Cytoprotective effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid or squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative injury: An experimental study on rat myocardium, testicles and urinary bladder

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 48, Issue 8-9, 2010, Pages 2326-2336

  Motawi, Tarek M K ^a   Sadik, Nermin A H ^a   Refaat, Ayat ^a  

^a CAIRO UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Cyclophosphamide; Heart; Lipoic acid; Squalene; Testes; Urinary bladder

Indexed keywords

ACID PHOSPHATASE; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ANTIOXIDANT; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CALCIUM ION; CREATINE KINASE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; HEMOGLOBIN; IDITOL DEHYDROGENASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MALONALDEHYDE; NITRIC OXIDE; SQUALENE; TESTOSTERONE; THIOCTIC ACID; ALKYLATING AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CALCIUM;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BLADDER INJURY; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOTOXICITY; CELL PROTECTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EFFICACY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HEART MUSCLE INJURY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; MALE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RAT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SURVIVAL RATE; TESTIS INJURY; WEIGHT GAIN; ANIMAL; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; BLADDER; CELL SURVIVAL; DRUG EFFECTS; HEART MUSCLE; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; SURVIVAL; TESTIS; TOXICITY; WISTAR RAT;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, ALKYLATING; ANTIOXIDANTS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BODY WEIGHT; CALCIUM; CELL SURVIVAL; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; MALE; MYOCARDIUM; NITRIC OXIDE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RATS; RATS, WISTAR; SQUALENE; SURVIVAL; TESTIS; THIOCTIC ACID; URINARY BLADDER;

RATTUS; RATTUS NORVEGICUS;

EID: 77955050262     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.067     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Abraham P., Sugumar E. Increased glutathione levels and activity of PON1 (phenyl acetate esterase) in the liver of rats after a single dose of cyclophosphamide: a defense mechanism?. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2008, 59(5):301-306.
2. Alderman M., Aiyer K.J. Uric acid: role in cardiovascular disease and effects of losartan. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2004, 20:369-379.
3. Anderson D., Bishop J.B., Garner R.C., Ostrosky-Wegman P., Selby P.B. Cyclophosphamide: review of its mutagenicity for an assessment of potential germ cell risks. Mutat. Res. 1995, 330:115-181.
4. Angulo I., Jimenez-Diaz M.B., Garcia-Bustos J.F., Gargallo D., de las Heras F.G., Munoz-Fernandez M.A., Fresno M. Candida albicans infection enhances immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide by selective priming of suppressive myeloid progenitors for NO production. Cell. Immunol. 2002, 218:46-58.
5. Antozzi C., Zeviani M. Cardiomyopathies in disorders of oxidative metabolism. Cardiovasc. Res. 1997, 35:184-199.
6. Arikketh D., Niranjali S., Devaraj H. Detection of acrolein-lysine adducts in plasma low-density lipoprotein and in aorta of cyclophosphamide-administered rats. Arch. Toxicol. 2004, 78:397-401.
7. Arumugam N., Sivakumar V., Thanislass J., Devaraj H. Effects of acrolein on rat liver antioxidant defense system. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1997, 35:1373-1374.
8. Ayhanci A., Yaman S., Sahinturk V., Uyar R., Bayramoglu G., Senturk H., Altuner Y., Appak S., Gunes S. Protective effect of seleno-l-methionine on cyclophosphamide-induced urinary bladder toxicity in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2010, 134(1):98-108.
9. Benzie I.F., Strain J.J. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of " antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem. 1996, 239(1):70-76.
10. Beutler E., Duran O., Kelly B.M. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1963, 61:882-888.
11. Beyer-Boon M.E., De Voogt H.J., Shaberg A. The effects of cyclophosphamide treatment on the epithelium and stroma of the urinary bladder. Eur. J. Cancer 1978, 14:1029-1035.
12. Bhatia K., Kaur M., Atif F., Ali M., Rehman H., Rahman S., Raisuddin S. Aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. ameliorates additive urotoxicity of buthionine sulfoximine and cyclophosphamide in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006, 44(10):1744-1750.
