Johnsson, F.4
  • 87
    • 57849096558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental investigation on mixing and segregation behavior of biomass particle in fluidized bed
    • Y. Zhang, B. Jin, and W. Zhong Experimental investigation on mixing and segregation behavior of biomass particle in fluidized bed Chem Eng Process 48 2009 745 754
    • (2009) Chem Eng Process , vol.48 , pp. 745-754
    • Zhang, Y.1    Jin, B.2    Zhong, W.3
  • 88
    • 0022099042 scopus 로고
    • A model of coal devolatilization and combustion
    • G. Borghi, F. Sarofim, and J.M. Beér A model of coal devolatilization and combustion Combust Flame 61 1985 1 16
    • (1985) Combust Flame , vol.61 , pp. 1-16
    • Borghi, G.1    Sarofim, F.2    Beér, J.M.3
  • 90
    • 0001940984 scopus 로고
    • Particle entrainment and carryover
    • D. Geldart Particle entrainment and carryover D. Geldart, Gas fluidization technology 1986 Wiley New York 123
    • (1986) Gas Fluidization Technology , pp. 123
    • Geldart, D.1
  • 91
    • 0030616009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segregation of fuel particles and volatile matter during devolatilization in a fluidized bed reactor-I. Model development
    • M. Fiorentino, A. Marzocchella, and P. Salatino Segregation of fuel particles and volatile matter during devolatilization in a fluidized bed reactor-I. Model development Chem Eng Sci 52 1997 1893 1908
    • (1997) Chem Eng Sci , vol.52 , pp. 1893-1908
    • Fiorentino, M.1    Marzocchella, A.2    Salatino, P.3
  • 92
    • 0030616008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segregation of fuel particles and volatile matter during devolatilization in a fluidized bed reactor-II, Experimental
    • M. Fiorentino, A. Marzocchella, and P. Salatino Segregation of fuel particles and volatile matter during devolatilization in a fluidized bed reactor-II, Experimental Chem Eng Sci 52 1997 1909 1922
    • (1997) Chem Eng Sci , vol.52 , pp. 1909-1922
    • Fiorentino, M.1    Marzocchella, A.2    Salatino, P.3
  • 94
    • 0031811317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting solids segregation in circulating fluidized-bed riser
    • B. Hirschberg, and J. Werther Factors affecting solids segregation in circulating fluidized-bed riser AIChE J 44 1998 25 34
    • (1998) AIChE J , vol.44 , pp. 25-34
    • Hirschberg, B.1    Werther, J.2
  • 95
    • 0029102540 scopus 로고
    • Gas and solids mixing in and flow structure modelling of the upper dilute zone of a circulating fluidized bed
    • R. Koenigsdorff, and J. Werther Gas and solids mixing in and flow structure modelling of the upper dilute zone of a circulating fluidized bed Powder Technol 82 1995 317 329
    • (1995) Powder Technol , vol.82 , pp. 317-329
    • Koenigsdorff, R.1    Werther, J.2
  • 97
    • 0032595593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation and conversion of carbonaceous fine particles during bubbling fluidized bed gasification of a biomass fuel
    • F. Miccio, O. Moersch, H. Spliethoff, and K.R.G. Hein Generation and conversion of carbonaceous fine particles during bubbling fluidized bed gasification of a biomass fuel Fuel 78 1999 1473 1481
    • (1999) Fuel , vol.78 , pp. 1473-1481
    • Miccio, F.1    Moersch, O.2    Spliethoff, H.3    Hein, K.R.G.4
  • 98
    • 0343851743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas mixing in circulating fluidized bed risers
    • J. Sternéus, F. Johnsson, and B. Leckner Gas mixing in circulating fluidized bed risers Chem Eng Sci 55 2000 129 148
    • (2000) Chem Eng Sci , vol.55 , pp. 129-148
    • Sternéus, J.1    Johnsson, F.2    Leckner, B.3
  • 99
    • 0003248944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluidized-bed reactors
    • Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Weinheimce:doi10.1002/14356007.b04-239.pub2
    • J. Werther Fluidized-bed reactors Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Weinheim 10.1002/14356007.b04-239.pub2
    • (2007) Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
    • Werther, J.1
  • 100
    • 0008046756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale-up of circulating fluidized bed combustion
    • B. Leckner, and J. Werther Scale-up of circulating fluidized bed combustion Energy Fuels 14 2000 1286 1292
    • (2000) Energy Fuels , vol.14 , pp. 1286-1292
    • Leckner, B.1    Werther, J.2
  • 101
    • 0009697846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas mixing
    • U. Arena Gas mixing J.R. Grace, A.A. Avidan, T.M. Knowlton, Circulating fluidized beds 1997 Chapman and Hall London 86 118
    • (1997) Circulating Fluidized Beds , pp. 86-118
    • Arena, U.1
  • 102
    • 0029380085 scopus 로고
    • A two-dimensional model for gas mixing in the upper dilute zone of a circulating fluidized bed
    • M. Kruse, H. Schönfelder, and J. Werther A two-dimensional model for gas mixing in the upper dilute zone of a circulating fluidized bed Can J Chem Eng 73 1995 620 634
    • (1995) Can J Chem Eng , vol.73 , pp. 620-634
    • Kruse, M.1    Schönfelder, H.2    Werther, J.3
  • 108
    • 0010478490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of heat and mass transfer on combustion of a fuel particle in CFB boilers
    • G.I. Palchonok, C. Breitholtz, H. Thunman, and B. Leckner Impact of heat and mass transfer on combustion of a fuel particle in CFB boilers Proc Int Conf on FBC 14 1997 871 888
    • (1997) Proc Int Conf on FBC , vol.14 , pp. 871-888
    • Palchonok, G.I.1    Breitholtz, C.2    Thunman, H.3    Leckner, B.4
  • 109
    • 0024656468 scopus 로고
    • Drag coefficient and terminal velocity of spherical and nonspherical particles
    • A. Haider, and O. Levenspiel Drag coefficient and terminal velocity of spherical and nonspherical particles Powder Technol 58 1989 63 70
    • (1989) Powder Technol , vol.58 , pp. 63-70
    • Haider, A.1    Levenspiel, O.2
  • 110
    • 17744388117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling circulating fluidized bed biomass gasifiers. A pseudo-rigorous model for stationary state
    • J. Corella, and A. Sanz Modeling circulating fluidized bed biomass gasifiers. A pseudo-rigorous model for stationary state Fuel Proc Technol 86 2005 1021 1053
    • (2005) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.86 , pp. 1021-1053
    • Corella, J.1    Sanz, A.2
  • 111
    • 0034097393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling of fluidised - Bed coal gasifiers: Elimination of the combustion product distribution coefficient by considering homogeneous combustion
    • H.M. Yan, C. Heidenreich, and D.K. Zhang Modelling of fluidised - bed coal gasifiers: elimination of the combustion product distribution coefficient by considering homogeneous combustion Chem Eng Process 39 1999 229 237
    • (1999) Chem Eng Process , vol.39 , pp. 229-237
    • Yan, H.M.1    Heidenreich, C.2    Zhang, D.K.3
  • 112
    • 0037174614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of emissions from fluidized bed combustion of coal, biofuel and waste
    • B. Leckner, and A. Lyngfelt Optimization of emissions from fluidized bed combustion of coal, biofuel and waste Int J Energy Res 26 2002 1191 1202
    • (2002) Int J Energy Res , vol.26 , pp. 1191-1202
    • Leckner, B.1    Lyngfelt, A.2
  • 114
    • 0004267241 scopus 로고
    • J.F. Davidson, D. Harrison, 2nd ed Academic Press London
    • J.F. Davidson, D. Harrison, Fluidization 2nd ed 1985 Academic Press London
    • (1985) Fluidization
  • 116
    • 0029535651 scopus 로고
    • Fundamental hydrodynamics related to pressurized fluidized bed combustion
    • P.E.G. Gogolek, and J.R. Grace Fundamental hydrodynamics related to pressurized fluidized bed combustion Prog Energy Combust Sci 21 1995 419 451
    • (1995) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.21 , pp. 419-451
    • Gogolek, P.E.G.1    Grace, J.R.2
  • 117
    • 33749597767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macroscopic modelling of fluid dynamics in large-scale circulating fluidized beds
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pecs.2006.02.002, PII S0360128506000360
    • D. Pallars, and F. Johnsson Macroscopic modelling of fluid dynamics in large-scale circulating fluidized beds Prog Energy Combust Sci 32 2006 539 569 (Pubitemid 44548207)
    • (2006) Progress in Energy and Combustion Science , vol.32 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 539-569
    • Pallares, D.1    Johnsson, F.2
  • 118
    • 0030292835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bottom bed regimes in a circulating fluidized bed boiler
    • A. Svensson, F. Johnsson, and B. Leckner Bottom bed regimes in a circulating fluidized bed boiler Int J Multiphase Flow 22 1996 1187 1204
    • (1996) Int J Multiphase Flow , vol.22 , pp. 1187-1204
    • Svensson, A.1    Johnsson, F.2    Leckner, B.3
  • 119
    • 84918266485 scopus 로고
    • A generalized method for predicting the minimum fluidization velocity
    • C.Y. Wen, and Y.H. Yu A generalized method for predicting the minimum fluidization velocity AIChE J 12 1966 610 612
    • (1966) AIChE J , vol.12 , pp. 610-612
    • Wen, C.Y.1    Yu, Y.H.2
  • 120
    • 0002127397 scopus 로고
    • Fluid flow through packed columns
    • S. Ergun Fluid flow through packed columns Chem Eng Prog 48 1952 89 94
    • (1952) Chem Eng Prog , vol.48 , pp. 89-94
    • Ergun, S.1
  • 122
    • 0347708303 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of bubble diameter in gaseous fluidized beds
    • S. Mori, and C.Y. Wen Estimation of bubble diameter in gaseous fluidized beds AIChE J 21 1975 109 115
    • (1975) AIChE J , vol.21 , pp. 109-115
    • Mori, S.1    Wen, C.Y.2
  • 123
    • 0021424214 scopus 로고
    • Bubble size measurements and correlation in a fluidized bed at high temperature
    • J.F. Stubington, D. Barret, and G. Lowry Bubble size measurements and correlation in a fluidized bed at high temperature Chem Eng Res Design 62 1984 173 178
    • (1984) Chem Eng Res Design , vol.62 , pp. 173-178
    • Stubington, J.F.1    Barret, D.2    Lowry, G.3
  • 124
    • 0023450778 scopus 로고
    • Generalized bubble diameter correlation for gas-solid fluidized beds
    • M. Horio, and A.A. Nonaka Generalized bubble diameter correlation for gas-solid fluidized beds AIChE J 33 1987 1865 1872
    • (1987) AIChE J , vol.33 , pp. 1865-1872
    • Horio, M.1    Nonaka, A.A.2