13. Bigger J.T., Heller C.A., Wenger T.L., Weld F.M. Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 1978, 42:202-210.
14. Bishel M.D. CTX haemorrhagic cystitus following prolonged low dose therapy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1979, 20:238.
15. Branda R.F., Brooks E.M., Chen Z., Naud S.J., Nicklas J.A. Dietary modulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions and copy number after chemotherapy in rats. Mutat. Res. 2002, 501:29-36.
16. Buhl S.N., Jackson K.Y. Optimal conditions and comparisons of lactate dehydrogenase catalysis of the lactate to pyruvate and pyruvate to lactate reactions in human serum at 25, 30 and 37°C. Clin. Chem. 1978, 24:828-831.
17. Buja L.M., Ferrans V.J., Graw R.G. Cardiac pathologic findings in patients treated with bone marrow transplantation. Hum. Pathol. 1976, 7:17-45.
18. Caraway W.T. Uric acid. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry 1963, vol. 4:239-247. Academic Press, New York.
19. Chauncey B., Leite M.V., Goldstein L. Renal sorbitol accumulation and associated enzyme activities in diabetes. Enzyme 1988, 39(4):231-234.
20. Ciralik H., Bulbuloglu M.D., Centinkaya A., Kurutas E.B., Celik M., Polat A. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on methotrexate-induced small intestinal damage. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 2006, 73:1086-1092.
21. Das U.B., Mallick M., Debnath J.M., Ghosh D. Protective effect of ascorbic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular gametogenic and androgenic disorders in male rats. Asian J. Androl. 2002, 4:201-207.
22. Das A., Banik N.L., Ray S.K. Garlic compounds generate reactive oxygen species leading to activation of stress kinases and cysteine proteases for apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells. Cancer 2007, 110(5):1083-1095.
23. Davis L., Kuttan G. Effect of Withania somnifera on cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity. Cancer Lett. 2000, 148:9-17.
24. De Sousa E., Veksler V., Minajeva A., Kaasik A., Mateo P., Mayoux E., Hoerter J., Bigard X., Serrurier B., Ventura-Clapier R. Subcellular creatine kinase alterations. Implications in heart failure. Circ. Res. 1999, 85:68-76.
25. Fan S., Ho I., Yeoh F.L., Lin C., Lee T. Squalene inhibits sodium arsenite-induced sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells. Mutat. Res. 1996, 368:165-169.
26. Ford I., Cotter M.A., Cameron N.E., Greaves M. The effects of treatment with alpha-lipoic acid or evening primrose oil on vascular hemostatic and lipid risk factors, blood flow, and peripheral nerve conduction in the streptozotocindiabetic rat. Metabolism 2001, 50:868-875.
27. Fraiser L.H., Kanekel S., Kehrer J.P. Cyclophosphamide toxicity. Characterizing and avoiding the problem. Drugs 1991, 42:781-795.
28. Gardner S.F., Lazarus H.M., Bednarczyk E.M., Creger R.J., Miraldi F.D., Leisure G., Green J.A. High-dose cyclophosphamide-induced myocardial damage during BMT: assessment by positron emission tomography. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1993, 12:139-144.
29. Ghosh D., Das U.B., Ghosh S., Mallick M., Debnath J. Testicular gametogenic and steroidogenic activities in cyclophosphamide treated rat: a correlative study with testicular oxidative stress. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2002, 25:281-292.
30. Gibson C.M., Pinto D.S., Murphy S.A., Morrow D.A., Hobbach H.P., Wiviott S.D., Giugliano R.P., Cannon C.P., Antman E.M., Braunwald E. Association of creatinine and creatinine clearance on presentation in acute myocardial infarction with subsequent mortality. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003, 5:1535-1543.
31. Goldberg M.A., Antin J.H., Guinan E.C., Rappeport J.M. Cyclophosphamide cardiotoxicity: an analysis of doing as a risk factor. Blood 1986, 68:1114-1118.