  • 125
    • 0026254495 scopus 로고
    • Expansion of a freely bubbling fluidized bed
    • F. Johnsson, S. Andersson, and B. Leckner Expansion of a freely bubbling fluidized bed Powder Technol 68 1991 117 123
    • (1991) Powder Technol , vol.68 , pp. 117-123
    • Johnsson, F.1    Andersson, S.2    Leckner, B.3
  • 126
    • 33749639340 scopus 로고
    • On the two-phase theory of fluidization
    • J.R. Grace, and R. Clift On the two-phase theory of fluidization Chem Eng Sci 141 1974 53 62
    • (1974) Chem Eng Sci , vol.141 , pp. 53-62
    • Grace, J.R.1    Clift, R.2
  • 127
    • 0016011190 scopus 로고
    • Influence of the bed diameter on the hydrodynamics of gas fluidized beds
    • J. Werther Influence of the bed diameter on the hydrodynamics of gas fluidized beds D.L. Keairns, Fluidization and fluid-particle systems vol. 70 1974 53 62
    • (1974) Fluidization and Fluid-particle Systems , vol.70 , pp. 53-62
    • Werther, J.1
  • 128
    • 0342543999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axial solids distribution and bottom bed dynamics for CFBC application
    • R.C. Zijerveld, A. Koniuta, F. Johnsson, and A. Marzocchella Axial solids distribution and bottom bed dynamics for CFBC application AIChE Symp Ser 93 1997 97 102
    • (1997) AIChE Symp ser , vol.93 , pp. 97-102
    • Zijerveld, R.C.1    Koniuta, A.2    Johnsson, F.3    Marzocchella, A.4
  • 129
    • 0018153609 scopus 로고
    • Fluidization correlations for coal gasification materials - Minimum fluidization velocity and fluidized bed expansion ratio
    • P. Babu, B. Shah, and A. Talwalker Fluidization correlations for coal gasification materials - minimum fluidization velocity and fluidized bed expansion ratio AIChE Symp Ser 74 1978 176 186
    • (1978) AIChE Symp ser , vol.74 , pp. 176-186
    • Babu, P.1    Shah, B.2    Talwalker, A.3
  • 130
    • 0021852374 scopus 로고
    • Gas-to-particles and particle-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds of large particles
    • C. Delvosalle, and J. Vanderschuren Gas-to-particles and particle-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds of large particles Chem Eng Sci 40 1985 769 779
    • (1985) Chem Eng Sci , vol.40 , pp. 769-779
    • Delvosalle, C.1    Vanderschuren, J.2
  • 131
    • 0000356099 scopus 로고
    • Chemical reaction in a bubbling gas-fluidized beds
    • B.A. Partridge, and P.N. Rowe Chemical reaction in a bubbling gas-fluidized beds Trans Inst Chem Eng 44 1966 335 347
    • (1966) Trans Inst Chem Eng , vol.44 , pp. 335-347
    • Partridge, B.A.1    Rowe, P.N.2
  • 132
    • 0019371739 scopus 로고
    • Effect of bubble interaction on interphase mass transfer in gas fluidized beds
    • S.P. Sit, and J.R. Grace Effect of bubble interaction on interphase mass transfer in gas fluidized beds Chem Eng Sci 36 1981 327 335
    • (1981) Chem Eng Sci , vol.36 , pp. 327-335
    • Sit, S.P.1    Grace, J.R.2
  • 133
    • 0001847488 scopus 로고
    • Expansion of gas fluidized beds in the turbulent regime
    • J. Werther, and J. Wein Expansion of gas fluidized beds in the turbulent regime AIChE Symp Ser 90 1994 31 44
    • (1994) AIChE Symp ser , vol.90 , pp. 31-44
    • Werther, J.1    Wein, J.2
  • 134
    • 0042623599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrodynamic interaction between a coarse gas-emitting particle and a gas fluidized bed of finer solids
    • R. Solimene, A. Marzocchella, and P. Salatino Hydrodynamic interaction between a coarse gas-emitting particle and a gas fluidized bed of finer solids Powder Technol 133 2003 79 90
    • (2003) Powder Technol , vol.133 , pp. 79-90
    • Solimene, R.1    Marzocchella, A.2    Salatino, P.3
  • 135
    • 0037021384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-segregation of high-volatile fuel particles during devolatilisation in a fluidized bed reactor
    • G. Bruni, R. Solimene, A. Marzocchella, P. Salatino, J.G. Yates, and P. Lettieri Self-segregation of high-volatile fuel particles during devolatilisation in a fluidized bed reactor Powder Technol 128 2002 11 21
    • (2002) Powder Technol , vol.128 , pp. 11-21
    • Bruni, G.1    Solimene, R.2    Marzocchella, A.3    Salatino, P.4    Yates, J.G.5    Lettieri, P.6
  • 136
    • 0019999766 scopus 로고
    • Fluidized bed freeboard phenomena entrainment and elutriation
    • C.Y. Wen, and L.H. Chen Fluidized bed freeboard phenomena entrainment and elutriation AIChE J 28 1982 117 128
    • (1982) AIChE J , vol.28 , pp. 117-128
    • Wen, C.Y.1    Chen, L.H.2
  • 137
    • 0021461444 scopus 로고
    • Elutriation from fluidized beds
    • M. Colaykan, and O. Levenspiel Elutriation from fluidized beds Powder Technol 38 1984 223 232
    • (1984) Powder Technol , vol.38 , pp. 223-232
    • Colaykan, M.1    Levenspiel, O.2
  • 139
    • 0003563665 scopus 로고
    • Vertical distribution of solids in a CFB-furnace
    • F. Johnsson, and B. Leckner Vertical distribution of solids in a CFB-furnace Int Conf FBC 13 1995 266 273
    • (1995) Int Conf FBC , vol.13 , pp. 266-273
    • Johnsson, F.1    Leckner, B.2
  • 140
    • 0345482651 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of the formation of particle wall layers in CFB boilers
    • F. Johnsson, W. Zhang, and B. Leckner Characteristics of the formation of particle wall layers in CFB boilers A. Serizawa, T. Fukano, J. Battaille, Proc second int conf on multiphase flow 1995 Japan Society of Multiphase Flow Kyoto 3 p. FB1-25
    • (1995) Proc Second Int Conf on Multiphase Flow , pp. 3
    • Johnsson, F.1    Zhang, W.2    Leckner, B.3
  • 141
    • 0002257879 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of the lateral particle distribution in CFB boilers
    • Avidan AA, editor
    • Zhang W, Johnsson F, Leckner B. Characteristics of the lateral particle distribution in CFB boilers. In: Avidan AA, editor, 4th Int Conf on CFB; 1993, pp. 266-73.
    • (1993) 4th Int Conf on CFB , pp. 266-273
    • Zhang, W.1    Johnsson, F.2    Leckner, B.3
  • 142
    • 0000197078 scopus 로고
    • The collection efficiency of cyclone type particle collectors - A new theoretical approach
    • D. Leith, and W. Licht The collection efficiency of cyclone type particle collectors - a new theoretical approach AIChE Symp Ser 68 1972 196 206
    • (1972) AIChE Symp ser , vol.68 , pp. 196-206
    • Leith, D.1    Licht, W.2
  • 143
    • 9644304507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple model for prediction of solid collection efficiency of a gas-solid separator
    • R. Zhang, and P. Basu A simple model for prediction of solid collection efficiency of a gas-solid separator Powder Technol 147 2004 86 93
    • (2004) Powder Technol , vol.147 , pp. 86-93
    • Zhang, R.1    Basu, P.2
  • 144
    • 34250839553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the gas and particle flow inside cyclone separators
    • C. Cortés, and A. Gil Modeling the gas and particle flow inside cyclone separators Prog Energy Combust Sci 33 2007 409 452
    • (2007) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.33 , pp. 409-452
    • Cortés, C.1    Gil, A.2
  • 145
    • 17744392091 scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive modelling and simulation of fluidized bed boilers and gasifiers
    • M.L. Souza-Santos Comprehensive modelling and simulation of fluidized bed boilers and gasifiers Fuel 68 1989 1507 1521
    • (1989) Fuel , vol.68 , pp. 1507-1521
    • Souza-Santos, M.L.1
  • 146
    • 0033213035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of gasification of wood in a circulating fluidized bed
    • T. Jennen, R. Hiller, D. Koneke, and P.M. Weinspach Modeling of gasification of wood in a circulating fluidized bed Chem Eng Tech 22 1999 822 826
    • (1999) Chem Eng Tech , vol.22 , pp. 822-826
    • Jennen, T.1    Hiller, R.2    Koneke, D.3    Weinspach, P.M.4
  • 147
    • 0036016048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two phase biomass air-steam gasification model for fluidized bed reactors: Part i - Model development
    • S.S. Sadaka, A.E. Ghaly, and M.A. Sabbah Two phase biomass air-steam gasification model for fluidized bed reactors: Part I - model development Biomass Bioenergy 22 2002 439 462
    • (2002) Biomass Bioenergy , vol.22 , pp. 439-462
    • Sadaka, S.S.1    Ghaly, A.E.2    Sabbah, M.A.3
  • 148
    • 27744485458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of steam gasification of char in a fluidized-bed under continuous feeding of a Victorian brown coal
    • B. Bazardorj, N. Sonoyama, J.-I. Hayashi, S. Hosokai, C.-Z. Li, and T. Chiba Inhibition of steam gasification of char in a fluidized-bed under continuous feeding of a Victorian brown coal Fuel 85 2006 340 349
    • (2006) Fuel , vol.85 , pp. 340-349
    • Bazardorj, B.1    Sonoyama, N.2    Hayashi, J.-I.3    Hosokai, S.4    Li, C.-Z.5    Chiba, T.6
  • 149
    • 43849083824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heat and mass transfer
    • B. Leckner Heat and mass transfer C. Crowe, Multiphase flow handbook 2006 CRC Press Boca Raton (FL) [chapter 5.2]
    • (2006) Multiphase Flow Handbook
    • Leckner, B.1
  • 150
    • 0014774458 scopus 로고
    • Review of kinetics data for the pyrolysis of wood and related substances
    • A. Roberts Af Review of kinetics data for the pyrolysis of wood and related substances Combust Flame 14 1970 261 272
    • (1970) Combust Flame , vol.14 , pp. 261-272
    • Roberts Af, A.1
  • 151
    • 0020114351 scopus 로고
    • Introduction to pyrolysis of biomass
    • F. Shafizadeh Introduction to pyrolysis of biomass J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 3 1982 283 305
    • (1982) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis , vol.3 , pp. 283-305
    • Shafizadeh, F.1
  • 152
    • 0020764435 scopus 로고
    • Effects of reactor severity on the gas-phase pyrolysis of celulose- and kraft lignin-derived volatile matter
    • M.J. Antal Jr. Effects of reactor severity on the gas-phase pyrolysis of celulose- and kraft lignin-derived volatile matter Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 22 1983 366 375
    • (1983) Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev , vol.22 , pp. 366-375
    • Antal Jr., M.J.1
  • 153
    • 1942529301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PhD thesis. Chalmers University of Technology
    • 3. PhD thesis. Chalmers University of Technology; 2003.
    • (2003) 3
    • Hansson, K.M.1
  • 154
    • 28444461411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor. Part 1: Literature review and model simulations
    • S.R.A. Kersten, X. Wang, W. Prins, and W.P.M. van Swaaij Biomass pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor. Part 1: Literature review and model simulations Ind Eng Chem Res 44 2005 8773 8785
    • (2005) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.44 , pp. 8773-8785
    • Kersten, S.R.A.1    Wang, X.2    Prins, W.3    Van Swaaij, W.P.M.4
  • 155
    • 0001823610 scopus 로고
    • Thermal deterioration of wood
    • F. Shafizadeh, and P.P.S. Chin Thermal deterioration of wood ACS Symp Ser 43 1977 57 81
    • (1977) ACS Symp ser , vol.43 , pp. 57-81
    • Shafizadeh, F.1    Chin, P.P.S.2
  • 156
    • 0000052770 scopus 로고
    • The kinetics of the evolution of volatile products from coal
    • G.J. Pitt The kinetics of the evolution of volatile products from coal Fuel 41 1962 267 274
    • (1962) Fuel , vol.41 , pp. 267-274
    • Pitt, G.J.1
  • 159
    • 0000484912 scopus 로고
    • Pyrolyse rapide du charbon
    • R. Loison, and R. Chauvin Pyrolyse rapide du charbon Chemie Indust 91 1964 269 275
    • (1964) Chemie Indust , vol.91 , pp. 269-275
    • Loison, R.1    Chauvin, R.2
  • 161
    • 0022093326 scopus 로고
    • Product compositions and kinetics in the rapid pyrolysis of sweet gum hardwood
    • T.R. Nunn, J.B. Howard, J.P. Longwell, and W.A. Peters Product compositions and kinetics in the rapid pyrolysis of sweet gum hardwood Ind Eng Chem Proc Des Dev 24 1985 836 844
    • (1985) Ind Eng Chem Proc des Dev , vol.24 , pp. 836-844
    • Nunn, T.R.1    Howard, J.B.2    Longwell, J.P.3    Peters, W.A.4
  • 162
    • 0024305070 scopus 로고
    • Product yields and kinetics from the vapor phase cracking of wood pyrolysis tars
    • M.L. Boroson, J.B. Howard, J.P. Longwell, and W.A. Peters Product yields and kinetics from the vapor phase cracking of wood pyrolysis tars AIChE J 35 1989 120 128
    • (1989) AIChE J , vol.35 , pp. 120-128
    • Boroson, M.L.1    Howard, J.B.2    Longwell, J.P.3    Peters, W.A.4
  • 163
    • 22944468498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decomposition of wood particles in fluidized beds
    • N. Jand, and P.U. Foscolo Decomposition of wood particles in fluidized beds Ind Eng Chem Res 44 2005 5079 5089
    • (2005) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.44 , pp. 5079-5089
    • Jand, N.1    Foscolo, P.U.2
  • 164
    • 0019565790 scopus 로고
    • Model of coal pyrolysis. 1. Qualitative development
    • G.R. Gavalas, P.H. Cheong, and R. Jain Model of coal pyrolysis. 1. Qualitative development Ind Eng Chem Fund 20 1981 113 122
    • (1981) Ind Eng Chem Fund , vol.20 , pp. 113-122
    • Gavalas, G.R.1    Cheong, P.H.2    Jain, R.3
  • 166
    • 0023424739 scopus 로고
    • On the role of macromolecular configuration in rapid coal devolatilization
    • S. Niksa, and A.R. Kerstein On the role of macromolecular configuration in rapid coal devolatilization Fuel 66 1987 1389 1399
    • (1987) Fuel , vol.66 , pp. 1389-1399
    • Niksa, S.1    Kerstein, A.R.2
  • 168
    • 0026219009 scopus 로고
    • Flashchain theory for rapid coal devolatilization kinetics. 1: Formulation
    • S. Niksa, and A.R. Kerstein Flashchain theory for rapid coal devolatilization kinetics. 1: Formulation Energy Fuels 5 1991 647 665
    • (1991) Energy Fuels , vol.5 , pp. 647-665
    • Niksa, S.1    Kerstein, A.R.2
  • 169
    • 0026221662 scopus 로고
    • FLASHCHAIN theory for rapid coal devolatilization kinetics. 2. Impact of operating conditions
    • S. Niksa Flashchain theory for rapid coal devolatilization kinetics. 2: Impact of operating conditions Energy Fuels 5 1991 665 673 (Pubitemid 21707672)
    • (1991) Energy and Fuels , vol.5 , Issue.5 , pp. 665-673
    • Niksa Stephen1
  • 170
    • 0024621387 scopus 로고
    • A chemical model of coal devolatilization using percolation lattice statistics
    • D.M. Grant, R.J. Pugmire, T.H. Fletcher, and A.R. Kerstein A chemical model of coal devolatilization using percolation lattice statistics Energy Fuels 3 1989 175 186
    • (1989) Energy Fuels , vol.3 , pp. 175-186
    • Grant, D.M.1    Pugmire, R.J.2    Fletcher, T.H.3    Kerstein, A.R.4
  • 172
    • 84915798255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the rapid devolatilization of diverse forms of biomass with bio-flashchain
    • S. Niksa Predicting the rapid devolatilization of diverse forms of biomass with bio-flashchain Proc Combust Inst 8 2000 2727 2733
    • (2000) Proc Combust Inst , vol.8 , pp. 2727-2733
    • Niksa, S.1
  • 175
    • 84915785551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling biomass devolatilization using the chemical percolation devolatilization model for the main components
    • C. Sheng, and J.L.T. Azevedo Modeling biomass devolatilization using the chemical percolation devolatilization model for the main components Proc Combust Inst 29 2002 407 414
    • (2002) Proc Combust Inst , vol.29 , pp. 407-414
    • Sheng, C.1    Azevedo, J.L.T.2
  • 176
    • 0000953611 scopus 로고
    • Coupled drying and devolatilization of wet coal in fluidized beds
    • P.K. Agarwal, W.E. Genetti, and Y.Y. Lee Coupled drying and devolatilization of wet coal in fluidized beds Chem Eng Sci 41 1986 2373 2383
    • (1986) Chem Eng Sci , vol.41 , pp. 2373-2383
    • Agarwal, P.K.1    Genetti, W.E.2    Lee, Y.Y.3
  • 177
    • 0030201538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous drying and pyrolysis of solid fuel particles
    • J. Saastamoinen, and J.R. Richard Simultaneous drying and pyrolysis of solid fuel particles Combust Flame 106 1996 288 300
    • (1996) Combust Flame , vol.106 , pp. 288-300
    • Saastamoinen, J.1    Richard, J.R.2
  • 178
    • 0001189240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of reaction products and conversion time in the pyrolysis of cellulose and wood particles
    • R.S. Miller, and J. Bellan Analysis of reaction products and conversion time in the pyrolysis of cellulose and wood particles Combust Sci Technol 119 1996 331 373
    • (1996) Combust Sci Technol , vol.119 , pp. 331-373
    • Miller, R.S.1    Bellan, J.2
  • 179
    • 0242335595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drying and pyrolysis of wood particles: Experiments and simulation
    • B. Peters, and C. Bruch Drying and pyrolysis of wood particles: experiments and simulation J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 70 2003 233 250
    • (2003) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis , vol.70 , pp. 233-250
    • Peters, B.1    Bruch, C.2
  • 180
    • 0034306638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The state of the art of transport models for charring solid degradation
    • C. Di Blasi The state of the art of transport models for charring solid degradation Polym Int 49 2000 1133 1146
    • (2000) Polym Int , vol.49 , pp. 1133-1146
    • Di Blasi, C.1
  • 182
    • 0036772011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal conversion of biomass: Comprehensive reactor and particle modeling
    • J.C. Wurzenberger, S. Wallner, H. Raupenstrauch, and J.G. Khinast Thermal conversion of biomass: comprehensive reactor and particle modeling AIChE J 48 2002 2398 2411
    • (2002) AIChE J , vol.48 , pp. 2398-2411
    • Wurzenberger, J.C.1    Wallner, S.2    Raupenstrauch, H.3    Khinast, J.G.4
  • 183
    • 0036231059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combustion of wood particles - A particle model for Eulerian calculations
    • H. Thunman, B. Leckner, F. Niklasson, and F. Johnsson Combustion of wood particles - a particle model for Eulerian calculations Combust Flame 129 2002 30 46
    • (2002) Combust Flame , vol.129 , pp. 30-46
    • Thunman, H.1    Leckner, B.2    Niklasson, F.3    Johnsson, F.4
  • 184
    • 48949087982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient thermal behaviour of a cylindrical wood particle during devolatilization in a bubbling fluidized bed
    • M. Sreekanth, A.K. Kolar, and B. Leckner Transient thermal behaviour of a cylindrical wood particle during devolatilization in a bubbling fluidized bed Fuel Proc Technol 89 2008 838 850
    • (2008) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.89 , pp. 838-850
    • Sreekanth, M.1    Kolar, A.K.2    Leckner, B.3
  • 185
    • 50849135459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A semi-analytical model to predict primary fragmentation of wood in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor
    • M. Sreekanth, A.K. Kolar, and B. Leckner A semi-analytical model to predict primary fragmentation of wood in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 83 2008 88 100
    • (2008) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis , vol.83 , pp. 88-100
    • Sreekanth, M.1    Kolar, A.K.2    Leckner, B.3
  • 186
    • 48049085224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of wood char size at the end of devolatilization in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor
    • M. Sreekanth, K. Renu, A.K. Kolar, and B. Leckner Estimation of wood char size at the end of devolatilization in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor Fuel 87 2008 3393 3402
    • (2008) Fuel , vol.87 , pp. 3393-3402
    • Sreekanth, M.1    Renu, K.2    Kolar, A.K.3    Leckner, B.4
  • 187
    • 48949087982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling and experimental investigation of devolatilizing wood in a fluidized bed combustor
    • M. Sreekanth, D.R. Sudhakar, B.V.S.S.S. Prasad, A.K. Kolar, and B. Leckner Modelling and experimental investigation of devolatilizing wood in a fluidized bed combustor Fuel Proc Technol 89 2008 838 850
    • (2008) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.89 , pp. 838-850
    • Sreekanth, M.1    Sudhakar, D.R.2    Prasad, B.V.S.S.S.3    Kolar, A.K.4    Leckner, B.5
  • 188
    • 0035829184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modelling and simulation of bubbling fluidised bed gasifiers
    • S. Hamel, and W. Krumm Mathematical modelling and simulation of bubbling fluidised bed gasifiers Powder Technol 120 2001 105 112
    • (2001) Powder Technol , vol.120 , pp. 105-112
    • Hamel, S.1    Krumm, W.2
  • 189
    • 65549112649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass pyrolysis: Kinetic modelling and experimental validation under high temperature and flash heating rate conditions
    • C. Dupont, L. Chen, J. Cances, J.M. Commandre, A. Cuoci, and S. Pierucci Biomass pyrolysis: kinetic modelling and experimental validation under high temperature and flash heating rate conditions J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 85 2009 260 267
    • (2009) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis , vol.85 , pp. 260-267
    • Dupont, C.1    Chen, L.2    Cances, J.3    Commandre, J.M.4    Cuoci, A.5    Pierucci, S.6
  • 190
    • 0021197601 scopus 로고
    • Heat transfer and kinetics in the low temperature pyrolysis of solids
    • D.L. Pyle, and C.A. Zaror Heat transfer and kinetics in the low temperature pyrolysis of solids Chem Eng Sci 39 1984 147 158
    • (1984) Chem Eng Sci , vol.39 , pp. 147-158
    • Pyle, D.L.1    Zaror, C.A.2
  • 191
    • 38248999321 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic study of the flash pyrolysis of almond shells in a fluidized bed reactor at high temperatures
    • R. Font, A. Marcilla, J. Devesa, and E. Verdu Kinetic study of the flash pyrolysis of almond shells in a fluidized bed reactor at high temperatures J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 27 1993 245 273
    • (1993) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis , vol.27 , pp. 245-273
    • Font, R.1    Marcilla, A.2    Devesa, J.3    Verdu, E.4
  • 193
    • 0017957967 scopus 로고
    • A flow reactor technique for the study of wood pyrolysis. I. Experimental
    • D.L. Brink, and M.S. Massoudi A flow reactor technique for the study of wood pyrolysis. I. Experimental J Fire Flammab 9 1978 176 188
    • (1978) J Fire Flammab , vol.9 , pp. 176-188
    • Brink, D.L.1    Massoudi, M.S.2
  • 194
    • 2342509534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of devolatilization of secondary fuels in different conditions
    • E. Biagini, C. Fantozzi, and L. Tognotti Characterization of devolatilization of secondary fuels in different conditions Combust Sci Technol 176 2004 685 703
    • (2004) Combust Sci Technol , vol.176 , pp. 685-703