32. Gottdiener J.S., Appelbaum F.R., Ferrans V.J., Deisseroth A., Ziegler J. Cardiotoxicity associated with high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy. Arch. Intern. Med. 1981, 141:758-763.
33. Gray K.J., Engelmann U.H., Johnson E.H., Fishman I.J. Evaluation of misoprostol cytoprotection of the bladder with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) therapy. J. Urol. 1986, 136(2):497-500.
34. Gwathmey J.K., Kim C.S., Hajjar R.J., Khan F., DiSalvo T.G., Matsumori A., Bristow M.R. Cellular and molecular remodeling in a heart failure model treated with the beta-blocker carteolol. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 276:H1678-H1690.
35. Han D., Handelman G., Marcocci L., Sen C.K., Roy S., Kobuchi H., Tritschler H.J., Flohe L., Packer L. Lipoic acid increases de novo synthesis of cellular glutathione by improving cystine utilization. Biofactors 1997, 6:321-338.
36. Haque R., Bin-Hafeez B., Parvez S., Pandey S. Aqueous extract of walnut (Juglans regia L.) protects mice against cyclophosphamide induced biochemical toxicity. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2003, 22:473-480.
37. Haramaki N., Han D., Handelman G.J., Tritschler H.J., Packer L. Cytosolic and mitochondrial systems for NADH- and NADPH-dependent reduction of alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1997, 22:535-542.
38. Hodgen G.D., Sherins R.J. Enzymes as markers of testicular growth and development in the rat. Endocrinology 1973, 93:985-989.
39. Howell S., Shalet S. Gonadal damage from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 1998, 27:927-943.
40. Hung C.R., Wang P.S. Gastric oxidative stress and hemorrhagic ulcer in Salmonella typhimurium-infected rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 491:61-68.
41. Ikegwuonu F.I., Egbunike G.N., Emerole G.O., Aire T.A. The effects of aflatoxin B1 on some testicular and kidney enzyme activity in rat. Toxicology 1980, 17(1):9-16.
42. Kagan V.E., Shvedova A., Serbinova E. Dihydrolipoic acid-a universal antioxidant both in the membrane and in the aqueous phase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1992, 44:1637-1649.
43. Kaur F., Sangha G.K., Bilaspuri G.S. Cyclophosphamide-induced structural and biochemical changes in testis and epididymidis of rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1997, 35:771-775.
44. Kawanishi M., Matsuda T., Nakayama A., Takebe H., Matsui S., Yagi T. Molecular analysis of mutations induced by acrolein in human fibroblast cells using supF shuttle vector plasmids. Mut. Res. Gen. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 1998, 417:65-73.
45. Kehrer J.P., Biswal S.S. The molecular effects of acrolein. Toxicol. Sci. 2000, 57:6-15.
46. Kern J.C., Kehrer J.P. Acrolein-induced cell death: a caspaseinfluenced decision between apoptosis and oncosis/necrosis. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2002, 139:79-95.
47. Kind P.R.N., King E.J. Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with amino antipyrine. J. Clin. Path. 1954, 7:322-326.
48. Ko T.F., Weng T.M., Chiou R.Y. Squalene content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa leaves and seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50:5343-5348.
49. Kohno Y., Egawa Y., Itoh S., Nagaoka S., Takahashi M., Mukai K. Kinetic study of quenching reaction of singlet oxygen and scavenging reaction of free radical by squalene in n-butanol. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1995, 1256:52-56.
50. Koufen P., Stark G. Free radical induced inactivation of creatine kinase: sites of interaction, protection, and recovery. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2000, 1501:44-50.
51. Latchoumycandane C., Mathur P.P. Effects of hyperthyroidism on the physiological status of pubertal rat testis. Biomed. Lett. 1999, 59:33-41.
52. Lee I.M. Antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cancer. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 1999, 111:10-15.
53. Lee S.M., Crowther D., Scarffe J.H., Dougal M., Elder R.H., Rafferty J.A., Margison G.P. Cyclophosphamide decreases O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in peripheral lymphocytes of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Br. J. Cancer 1992, 66:331-336.