    • Biagini, E.1    Fantozzi, C.2    Tognotti, L.3
  • 195
    • 58149409017 scopus 로고
    • Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics and char formation mechanism
    • P.C. Lewellen, W.A. Peters, and J.B. Howard Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics and char formation mechanism Proc Inst Combust 16 1977 1471 1480
    • (1977) Proc Inst Combust , vol.16 , pp. 1471-1480
    • Lewellen, P.C.1    Peters, W.A.2    Howard, J.B.3
  • 198
    • 1642424356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separation of drying and devolatilization during conversion of solid fuels
    • H. Thunman, K. Davidsson, and B. Leckner Separation of drying and devolatilization during conversion of solid fuels Combust Flame 137 2004 242 250
    • (2004) Combust Flame , vol.137 , pp. 242-250
    • Thunman, H.1    Davidsson, K.2    Leckner, B.3
  • 199
    • 85146145444 scopus 로고
    • Temperature charts for induction and constant - Temperature heating
    • M.P. Heisler Temperature charts for induction and constant - temperature heating ASME Trans 69 1947 227 236
    • (1947) ASME Trans , vol.69 , pp. 227-236
    • Heisler, M.P.1
  • 201
    • 57049162465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explicit equations for transient heat conduction in finite solids for Bi > 2
    • A.G. Ostrogorsky, and B.B. Mikic Explicit equations for transient heat conduction in finite solids for Bi > 2 Heat Mass Transfer 45 2009 375 380
    • (2009) Heat Mass Transfer , vol.45 , pp. 375-380
    • Ostrogorsky, A.G.1    Mikic, B.B.2
  • 202
    • 77955120695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple explicit equations for transient heat conduction in finite solids
    • A.G. Ostrogorsky Simple explicit equations for transient heat conduction in finite solids J Heat Trans 131 1 2009 011303 10.1115/1.2977540 11 pages
    • (2009) J Heat Trans , vol.131 , Issue.1
    • Ostrogorsky, A.G.1
  • 203
    • 33750997866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The devolatilisation of particles of a complex fuel (dried sewage sludge) in a fluidised bed
    • S.A. Scott, J.F. Davidson, J.S. Dennis, and A.N. Hayhurst The devolatilisation of particles of a complex fuel (dried sewage sludge) in a fluidised bed Chem Eng Sci 62 2007 584 598
    • (2007) Chem Eng Sci , vol.62 , pp. 584-598
    • Scott, S.A.1    Davidson, J.F.2    Dennis, J.S.3    Hayhurst, A.N.4
  • 206
    • 33750224146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study about the kinetic processes of biomass steam gasification
    • C. Dupont, G. Boissonnet, J.M. Seiler, P. Gauthier, and D. Schweich Study about the kinetic processes of biomass steam gasification Fuel 86 2006 32 40
    • (2006) Fuel , vol.86 , pp. 32-40
    • Dupont, C.1    Boissonnet, G.2    Seiler, J.M.3    Gauthier, P.4    Schweich, D.5
  • 207
    • 0033894771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Devolatilisation times of coal particles in a fluidised-bed
    • D.P. Ross, C.A. Heidenreich, and D.K. Zhang Devolatilisation times of coal particles in a fluidised-bed Fuel 79 2000 873 883
    • (2000) Fuel , vol.79 , pp. 873-883
    • Ross, D.P.1    Heidenreich, C.A.2    Zhang, D.K.3
  • 208
    • 0037332514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of moisture content on devolatilization times of pine wood particles in a fluidized bed
    • L.F. de Diego, F. García-Labiano, A. Abad, P. Gayán, and J. Adánez Effect of moisture content on devolatilization times of pine wood particles in a fluidized bed Energy Fuels 17 2003 285 290
    • (2003) Energy Fuels , vol.17 , pp. 285-290
    • De Diego, L.F.1    García-Labiano, F.2    Abad, A.3    Gayán, P.4    Adánez, J.5
  • 211
    • 0001163959 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic model of biomass gasification
    • Y. Wang, and C.M. Kinoshita Kinetic model of biomass gasification Solar Energy 51 1993 19 25
    • (1993) Solar Energy , vol.51 , pp. 19-25
    • Wang, Y.1    Kinoshita, C.M.2
  • 213
    • 33750301476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon conversion predictor for fluidized bed gasification of biomass fuelsmodel concept
    • J. Konttinen, M. Hupa, A. Moilanen, and E. Kurkela Carbon conversion predictor for fluidized bed gasification of biomass fuelsmodel concept A.V. Bridgwater, D.G.B. Boocock, Science in thermal and chemical biomass conversion 2006 CPL Press Newbury, Berks, UK 590 604
    • (2006) Science in Thermal and Chemical Biomass Conversion , pp. 590-604
    • Konttinen, J.1    Hupa, M.2    Moilanen, A.3    Kurkela, E.4
  • 216
    • 59349109373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combustion and gasification rates of lignocellulosic chars
    • C. Di Blasi Combustion and gasification rates of lignocellulosic chars Prog Energy Combust Sci 35 2009 121 140
    • (2009) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.35 , pp. 121-140
    • Di Blasi, C.1
  • 217
    • 84984153003 scopus 로고
    • A random pore model for fluid-solid reactions: I. Isothermal, kinetic control
    • S.K. Bhatia, and D.D. Perlmutter A random pore model for fluid-solid reactions: I. Isothermal, kinetic control AIChE J 26 1980 379 386
    • (1980) AIChE J , vol.26 , pp. 379-386
    • Bhatia, S.K.1    Perlmutter, D.D.2
  • 219
    • 0004068970 scopus 로고
    • Fluidised bed wood gasifier
    • Ph.D. dissertation, Twente University Publication, University of Twente
    • van den Aarsen FG. Fluidised bed wood gasifier. Performance and modelling, Ph.D. dissertation, Twente University Publication, University of Twente; 1985.
    • (1985) Performance and Modeling
    • Van Den Aarsen, F.G.1
  • 220
    • 37049037967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposal of a semi-empirical kinetic model to reconcile with gasification reactivity profiles of biomass chars
    • Y. Zhang, M. Ashizawa, S. Kajitani, and K. Miura Proposal of a semi-empirical kinetic model to reconcile with gasification reactivity profiles of biomass chars Fuel 87 2008 475 481
    • (2008) Fuel , vol.87 , pp. 475-481
    • Zhang, Y.1    Ashizawa, M.2    Kajitani, S.3    Miura, K.4
  • 221
    • 0041346902 scopus 로고
    • The unified coal-char reaction
    • G.A. Simons The unified coal-char reaction Fuel 59 1980 143 144
    • (1980) Fuel , vol.59 , pp. 143-144
    • Simons, G.A.1
  • 223
    • 0017428927 scopus 로고
    • Reactivity of coal and char, 1: Carbon dioxide in atmosphere
    • S. Dutta, C.Y. Wen, and R.J. Belt Reactivity of coal and char, 1: carbon dioxide in atmosphere Ind Eng Chem Proc Des Dev 16 1977 20 30
    • (1977) Ind Eng Chem Proc des Dev , vol.16 , pp. 20-30
    • Dutta, S.1    Wen, C.Y.2    Belt, R.J.3
  • 224
    • 0016311096 scopus 로고
    • Catalysed hydrogasification of coal chars
    • N. Gardner, E. Samuels, and K. Wilks Catalysed hydrogasification of coal chars Adv Chem Ser 131 1974 217 236
    • (1974) Adv Chem ser , vol.131 , pp. 217-236
    • Gardner, N.1    Samuels, E.2    Wilks, K.3
  • 225
    • 0021850587 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic evaluation of the reactivity of various coal chars for gasification with carbon dioxide in comparison with steam
    • S. Kasaoka, Y. Sakata, and C. Tong Kinetic evaluation of the reactivity of various coal chars for gasification with carbon dioxide in comparison with steam Int Chem Eng 25 1985 160 175 (Pubitemid 15466162)
    • (1985) International chemical engineering , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 160-175
    • Kasaoka Shigeaki1    Sakata Yusaku2    Tong Chuliang3
  • 227
    • 18844395895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reaction-diffusion model of TGA gasification experiments for estimating diffusional effects
    • A. Gómez-Barea, P. Ollero, and R. Arjona Reaction-diffusion model of TGA gasification experiments for estimating diffusional effects Fuel 84 2005 1695 1704
    • (2005) Fuel , vol.84 , pp. 1695-1704
    • Gómez-Barea, A.1    Ollero, P.2    Arjona, R.3
  • 229
    • 0035777177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gasification kinetics of coal chars carbonized under rapid and slow heating conditions at elevated temperatures
    • C. Luo, T. Watanabe, M. Nakamura, S. Uemiya, and T. Kojima Gasification kinetics of coal chars carbonized under rapid and slow heating conditions at elevated temperatures J Energy Resources Technol 123 2001 21 26
    • (2001) J Energy Resources Technol , vol.123 , pp. 21-26
    • Luo, C.1    Watanabe, T.2    Nakamura, M.3    Uemiya, S.4    Kojima, T.5
  • 231
    • 14844341538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental investigation and modeling of gasification of sewage sludge in the circulating fluidized bed
    • I. Petersen, and J. Werther Experimental investigation and modeling of gasification of sewage sludge in the circulating fluidized bed Chem Eng Process 44 2005 717 736
    • (2005) Chem Eng Process , vol.44 , pp. 717-736
    • Petersen, I.1    Werther, J.2
  • 232
    • 0038521329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 and HCN emissions from biomass circulating fluidized biomass gasifiers
    • 3 and HCN emissions from biomass circulating fluidized biomass gasifiers Fuel 82 2003 1591 1604
    • (2003) Fuel , vol.82 , pp. 1591-1604
    • Liu, H.1    Gibbs, B.M.2
  • 233
    • 0344474609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of a jetting fluidized bed gasifier and the comparison to the experimental data
    • C. Luo, K. Aoki, S. Uemiya, and T. Kojima Numerical simulation of a jetting fluidized bed gasifier and the comparison to the experimental data Fuel Proc Technol 55 1998 193 218
    • (1998) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.55 , pp. 193-218
    • Luo, C.1    Aoki, K.2    Uemiya, S.3    Kojima, T.4
  • 234
    • 33846211512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass transport effects during measurements of gas-solid reaction kinetics in a fluidised bed
    • A. Gómez-Barea, P. Ollero, and B. Leckner Mass transport effects during measurements of gas-solid reaction kinetics in a fluidised bed Chem Eng Sci 62 2007 1477 1493
    • (2007) Chem Eng Sci , vol.62 , pp. 1477-1493
    • Gómez-Barea, A.1    Ollero, P.2    Leckner, B.3
  • 235
    • 0036026633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid pyrolysis of agricultural residues at high temperature
    • R. Zanzi, K. Sjöström, and E. Björnbom Rapid pyrolysis of agricultural residues at high temperature Biomass and Bioenergy 23 2002 357 366
    • (2002) Biomass and Bioenergy , vol.23 , pp. 357-366
    • Zanzi, R.1    Sjöström, K.2    Björnbom, E.3
  • 236
    • 0043180520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of heating rate on steam gasification of biomass. 1 Reactivity of char
    • C. Fushimi, K. Araki, Y. Yamaguchi, and A. Tsutsumi Effect of heating rate on steam gasification of biomass. 1 Reactivity of char Ind Eng Chem Res 42 2003 3922 3928
    • (2003) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.42 , pp. 3922-3928
    • Fushimi, C.1    Araki, K.2    Yamaguchi, Y.3    Tsutsumi, A.4
  • 237
    • 84984115053 scopus 로고
    • A single-particle char gasification model
    • B. Srinivas, and N.R. Amundson A single-particle char gasification model AIChE J 26 1980 487 496
    • (1980) AIChE J , vol.26 , pp. 487-496
    • Srinivas, B.1    Amundson, N.R.2
  • 238
    • 0022603354 scopus 로고
    • Gasification of coal-derived chars in synthesis gas-mixtures under intraparticle mass-transfer-controlled conditions
    • A. Bliek, J.C. Lont, and W.P.M. van Swaaij Gasification of coal-derived chars in synthesis gas-mixtures under intraparticle mass-transfer-controlled conditions Chem Eng Sci 41 1986 1895 1909
    • (1986) Chem Eng Sci , vol.41 , pp. 1895-1909
    • Bliek, A.1    Lont, J.C.2    Van Swaaij, W.P.M.3
  • 240
    • 0017098353 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of gas-solid reactions: Formulation of a general model
    • V.B. Mantri, A.N. Gokarn, and L.K. Doraiswamy Analysis of gas-solid reactions: formulation of a general model Chem Eng Sci 31 1976 779 785
    • (1976) Chem Eng Sci , vol.31 , pp. 779-785
    • Mantri, V.B.1    Gokarn, A.N.2    Doraiswamy, L.K.3
  • 242
    • 85023363895 scopus 로고
    • Noncatalytic heterogeneous solid fluid reactions
    • C.Y. Wen Noncatalytic heterogeneous solid fluid reactions Ind Eng Chem 60 1968 34 54
    • (1968) Ind Eng Chem , vol.60 , pp. 34-54
    • Wen, C.Y.1
  • 246
    • 49649112414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive study of biomass particle combustion
    • H. Lu, W. Robert, G. Peirce, B. Ripa, and L.L. Baxter Comprehensive study of biomass particle combustion Energy Fuels 22 2008 2826 2839
    • (2008) Energy Fuels , vol.22 , pp. 2826-2839
    • Lu, H.1    Robert, W.2    Peirce, G.3    Ripa, B.4    Baxter, L.L.5
  • 247
    • 0031060932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperatures in a fuel particle burning in a fluidized bed: The effect of drying, devolatilization, and char combustion
    • F. Winter, M.E. Prah, and H. Hofbauer Temperatures in a fuel particle burning in a fluidized bed: the effect of drying, devolatilization, and char combustion Combust Flame 108 1997 302 314
    • (1997) Combust Flame , vol.108 , pp. 302-314
    • Winter, F.1    Prah, M.E.2    Hofbauer, H.3
  • 248
    • 34247194676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single particle model of the fluidized bed combustion of a char particle with a coherent ash skeleton: Application to granulated sewage sludge
    • G. Can, P. Salatino, and F. Scala A single particle model of the fluidized bed combustion of a char particle with a coherent ash skeleton: application to granulated sewage sludge Fuel Proc Technol 88 2007 577 584
    • (2007) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.88 , pp. 577-584
    • Can, G.1    Salatino, P.2    Scala, F.3
  • 249
    • 0035001084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semi-global intrinsic kinetics for char combustion modeling
    • R.H. Hurt, and J.M. Calo Semi-global intrinsic kinetics for char combustion modeling Combust Flame 125 2001 1138 1149
    • (2001) Combust Flame , vol.125 , pp. 1138-1149
    • Hurt, R.H.1    Calo, J.M.2
  • 250
    • 7644227404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The kinetics of combustion of chars derived from sewage sludge
    • J.S. Dennis, R.J. Lambert, A.J. Milne, S.A. Scott, and A.N. Hayhurst The kinetics of combustion of chars derived from sewage sludge Fuel 84 2005 117 126
    • (2005) Fuel , vol.84 , pp. 117-126
    • Dennis, J.S.1    Lambert, R.J.2    Milne, A.J.3    Scott, S.A.4    Hayhurst, A.N.5
  • 251
    • 0033231790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combustion of coal in circulating fluidized-bed boilers: A review
    • P. Basu Combustion of coal in circulating fluidized-bed boilers: a review Chem Eng Sci 54 1999 5547 5557
    • (1999) Chem Eng Sci , vol.54 , pp. 5547-5557
    • Basu, P.1
  • 252
    • 37049160735 scopus 로고
    • Reactions between carbon and oxygen
    • J.R. Arthur Reactions between carbon and oxygen Trans Faraday Soc 47 1950 164 178
    • (1950) Trans Faraday Soc , vol.47 , pp. 164-178
    • Arthur, J.R.1
  • 253
    • 16344383687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research issues in combustion and gasification of lignite
    • P.J. Ashman, and P.J. Mullinger Research issues in combustion and gasification of lignite Fuel 84 2005 1195 1205
    • (2005) Fuel , vol.84 , pp. 1195-1205
    • Ashman, P.J.1    Mullinger, P.J.2
  • 254
    • 0001129414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combustion of a porous char particle in an incipiently fluidized bed
    • S. Kulasekaran, T.M. Linjewile, P.K. Agarwal, and M.J. Biggs Combustion of a porous char particle in an incipiently fluidized bed Fuel 77 1998 1549 1560
    • (1998) Fuel , vol.77 , pp. 1549-1560
    • Kulasekaran, S.1    Linjewile, T.M.2    Agarwal, P.K.3    Biggs, M.J.4
  • 255
    • 0024050543 scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model for the gasification of a single char article of coal
    • Y.H. Chang A mathematical model for the gasification of a single char article of coal Int Chem Eng 28 1988 520 526
    • (1988) Int Chem Eng , vol.28 , pp. 520-526
    • Chang, Y.H.1
  • 256
    • 0025023783 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of a single particle during char gasification
    • J.I. Morell, N.R. Amundson, and S.K. Park Dynamics of a single particle during char gasification Chem Eng Sci 45 1990 387 401
    • (1990) Chem Eng Sci , vol.45 , pp. 387-401
    • Morell, J.I.1    Amundson, N.R.2    Park, S.K.3
  • 257
    • 0029510959 scopus 로고
    • A Biomass combustion - Gasification model: Validation and sensitivity analysis
    • D. Fiaschi, N. Bettagli, and U. Desideri A Biomass combustion - gasification model: validation and sensitivity analysis J Energy Resources Technol 117 1995 329 336
    • (1995) J Energy Resources Technol , vol.117 , pp. 329-336
    • Fiaschi, D.1    Bettagli, N.2    Desideri, U.3
  • 259
    • 33645293724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental and numerical study of steam gasification of a single charcoal particle
    • F. Mermoud, F. Golfier, S. Salvador, L. Van de Steene, and J.L. Dirion Experimental and numerical study of steam gasification of a single charcoal particle Combust Flame 145 2006 59 79
    • (2006) Combust Flame , vol.145 , pp. 59-79
    • Mermoud, F.1    Golfier, F.2    Salvador, S.3    Van De Steene, L.4    Dirion, J.L.5
  • 260
    • 0023847022 scopus 로고
    • Extinction phenomena in countercurrent packed-bed coal gasifiers: A simple model for gas production and char conversion rates
    • J.A. Britten Extinction phenomena in countercurrent packed-bed coal gasifiers: a simple model for gas production and char conversion rates Ind Eng Chem Res 27 1988 197 203
    • (1988) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.27 , pp. 197-203
    • Britten, J.A.1
  • 261
    • 77955099306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Char gasification model for circulating fluidized beds
    • Valencia, Spain
    • Gómez-Barea A, Leckner B. Char gasification model for circulating fluidized beds. Proc 16th European Biomass Conference, Valencia, Spain; 2008, pp. 747-55.
    • (2008) Proc 16th European Biomass Conference , pp. 747-755
    • Gómez-Barea Leckner, A.B.1
  • 263
    • 0028468919 scopus 로고
    • Influence of particle residence time distribution on the reactivity in fluidized bed reactors
    • A.B.M. Heesink, J. Klaus, and W.P.M. van Swaaij Influence of particle residence time distribution on the reactivity in fluidized bed reactors Chem Eng Sci 49 1994 2243 2261
    • (1994) Chem Eng Sci , vol.49 , pp. 2243-2261
    • Heesink, A.B.M.1    Klaus, J.2    Van Swaaij, W.P.M.3
  • 264
    • 0018289996 scopus 로고
    • Fluidized bed gasification reactor modeling 2. Effect of the residence time distribution and mixing of particles. Staged bed modelling
    • H.S. Caram, and N.R. Amundson Fluidized bed gasification reactor modeling 2. Effect of the residence time distribution and mixing of particles. Staged bed modelling Ind Eng Chem Proc Des Dev 18 1978 96 102
    • (1978) Ind Eng Chem Proc des Dev , vol.18 , pp. 96-102
    • Caram, H.S.1    Amundson, N.R.2
  • 265
    • 77955110368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of char reaction rate in a fluidised bed gasifier: From reactivity determination to reactor simulation
    • Hamburg, Germany
    • Gómez-Barea A, Leckner B. Evaluation of char reaction rate in a fluidised bed gasifier: from reactivity determination to reactor simulation. Proc 17th European Biomass Conference; 2009. Hamburg, Germany.
    • (2009) Proc 17th European Biomass Conference
    • Gómez-Barea Leckner, A.B.1
  • 267
    • 0029379909 scopus 로고
    • Characterizing fuels for atmospheric fluidized bed combustion
    • G. Marban, J.J. Pis, and A.B. Fuertes Characterizing fuels for atmospheric fluidized bed combustion Combust Flame 103 1995 41 58
    • (1995) Combust Flame , vol.103 , pp. 41-58
    • Marban, G.1    Pis, J.J.2    Fuertes, A.B.3
  • 268
    • 0034226076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluidized bed combustion of a biomass char (Robinia pseudoacacia)
    • F. Scala, P. Salatino, and R. Chirone Fluidized bed combustion of a biomass char (Robinia pseudoacacia) Energy Fuels 14 2000 781 790
    • (2000) Energy Fuels , vol.14 , pp. 781-790
    • Scala, F.1    Salatino, P.2    Chirone, R.3
  • 269
    • 33644516897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combustion and attrition of biomass chars in a fluidized bed
    • DOI 10.1021/ef050102g
    • F. Scala, R. Chirone, and P. Salatino Combustion and attrition of biomass chars in a fluidized bed Energy Fuels 20 2006 91 102 (Pubitemid 43292802)
    • (2006) Energy and Fuels , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-102
    • Scala, F.1    Chirone, R.2    Salatino, P.3
  • 270
    • 84939539349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relevance of attrition on the fate of ashes during fluidized-bed combustion of a biomass
    • R. Chirone, P. Salatino, and F. Scala The relevance of attrition on the fate of ashes during fluidized-bed combustion of a biomass Proc Combust Inst 28 2000 2279 2286
    • (2000) Proc Combust Inst , vol.28 , pp. 2279-2286
    • Chirone, R.1    Salatino, P.2    Scala, F.3
  • 271
    • 33644505451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization and early detection of bed agglomeration during the fluidized bed combustion of olive husk
    • F. Scala, and R. Chirone Characterization and early detection of bed agglomeration during the fluidized bed combustion of olive husk Energy Fuels 20 2006 120 132
    • (2006) Energy Fuels , vol.20 , pp. 120-132
    • Scala, F.1    Chirone, R.2
  • 272
  • 273
    • 0033872124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percolative fragmentation of char particles during gasification
    • B. Feng, and S.K. Bhatia Percolative fragmentation of char particles during gasification Energy Fuels 14 2000 297 307
    • (2000) Energy Fuels , vol.14 , pp. 297-307
    • Feng, B.1    Bhatia, S.K.2
  • 274
    • 0019558657 scopus 로고
    • Carbon fines production and elutriation from the bed of a fluidized coal combustor
    • G. Donsi, L. Massimilla, and M. Miccio Carbon fines production and elutriation from the bed of a fluidized coal combustor Combust Flame 41 1981 57 69
    • (1981) Combust Flame , vol.41 , pp. 57-69
    • Donsi, G.1    Massimilla, L.2    Miccio, M.3
  • 276
    • 0016312269 scopus 로고
    • Particle size reduction and elutriation in a fluidized bed process
    • D. Merrick, and J. Highley Particle size reduction and elutriation in a fluidized bed process AIChE Symp Ser 70 1974 366 378
    • (1974) AIChE Symp ser , vol.70 , pp. 366-378
    • Merrick, D.1    Highley, J.2
  • 277
    • 0021974190 scopus 로고
    • A descriptive model of carbon attrition in the fluidized combustion of coal char
    • DOI 10.1016/0009-2509(85)80127-5
    • P. Salatino, and L. Massimila A descriptive model of carbon attrition in the fluidized combustion of coal char Chem Eng Sci 40 1985 1905 1916 (Pubitemid 15606850)
    • (1985) Chemical Engineering Science , vol.40 , Issue.10 , pp. 1905-1916
    • Salatino, P.1    Massimilla, L.2
  • 278
    • 0029136684 scopus 로고
    • Some issues in modelling bubbling and circulating fluidized-bed coal combustors
    • U. Arena, R. Chirone, M. D'Amore, M. Miccio, and P. Salatino Some issues in modelling bubbling and circulating fluidized-bed coal combustors Powder Technol 82 1995 301 316
    • (1995) Powder Technol , vol.82 , pp. 301-316
    • Arena, U.1    Chirone, R.2    D'Amore, M.3    Miccio, M.4    Salatino, P.5
  • 279
    • 0032277334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluidized bed combustion of a biomass char: The influence of carbon attrition on fixed carbon conversion
    • P. Salatino, F. Scala, and R. Chirone Fluidized bed combustion of a biomass char: the influence of carbon attrition on fixed carbon conversion Proc Symp Combust 27 1996 3103 3110
    • (1996) Proc Symp Combust , vol.27 , pp. 3103-3110
    • Salatino, P.1    Scala, F.2    Chirone, R.3
  • 281
    • 33847638019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attrition-enhanced sulfur capture by limestone particles in fluidized beds
    • J.J. Saastamoinen, and T. Shimizu Attrition-enhanced sulfur capture by limestone particles in fluidized beds Ind Eng Chem Res 46 2007 1079 1090
    • (2007) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.46 , pp. 1079-1090
    • Saastamoinen, J.J.1    Shimizu, T.2
  • 282
    • 77955123354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey of particle attrition phenomena relevant to fluidized bed combustion and gasification of solid fuels
    • Cambridge
    • Salatino P. Survey of particle attrition phenomena relevant to fluidized bed combustion and gasification of solid fuels. Leslie J Ford Lecture - 8th Particle Technology Forum, Cambridge; 2007.