54. Lenaz G. Role of mitochondria in oxidative stress and ageing. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998, 1366:53-67.
55. Levine A.L., Richie P.J. Urological complications of cyclophosphamide. J. Urol. 1989, 141(5):1063-1069.
56. Levitsky D.O., Levchenko T.S., Saks V.A., Sharov V.G., Smirnov V.N. The role of creatine phosphokinase in supplying energy for the calcium pump system of heart sarcoplasmic reticulum. Membr. Biochem. 1978, 2:81-96.
57. Long W.K., Carson P.E. Increased erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity in diabetes mellitus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1961, 5:394-399.
58. Lowry O.H., Rosenbrough N.J., Farr A.L., Randall R.J. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951, 193:265-275.
59. Ludeman S.M. The chemistry of the metabolites of cyclophosphamide. Curr. Pharm. Des. 1999, 5:627-643.
60. Manda K., Bhatia A.L. Prophylactic action of melatonin against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in mice. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 2003, 19:367-372.
61. Manesh C., Kuttan G. Effect of naturally occurring isothiocyanates in the inhibition of cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity. Phytomedicine 2005, 12:487-493.
62. Miettinen T.A., Vanhanen H. Serum concentration and metabolism of cholesterol during rapeseed oil and squalene feeding. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994, 59:356-363.
63. Mills N.C., Means A.R. Sorbitol dehydrogenase of rat testis: changes of activity during development, after hypophysectomy and following gonadotrophic hormone administration. Endocrinology 1972, 91:147-156.
64. Mills B.A., Roberts R.W. Cyclophosphamide induced cardiomyopathy: a report of two cases and review of the English literature. Cancer 1979, 43:2223-2226.
65. Miranda M., Espey M.G., Wink D.A. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2001, 5:62-71.
66. Moore M.J. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1991, 20:194-208.
67. Moss D.W. Method of Enzymatic Analysis 1984, vol. 4:92-106. Verlag-Chemie. third ed.
68. Mythili Y., Sudharsan P.T., Varalakshmi P. Cytoprotective role of DL-α-lipoic acid in cyclophosphamide induced myocardial toxicity. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2005, 276:39-44.
69. Mythili Y., Sudharsan P.T., Varalakshmi P. DL-α-lipoic acid ameliorates cyclophosphamide induced cardiac mitochondrial injury. Toxicology 2005, 215:108-114.
70. Mythili Y., Sudharsan P.T., Selvakumar E., Varalakshmi P. Protective effect of DL-α-lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide induced oxidative cardiac injury. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2004, 151:13-19.
71. Navari-Izzo F., Quartacci M.F., Sgherri C. Lipoic acid: a unique antioxidant in the detoxification of activated oxygen species. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2002, 40:463-470.
72. Niewenhuis R.J., Prozialeck W.C. Calmodulin inhibitors protect against cadmium-induced testicular damage in mice. Biol. Reprod. 1987, 37(1):127-133.
73. Orlowski M., Meister A. Isolation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from hog kidney. J. Biol. Chem. 1965, 240:338-347.
74. Owen J.A., Igg T.B., Scandrett F.J., Stemart I.P. Determination of creatinine in serum or plasma and urine, a critical examination. Biochem. J. 1954, 58:426-437.
75. Ozcan A., Korkmaz A., Oter S., Coskun O. Contribution of flavonoid antioxidants to the preventive effect of mesna in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats. Arch. Toxicol. 2005, 79(8):461-465.
76. Packer L., Witt E.H., Tritschler H.J α-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1995, 19:227-250.
77. Packer L., Tritschler H.J., Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant α-lipoic acid. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1997, 22:359-378.
78. Paglia D.E., Valentine W.N. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1967, 70:158-169.
79. Persson H.L., Yu Z., Tirosh O., Eaton J.W., Brunk U.T. Prevention of oxidant-induced cell death by lysosomotropic iron chelators. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2003, 34(10):1295-1305.