    • (2007) Leslie J Ford Lecture - 8th Particle Technology Forum
    • Salatino, P.1
  • 283
    • 0031148438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass gasification with steam in fluidized bed: Effectiveness of CaO, MgO, and CaO-MgO for hot raw gas cleaning
    • J. Delgado, M.P. Aznar, and J. Corella Biomass gasification with steam in fluidized bed: effectiveness of CaO, MgO, and CaO-MgO for hot raw gas cleaning Ind Eng Chem Res 36 1997 1535 1543
    • (1997) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.36 , pp. 1535-1543
    • Delgado, J.1    Aznar, M.P.2    Corella, J.3
  • 284
    • 0020937904 scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model for stratified downdraft gasifiers
    • T.B. Reed, B. Levie, M.L. Markson, and M.S. Graboski A mathematical model for stratified downdraft gasifiers ACS Div Fuel Chem 28 5 1983 410 420
    • (1983) ACS Div Fuel Chem , vol.28 , Issue.5 , pp. 410-420
    • Reed, T.B.1    Levie, B.2    Markson, M.L.3    Graboski, M.S.4
  • 285
    • 0023366372 scopus 로고
    • Catalytic activity of coal ash on steam methane reforming and water-gas shift reactions
    • W.J. Chen, F.R. Sheu, and R.L. Savage Catalytic activity of coal ash on steam methane reforming and water-gas shift reactions Fuel Proc Technol 16 1987 279 288
    • (1987) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.16 , pp. 279-288
    • Chen, W.J.1    Sheu, F.R.2    Savage, R.L.3
  • 288
    • 0032188467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling of gaseous pollutants emissions in circulating fluidized bed combustion of municipal refuse
    • E. Desroches-Ducarne, J.C. Dolignier, G. Marty, E. Martin, and L. Delfosse Modelling of gaseous pollutants emissions in circulating fluidized bed combustion of municipal refuse Fuel 77 1998 1399 1410
    • (1998) Fuel , vol.77 , pp. 1399-1410
    • Desroches-Ducarne, E.1    Dolignier, J.C.2    Marty, G.3    Martin, E.4    Delfosse, L.5
  • 293
    • 0019070215 scopus 로고
    • Studies of cellular flames in hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures
    • T. Mitani, and F.A. Williams Studies of cellular flames in hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures Combust Flame 39 1980 169 190
    • (1980) Combust Flame , vol.39 , pp. 169-190
    • Mitani, T.1    Williams, F.A.2
  • 294
    • 0034631473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modelling of catalytic combustors fuelled by gasified biomasses
    • G. Groppi, E. Tronconi, P. Forzatti, and M. Berg Mathematical modelling of catalytic combustors fuelled by gasified biomasses Catalysis Today 59 2000 151 162
    • (2000) Catalysis Today , vol.59 , pp. 151-162
    • Groppi, G.1    Tronconi, E.2    Forzatti, P.3    Berg, M.4
  • 295
    • 0033626721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic behaviour of stratified downdraft gasifiers
    • C. Di Blasi Dynamic behaviour of stratified downdraft gasifiers Chem Eng Sci 55 2000 2931 2944
    • (2000) Chem Eng Sci , vol.55 , pp. 2931-2944
    • Di Blasi, C.1
  • 296
    • 0042685738 scopus 로고
    • The simultaneous combustion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide
    • R.T. Haslam The simultaneous combustion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide Ind Eng Chem 15 1923 679 681
    • (1923) Ind Eng Chem , vol.15 , pp. 679-681
    • Haslam, R.T.1
  • 297
    • 0006317569 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of the combustion of pulverized fuel
    • T.V. Vilienskii, and D.M. Hezmalian Dynamics of the combustion of pulverized fuel Energia 11 1978 246 251
    • (1978) Energia , vol.11 , pp. 246-251
    • Vilienskii, T.V.1    Hezmalian, D.M.2
  • 299
    • 0000232265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical modeling of a deep, fixed bed combustor
    • K.M. Bryden, and K.W. Ragland Numerical modeling of a deep, fixed bed combustor Energy Fuels 10 1996 269 275
    • (1996) Energy Fuels , vol.10 , pp. 269-275
    • Bryden, K.M.1    Ragland, K.W.2
  • 300
    • 0024079772 scopus 로고
    • Global reaction schemes for hydrocarbon combustion
    • W.P. Jones, and R.P. Lindstedt Global reaction schemes for hydrocarbon combustion Combust Flame 73 1988 233 249
    • (1988) Combust Flame , vol.73 , pp. 233-249
    • Jones, W.P.1    Lindstedt, R.P.2
  • 301
    • 0021158661 scopus 로고
    • Chemical kinetic modeling of hydrocarbon combustion
    • C.K. Westbrook, and F.L. Dryer Chemical kinetic modeling of hydrocarbon combustion Prog Energy Combust Sci 10 1984 1 57
    • (1984) Prog Energy Combust Sci , vol.10 , pp. 1-57
    • Westbrook, C.K.1    Dryer, F.L.2
  • 303
    • 0018006712 scopus 로고
    • A model for moving bed coal gasification reactors
    • H. Yoon, J. Wei, and M.M. Denn A model for moving bed coal gasification reactors AIChE J 24 1978 885 903
    • (1978) AIChE J , vol.24 , pp. 885-903
    • Yoon, H.1    Wei, J.2    Denn, M.M.3
  • 305
    • 0028480136 scopus 로고
    • Tar formation under different biomass gasification conditions
    • C.M. Kinoshita, Y. Wang, and J. Zhou Tar formation under different biomass gasification conditions J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 29 1994 169 181
    • (1994) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis , vol.29 , pp. 169-181
    • Kinoshita, C.M.1    Wang, Y.2    Zhou, J.3
  • 306
    • 0033986722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tar evaluation profiles obtained from gasification of biomass and coal
    • C. Brage, Q. Yu, G. Chen, and K. Sjöström Tar evaluation profiles obtained from gasification of biomass and coal Biomass Bioenergy 18 2000 87 91
    • (2000) Biomass Bioenergy , vol.18 , pp. 87-91
    • Brage, C.1    Yu, Q.2    Chen, G.3    Sjöström, K.4
  • 307
    • 0003623446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass gasifire ''tars'': Their nature, formation and conversion
    • Milne TA, Abatzoglou N, Evance RJ. Biomass gasifire ''tars'': their nature, formation and conversion. NREL/TP-570-25357; 1998, pp. 1-68.
    • (1998) NREL/TP-570-25357 , pp. 1-68
    • Milne, T.A.1    Abatzoglou, N.2    Evance, R.J.3
  • 308
    • 0037315341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the primary measures for tar elimination in biomass gasification processes
    • L. Devi, K.J. Ptasinski, and F.J.J.G. Janssen A review of the primary measures for tar elimination in biomass gasification processes Biomass and Bioenergy 24 2002 125 140
    • (2002) Biomass and Bioenergy , vol.24 , pp. 125-140
    • Devi, L.1    Ptasinski, K.J.2    Janssen, F.J.J.G.3
  • 309
    • 0004659267 scopus 로고
    • Pyrolysis and steam gasification of biomass in fluidized beds: Influence of the type and location of the biomass feeding point on the product distribution
    • J. Corella, J. Herguido, and F.J. Alday Pyrolysis and steam gasification of biomass in fluidized beds: influence of the type and location of the biomass feeding point on the product distribution A.V. Bridgwater, J.L. Kuester, Research in thermochemical biomass conversion 1988 Elsevier Applied Science London 384 398
    • (1988) Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion , pp. 384-398
    • Corella, J.1    Herguido, J.2    Alday, F.J.3
  • 312
    • 0033751355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steam-gasification of biomass in a fluidised-bed of olivine particles
    • S. Rapagna, N. Jand, A. Kiennemann, and P.U. Foscolo Steam-gasification of biomass in a fluidised-bed of olivine particles Biomass Bioenergy 19 2000 187 197
    • (2000) Biomass Bioenergy , vol.19 , pp. 187-197
    • Rapagna, S.1    Jand, N.2    Kiennemann, A.3    Foscolo, P.U.4
  • 313
    • 2942589182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olivine or dolomite as in-bed additive in biomass gasification with air in a fluidized bed: Which is better?
    • J. Corella, J.M. Toledo, and R. Padilla Olivine or dolomite as in-bed additive in biomass gasification with air in a fluidized bed: which is better? Energy Fuels 18 2004 713 720
    • (2004) Energy Fuels , vol.18 , pp. 713-720
    • Corella, J.1    Toledo, J.M.2    Padilla, R.3
  • 314
    • 41949111270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental comparison of biomass chars with other catalyst for tar reduction
    • Z. Abu El-Rub, E.A. Bramer, and G. Brem Experimental comparison of biomass chars with other catalyst for tar reduction Fuel 87 2008 2243 2252
    • (2008) Fuel , vol.87 , pp. 2243-2252
    • Abu El-Rub, Z.1    Bramer, E.A.2    Brem, G.3
  • 315
    • 6344277102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of catalysts for tar elimination in biomass gasification processes
    • Z. Abu El-Rub, E.A. Bramer, and G. Brem Review of catalysts for tar elimination in biomass gasification processes Ind Eng Chem Res 43 2004 6911 6919
    • (2004) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.43 , pp. 6911-6919
    • Abu El-Rub, Z.1    Bramer, E.A.2    Brem, G.3
  • 316
    • 0035856408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification
    • D. Sutton, B. Kelleher, and J.R.H. Ross Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification Fuel Proc Technol 73 2001 155 173
    • (2001) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.73 , pp. 155-173
    • Sutton, D.1    Kelleher, B.2    Ross, J.R.H.3
  • 319
    • 33845282907 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of the pyrolysis of biomass. 1. Fundamentals
    • R.J. Evans, and T.A. Milne Molecular characterization of the pyrolysis of biomass. 1. Fundamentals Energy Fuels 1 1987 123 137
    • (1987) Energy Fuels , vol.1 , pp. 123-137
    • Evans, R.J.1    Milne, T.A.2
  • 321
    • 77955100122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An advanced model for the prediction of tar content in the product gas from biomass steam gasification
    • G. Fiorenza, J. Canonaco, G. Galvagno, and S. Braccio An advanced model for the prediction of tar content in the product gas from biomass steam gasification A.V. Bridgwater, Success and visions for bioenergy 2007 CPL Press Newbury 978-1-872691-28-2
    • (2007) Success and Visions for Bioenergy
    • Fiorenza, G.1    Canonaco, J.2    Galvagno, G.3    Braccio, S.4
  • 323
    • 36649019393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reduction and control technology of tar during biomass gasification/pyrolysis: An overview
    • J. Han, and H. Kim The reduction and control technology of tar during biomass gasification/pyrolysis: an overview Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12 2008 397 416
    • (2008) Renew Sustain Energy Rev , vol.12 , pp. 397-416
    • Han, J.1    Kim, H.2
  • 324
    • 40249084931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical investigation of the partial oxidation in a two-stage downdraft gasifier
    • L. Gerun, M. Paraschiv, R. Vijeu, J. Bellettre, M. Tazerout, and B. Gobel Numerical investigation of the partial oxidation in a two-stage downdraft gasifier Fuel 87 2008 1383 1393
    • (2008) Fuel , vol.87 , pp. 1383-1393
    • Gerun, L.1    Paraschiv, M.2    Vijeu, R.3    Bellettre, J.4    Tazerout, M.5    Gobel, B.6
  • 325
    • 0037332516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the thermal destruction of toluene as tar-related species for fuel-gas cleanup
    • G. Taralas, M. Kontominas, and X. Kakatsios Modeling the thermal destruction of toluene as tar-related species for fuel-gas cleanup Energy Fuels 17 2003 329 337
    • (2003) Energy Fuels , vol.17 , pp. 329-337
    • Taralas, G.1    Kontominas, M.2    Kakatsios, X.3
  • 326
    • 0030408195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catalytic upgrading of tarry fuel gases: A kinetic study with model components
    • A. Jess Catalytic upgrading of tarry fuel gases: a kinetic study with model components Chem Eng Process 35 1996 487 494
    • (1996) Chem Eng Process , vol.35 , pp. 487-494
    • Jess, A.1
  • 327
    • 0037055072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the modeling of the kinetics of the catalytic tar elimination in biomass gasification
    • J. Corella, J.M. Toledo, and M.P. Aznar Improving the modeling of the kinetics of the catalytic tar elimination in biomass gasification Ind Eng Chem Res 41 2002 3351 3356
    • (2002) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.41 , pp. 3351-3356
    • Corella, J.1    Toledo, J.M.2    Aznar, M.P.3
  • 328
    • 0038649809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two advanced models for the kinetics of the variation of the tar composition in its catalytic elimination in biomass gasification
    • J. Corella, M.A. Caballero, M.P. Aznar, and C. Brage Two advanced models for the kinetics of the variation of the tar composition in its catalytic elimination in biomass gasification Ind Eng Chem Res 42 2003 3001 3011
    • (2003) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.42 , pp. 3001-3011
    • Corella, J.1    Caballero, M.A.2    Aznar, M.P.3    Brage, C.4
  • 329
    • 30344451120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling circulating fluidized bed biomass gasifiers. Results from a pseudo-rigorous 1-dimensional model for stationary state
    • A. Sanz, and J. Corella Modeling circulating fluidized bed biomass gasifiers. Results from a pseudo-rigorous 1-dimensional model for stationary state Fuel Proc Technol 87 2006 247 258
    • (2006) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.87 , pp. 247-258
    • Sanz, A.1    Corella, J.2
  • 330
    • 33746302283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculation of the conditions to get less than 2 g tar/mn3 in a fluidized bed biomass gasifier
    • J. Corella, J.M. Toledo, and G. Molina Calculation of the conditions to get less than 2 g tar/mn3 in a fluidized bed biomass gasifier Fuel Proc Technol 87 2006 841 846
    • (2006) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.87 , pp. 841-846
    • Corella, J.1    Toledo, J.M.2    Molina, G.3
  • 332
    • 0035420090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cracking reactions of tar from pyrolysis of spruce wood
    • J. Rath, and G. Staudinger Cracking reactions of tar from pyrolysis of spruce wood Fuel 80 2001 1379 1389
    • (2001) Fuel , vol.80 , pp. 1379-1389
    • Rath, J.1    Staudinger, G.2
  • 333
    • 0029276857 scopus 로고
    • Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics: The current state of knowledge
    • M.J. Antal Jr., and G. Varhegyi Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics: the current state of knowledge Ind Eng Chem Res 34 1995 703 717
    • (1995) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.34 , pp. 703-717
    • Antal Jr., M.J.1    Varhegyi, G.2
  • 334
    • 84972876941 scopus 로고
    • A kinetic model for the production of liquids from the flash pyrolysis of biomass
    • A.G. Liden, F. Berruti, and D.S. Scott A kinetic model for the production of liquids from the flash pyrolysis of biomass Chem Eng Commun 65 1988 207 221
    • (1988) Chem Eng Commun , vol.65 , pp. 207-221
    • Liden, A.G.1    Berruti, F.2    Scott, D.S.3
  • 335
    • 0029256183 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic study of the flash pyrolysis of municipal waste in a fluidized bed at high temperature
    • A.N. García, R. Font, and A. Marcilla Kinetic study of the flash pyrolysis of municipal waste in a fluidized bed at high temperature J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 31 1995 101 121
    • (1995) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis , vol.31 , pp. 101-121
    • García, A.N.1    Font, R.2    Marcilla, A.3
  • 336
    • 0031188198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrolysis kinetics of almond shells and olive stones considering their organic fractions
    • J.A. Caballero, J.A. Conesa, R. Font, and A. Marcilla Pyrolysis kinetics of almond shells and olive stones considering their organic fractions J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 42 1997 159 175
    • (1997) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis , vol.42 , pp. 159-175
    • Caballero, J.A.1    Conesa, J.A.2    Font, R.3    Marcilla, A.4
  • 337
    • 0015566014 scopus 로고
    • Combustion rate of bituminous coal char in the temperature range 800 to 1700 K
    • G.D. Sergeant, and I.W. Smith Combustion rate of bituminous coal char in the temperature range 800 to 1700 K Fuel 52 1973 52 77
    • (1973) Fuel , vol.52 , pp. 52-77
    • Sergeant, G.D.1    Smith, I.W.2
  • 342
    • 10144230091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The continuous self stirred tank reactor: Measurement of the cracking kinetics of biomass pyrolysis vapours
    • S. Baumlin, F. Broust, M. Ferrer, N. Meunier, E. Marty, and J. Lédé The continuous self stirred tank reactor: measurement of the cracking kinetics of biomass pyrolysis vapours Chem Eng Sci 60 2005 41 55
    • (2005) Chem Eng Sci , vol.60 , pp. 41-55
    • Baumlin, S.1    Broust, F.2    Ferrer, M.3    Meunier, N.4    Marty, E.5    Lédé, J.6
  • 344
    • 0031229441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of different dolomites on hot raw gas cleaning from biomass gasification with air
    • A. Orío, J. Corella, and I. Narváez Performance of different dolomites on hot raw gas cleaning from biomass gasification with air Ind Eng Chem Res 36 1997 3800 3808
    • (1997) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.36 , pp. 3800-3808
    • Orío, A.1    Corella, J.2    Narváez, I.3
  • 345
    • 0031078237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fresh tar (from a biomass gasifier) elimination over a commercial steam-reforming catalyst. Kinetics and effect of different variables of operation
    • I. Narváez, J. Corella, and A. Orío Fresh tar (from a biomass gasifier) elimination over a commercial steam-reforming catalyst. Kinetics and effect of different variables of operation Ind Eng Chem Res 36 1997 317 327
    • (1997) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.36 , pp. 317-327
    • Narváez, I.1    Corella, J.2    Orío, A.3
  • 346
    • 0032105553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commercial steam reforming catalysts to improve biomass gasification with steam-oxygen mixtures. 2. Catalytic tar removal
    • M.P. Aznar, M.A. Caballero, J. Gil, J.A. Martín, and J. Corella Commercial steam reforming catalysts to improve biomass gasification with steam-oxygen mixtures. 2. Catalytic tar removal Ind Eng Chem Res 37 1998 2668 2680
    • (1998) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.37 , pp. 2668-2680
    • Aznar, M.P.1    Caballero, M.A.2    Gil, J.3    Martín, J.A.4    Corella, J.5
  • 347
    • 45449109489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational fluid dynamics modeling of coal gasification in a pressurized spout-fluid bed
    • Z. Deng, R. Xiao, B. Jin, H. Huang, L. Shen, and Q. Song Computational fluid dynamics modeling of coal gasification in a pressurized spout-fluid bed Energy Fuels 22 2008 1560 1569
    • (2008) Energy Fuels , vol.22 , pp. 1560-1569
    • Deng, Z.1    Xiao, R.2    Jin, B.3    Huang, H.4    Shen, L.5    Song, Q.6
  • 348
    • 77955119206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of biomass gasification in fluidized beds using computational fluid dynamics approach
    • D. Sofialidis, and O. Faltsi Simulation of biomass gasification in fluidized beds using computational fluid dynamics approach Thermal Science 5 2001 95 105
    • (2001) Thermal Science , vol.5 , pp. 95-105
    • Sofialidis, D.1    Faltsi, O.2
  • 349
    • 84904800481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Euler-Euler and Euler-Lagrange modeling of wood gasification in fluidized beds
    • Werther J, Nowak W, Wirth K-E, Hartge E-U, editors
    • Oevermann M, Gerber S, Behrendt F. Euler-Euler and Euler-Lagrange modeling of wood gasification in fluidized beds. In Werther J, Nowak W, Wirth K-E, Hartge E-U, editors, Proceedings of 9th Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology; 2008, pp. 733-40.
    • (2008) Proceedings of 9th Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology , pp. 733-740
    • Oevermann, M.1    Gerber, S.2    Behrendt, F.3
  • 350
    • 49249129160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CFD modeling of a fluidized bed sewage sludge gasifier for syngas
    • Y. Wang, and L. Yan CFD modeling of a fluidized bed sewage sludge gasifier for syngas Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng 3 2008 161 170
    • (2008) Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng , vol.3 , pp. 161-170
    • Wang, Y.1    Yan, L.2
  • 351
    • 0035419431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of numerical modeling in the design and scale-up of entrained flow coal gasifiers
    • C. Chen, M. Horio, and T. Kojima Use of numerical modeling in the design and scale-up of entrained flow coal gasifiers Fuel 80 2001 1513 1523
    • (2001) Fuel , vol.80 , pp. 1513-1523
    • Chen, C.1    Horio, M.2    Kojima, T.3
  • 352
    • 46749158235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review CFD studies on biomass thermochemical conversion
    • Y. Wang, and L. Yan Review CFD studies on biomass thermochemical conversion Int J Mol Sci 9 2008 1108 1130
    • (2008) Int J Mol Sci , vol.9 , pp. 1108-1130
    • Wang, Y.1    Yan, L.2
  • 353
    • 0034163075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A CFD based combustion model of an entrained flow biomass gasifier
    • D.F. Fletcher, B.S. Haynes, F.C. Christo, and S.D. Joseph A CFD based combustion model of an entrained flow biomass gasifier Appl Math Model 24 2000 165 182
    • (2000) Appl Math Model , vol.24 , pp. 165-182
    • Fletcher, D.F.1    Haynes, B.S.2    Christo, F.C.3    Joseph, S.D.4
  • 355
    • 0034599947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Granular dynamics simulation of segregation phenomena in bubbling gas-fluidized beds
    • B.P.B. Hoomans, J.A.M. Kuipers, and W.P.M. van Swaaij Granular dynamics simulation of segregation phenomena in bubbling gas-fluidized beds Powder Technol 109 2000 41 48
    • (2000) Powder Technol , vol.109 , pp. 41-48
    • Hoomans, B.P.B.1    Kuipers, J.A.M.2    Van Swaaij, W.P.M.3
  • 357
    • 0842281610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verification and validation of CFD models and dynamic similarity for fluidized beds
    • J.R. Grace, and F. Taghipour Verification and validation of CFD models and dynamic similarity for fluidized beds Powder Technol 139 2004 99 110
    • (2004) Powder Technol , vol.139 , pp. 99-110
    • Grace, J.R.1    Taghipour, F.2
  • 358
    • 33645648980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrated mathematical model of fluid dynamics, heat transfer and reaction kinetics for fluidized bed gasification of sorghum DDG
    • Wang L, Weller CL, Hanna MA. An integrated mathematical model of fluid dynamics, heat transfer and reaction kinetics for fluidized bed gasification of sorghum DDG. Proc AIChE Annual Meeting; 2005, pp. 4206-22.
    • (2005) Proc AIChE Annual Meeting , pp. 4206-4222
    • Wang, L.1    Weller, C.L.2    Hanna, M.A.3
  • 359
    • 56349106104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of biomass gasification in fluidized bed reactor using ASPEN PLUS
    • M.B. Nikoo, and N. Mahinpey Simulation of biomass gasification in fluidized bed reactor using ASPEN PLUS Biomass Bioenergy 32 2008 1245 1254
    • (2008) Biomass Bioenergy , vol.32 , pp. 1245-1254
    • Nikoo, M.B.1    Mahinpey, N.2
  • 360
    • 0036016050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two phase biomass air-steam gasification model for fluidized bed reactors: Part II - Model sensitivity
    • S.S. Sadaka, A.E. Ghaly, and M.A. Sabbah Two phase biomass air-steam gasification model for fluidized bed reactors: Part II - model sensitivity Biomass Bioenergy 22 2002 463 477
    • (2002) Biomass Bioenergy , vol.22 , pp. 463-477
    • Sadaka, S.S.1    Ghaly, A.E.2    Sabbah, M.A.3
  • 361
    • 0036016053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two phase biomass air-steam gasification model for fluidized bed reactors: Part III - Model validation
    • S.S. Sadaka, A.E. Ghaly, and M.A. Sabbah Two phase biomass air-steam gasification model for fluidized bed reactors: Part III - model validation Biomass Bioenergy 22 2002 479 487
    • (2002) Biomass Bioenergy , vol.22 , pp. 479-487
    • Sadaka, S.S.1    Ghaly, A.E.2    Sabbah, M.A.3
  • 362
    • 0019625126 scopus 로고
    • Mathematical model for the fluid-bed gasification of biomass materials. Application to feedlot manure
    • P. Raman, W.P. Walawender, L.T. Fan, and C.C. Chang Mathematical model for the fluid-bed gasification of biomass materials. Application to feedlot manure Ind Eng Chem Process Des Dev 20 1981 686 692
    • (1981) Ind Eng Chem Process des Dev , vol.20 , pp. 686-692
    • Raman, P.1    Walawender, W.P.2    Fan, L.T.3    Chang, C.C.4
  • 364
    • 0001431041 scopus 로고
    • Steam gasification of biomass in fluidized bed-effect of the type of feedstock
    • J. Corella, J. Herguido, and J. Gonzalez-Saiz Steam gasification of biomass in fluidized bed-effect of the type of feedstock G.L. Ferrero, K. Maniatis, A. Buekens, A.V. Bridgwater, Pyrolysis and gasification 1989 Elsevier Applied Science London 618 623
    • (1989) Pyrolysis and Gasification , pp. 618-623
    • Corella, J.1    Herguido, J.2    Gonzalez-Saiz, J.3
  • 366
    • 0036466567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O emissions from biomass-fired circulating fluidized bed combustors
    • 2O emissions from biomass-fired circulating fluidized bed combustors Fuel 81 2002 271 280
    • (2002) Fuel , vol.81 , pp. 271-280
    • Liu, H.1    Gibbs, B.M.2
  • 368
    • 44649192648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model for biomass char combustion in the riser of a dual fluidized bed gasification unit: Part 1 - Model development and sensitivity analysis
    • P. Kaushal, T. Pröll, and H. Hofbauer Model for biomass char combustion in the riser of a dual fluidized bed gasification unit: Part 1 - model development and sensitivity analysis Fuel Proc Technol 84 2008 651 659
    • (2008) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.84 , pp. 651-659
    • Kaushal, P.1    Pröll, T.2    Hofbauer, H.3
  • 369
    • 1842453639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass gasification in a circulating fluidized bed-Part I: Preliminary experiments and modelling development
    • G. Chen, H. Spliethoff, J. Andries, M.P. Glazer, and L.B. Yang Biomass gasification in a circulating fluidized bed-Part I: preliminary experiments and modelling development Energy Sources 26 2004 485 498
    • (2004) Energy Sources , vol.26 , pp. 485-498
    • Chen, G.1    Spliethoff, H.2    Andries, J.3    Glazer, M.P.4    Yang, L.B.5
  • 370
    • 0033715563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modeling of a fluidized bed rice husk gasifier: Part III - Model verification
    • K.G. Mansaray, A.M. Al-Taweel, A.E. Ghaly, F. Hamdullahpur, and V.I. Ugursal Mathematical modeling of a fluidized bed rice husk gasifier: Part III - model verification Energy Sources 22 2000 281 296
    • (2000) Energy Sources , vol.22 , pp. 281-296
    • Mansaray, K.G.1    Al-Taweel, A.M.2    Ghaly, A.E.3    Hamdullahpur, F.4    Ugursal, V.I.5
  • 372
    • 0033687370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modelling of a fluidized bed rice husk gasifier: Part II - Model sensitivity
    • K.G. Mansaray, A.M. Al-Taweel, A.E. Ghaly, F. Hamdullahpur, and V.I. Ugursal Mathematical modelling of a fluidized bed rice husk gasifier: Part II - model sensitivity Energy Sources 22 2000 167 185
    • (2000) Energy Sources , vol.22 , pp. 167-185
    • Mansaray, K.G.1    Al-Taweel, A.M.2    Ghaly, A.E.3    Hamdullahpur, F.4    Ugursal, V.I.5
  • 373
    • 34248664680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new version of CSFB, comprehensive simulator for fluidised bed equipment
    • M.L. Souza-Santos A new version of CSFB, comprehensive simulator for fluidised bed equipment Fuel 86 2007 1684 1709
    • (2007) Fuel , vol.86 , pp. 1684-1709
    • Souza-Santos, M.L.1
  • 374
    • 59349111174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CSFB applied to fluidized-bed gasification of special fuels
    • M.L. Souza-Santos CSFB applied to fluidized-bed gasification of special fuels Fuel 88 2008 826 833
    • (2008) Fuel , vol.88 , pp. 826-833
    • Souza-Santos, M.L.1
  • 375
    • 70350103883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive simulator (CSFMB) applied to circulating fluidized bed boilers and gasifiers
    • M.L. Souza-Santos Comprehensive simulator (CSFMB) applied to circulating fluidized bed boilers and gasifiers Open Chem Eng J 2 2008 106 118
    • (2008) Open Chem Eng J , vol.2 , pp. 106-118
    • Souza-Santos, M.L.1
  • 376
    • 77955230511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CSFMB
    • CSFMB: www.csfmb.com.
  • 377
    • 0346991459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design approach for a biomass fed fluidized bed gasifier using the simulation software CSFB
    • P.J. van den Enden, and E. Silva Design approach for a biomass fed fluidized bed gasifier using the simulation software CSFB Biomass Bioenergy 26 2004 281 287
    • (2004) Biomass Bioenergy , vol.26 , pp. 281-287
    • Van Den Enden, P.J.1    Silva, E.2
  • 378
    • 0026878478 scopus 로고
    • Air gasification of peat, wood and brown coal in a pressurized fluidized-bed reactor. I. Carbon conversion, gas yields and tar formation
    • E. Kurkela, and P. Sthlberg Air gasification of peat, wood and brown coal in a pressurized fluidized-bed reactor. I. Carbon conversion, gas yields and tar formation Fuel Proc Technol 31 1992 1 21
    • (1992) Fuel Proc Technol , vol.31 , pp. 1-21
    • Kurkela, E.1    Sthlberg, P.2
  • 379
    • 0012605511 scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamics of gas-char reactions
    • R. Desrosiers Thermodynamics of gas-char reactions T.B. Reed, A survey of biomass gasification 1979 Solar Energy Research Institute Colorado
    • (1979) A Survey of Biomass Gasification
    • Desrosiers, R.1
  • 381
    • 0035203114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium modelling of gasification: A free energy minimization approach and its application to a circulating fluidized bed coal gasifier
    • X. Li, J.R. Grace, A.P. Watkinson, C.J. Lim, and A. Ergüdenler Equilibrium modelling of gasification: a free energy minimization approach and its application to a circulating fluidized bed coal gasifier Fuel 80 2001 195 207
    • (2001) Fuel , vol.80 , pp. 195-207
    • Li, X.1    Grace, J.R.2    Watkinson, A.P.3    Lim, C.J.4    Ergüdenler, A.5
  • 382
    • 31544457114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic limits and actual product yields and compositions in biomass gasification processes
    • N. Jand, V. Brandani, and P.U. Foscolo Thermodynamic limits and actual product yields and compositions in biomass gasification processes Ind Eng Chem Res 45 2006 834 843
    • (2006) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.45 , pp. 834-843
    • Jand, N.1    Brandani, V.2    Foscolo, P.U.3
  • 384
    • 0026136009 scopus 로고
    • A prediction of performance of commercial coal gasifiers
    • A.P. Watkinson, J.P. Lucas, and C.J. Lim A prediction of performance of commercial coal gasifiers Fuel 70 1991 519 527
    • (1991) Fuel , vol.70 , pp. 519-527
    • Watkinson, A.P.1    Lucas, J.P.2    Lim, C.J.3
  • 385
    • 0026188662 scopus 로고
    • Chemical equilibrium computations for gasification of biomass to produce methanol
    • C.M. Kinoshita, Y. Wang, and P.K. Takahashi Chemical equilibrium computations for gasification of biomass to produce methanol Energy Sources 13 1991 361 368
    • (1991) Energy Sources , vol.13 , pp. 361-368
    • Kinoshita, C.M.1    Wang, Y.2    Takahashi, P.K.3
  • 386
    • 5644233837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modeling of a fluidized bed straw gasifier: Part I - Model development
    • A. Ergüdenler, A.E. Ghaly, F. Hamdullahpur, and A.M. Al-Taweel Matematical modelling of fluidized bed straw gasifier: Part I - model development Energy Sources 19 1997 1065 1084 (Pubitemid 127616307)
    • (1997) Energy Sources , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 1065-1084
    • Ergudenler, A.1    Ghaly, A.E.2    Hamdullahpur, F.3    Al-Taweel, A.M.4
  • 387
    • 5644225682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modeling of a fluidized bed straw gasifier: Part II - Model sensitivity
    • A. Ergüdenler, A.E. Ghaly, F. Hamdullahpur, and A.M. Al-Taweel Matematical modelling of fluidized bed straw gasifier: Part II - model sensitivity Energy Sources 19 1997 1085 1098 (Pubitemid 127616308)
    • (1997) Energy Sources , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 1085-1098
    • Ergudenler, A.1    Ghaly, A.E.2    Hamdullahpur, F.3    Al-Taweel, A.M.4
  • 388
    • 0031357856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical modeling of a fluidized bed straw gasifier: Part III - Model verification
    • A. Ergüdenler, A.E. Ghaly, F. Hamdullahpur, and A.M. Al-Taweel Mathematical modelling of fluidized bed straw gasifier: Part III - model verification Energy Sources 19 1997 1099 1121 (Pubitemid 127616309)
    • (1997) Energy Sources , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 1099-1121
    • Ergudenler, A.1    Ghaly, A.E.2    Hamdullahpur, F.3    Al-Taweel, A.M.4
  • 389
    • 0035284940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomass steam gasification an extensive parametric modeling study
    • G. Schuster, G. Löffler, K. Weigl, and H. Hofbauer Biomass steam gasification an extensive parametric modeling study Bioresource Technol 77 2001 71 79
    • (2001) Bioresource Technol , vol.77 , pp. 71-79
    • Schuster, G.1    Löffler, G.2    Weigl, K.3    Hofbauer, H.4
  • 390
    • 0036591746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance analysis of a biomass gasifier
    • P. Mathieu, and R. Dubuisson Performance analysis of a biomass gasifier Energ Conv Manag 43 2002 1291 1299
    • (2002) Energ Conv Manag , vol.43 , pp. 1291-1299
    • Mathieu, P.1    Dubuisson, R.2
  • 392
    • 16344375471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pilot plant gasification of olive stone: A technical assessment
    • A. Gómez-Barea, R. Arjona, and P. Ollero Pilot plant gasification of olive stone: a technical assessment Energy Fuels 19 2005 598 605
    • (2005) Energy Fuels , vol.19 , pp. 598-605
    • Gómez-Barea, A.1    Arjona, R.2    Ollero, P.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.