80. Prahalathan C., Selvakumar E., Varalakshmi P. Remedial effect of DL-α-lipoic acid against adriamycin induced testicular lipid peroxidation. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2004, 267(1-2):209-214.
81. Rao C.V., Newmark H.L., Reddy B.S. Chemopreventive effect of squalene on colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19:287-290.
82. Reitman S., Frankel S.A. Colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1957, 28:56-63.
83. Ren S., Slattery J.T. Inhibition of carboxyethylphosphoramide mustard formation from 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide by carmustine. AAPS Pharmsci. 1999, 1(4). (article 14).
84. Rosalki S.B. An improved procedure for serum creatine phosphokinase determination. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1967, 69:696-705.
85. Rosselli M., Dubey R.K., Imthurn B., Macas E., Keller P.J. Effects of nitric oxide on human spermatozoa: evidence that nitric oxide decreases sperm motility and induces sperm toxicity. Hum. Reprod. 1995, 10(7):1786-1790.
86. Rydkinaa E., Sahni S.K., Santucci L.A., Turpina L.C., Baggs R.B., Silverman D.J. Selective modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities in host tissues during Rickettsia conorii infection. Microb. Pathog. 2004, 36:293-301.
87. Saint-Leger D., Bague A., Cohen E., Chivot M.A. Possible role for squalene in the pathogenesis of acne. I. In vitro study of squalene oxidation. Br. J. Dermatol. 1986, 114:535-542.
88. Schonheit K., Gille L., Nohl H. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid on ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart and heart mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1995, 1271:335-342.
89. Selvakumar E., Prahalathan C., Mythili Y., Varalakshmi P. Protective effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid in cyclophosphamide induced oxidative injury in rat testis. Reprod. Toxicol. 2004, 19(2):163-167.
90. Selvakumar E., Prahalathan C., Mythili Y., Varalakshmi P. Beneficial effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in mitochondrial fractions of rat testis. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2005, 152(1):59-66.
91. Selvakumar E., Prahalathan C., Sudharsan P.T., Varalakshmi P. Protective effect of lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity. Clin. Chim. Acta 2006, 367(1-2):114-119.
92. Sen Gupta R., Kim J., Gomes C., Oh S., Park J., Im W.B., Seong J.Y., Ahn R.S., Kwon H.B., Soh J. Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on testicular steroidogenesis and germ cell death in cadmium-treated male rats. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2004, 221(1-2):57-66.
93. Senthilkumar S., Yogeeta S.K., Subashini R., Devaki T. Attenuation of cyclophosphamide induced toxicity by squalene in experimental rats. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006, 160(3):252-260.
94. Senthilkumar S., Devaki T., Manohar B.M., Babu M.S. Effect of squalene in cyclophosphamide induced toxicity. Clin. Chim. Acta 2006, 364:335-342.
95. Shanholtz C. Acute life-threatening toxicity of cancer treatment. Crit. Care Clin. 2001, 17:483-502.
96. Sherins R.J., Hodgen G.D. Testicular γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase: an index of Sertoli cell function in man. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1976, 48:191-193.
97. Siegel R.J., Edwalds G., Rej R., Fishbein M.C. Distribution of cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in normal, ischemic, and necrotic myocardium. An immunohistochemical study. Lab. Invest. 1984, 51:648-654.
98. Sladek N.E. Metabolism of oxazaphosphorines. Pharmacol. Ther. 1988, 37:301-355.
99. Smith T.J., Yang G.Y., Seril D.N., Liao J., Kim S. Inhibition of 4-(methyl nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis by dietary olive oil and squalene. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19:703-706.
100. Stankiewicz A., Skrzydlewska E., Makiela M. Effects of amifostine on liver oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide administration to rats. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact. 2002, 19:67-82.
101. Sudharsan P.T., Mythili Y., Selvakumar E., Varalakshmi P. Lupeol and its ester inhibit alteration of myocardial permeability in cyclophosphamide administered rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2006, 292(1-2):39-44.
102. Sylven C., Jansson E., Book K. Key enzymes of myocardial energy metabolism in patients with valvular heart disease: relation to left ventricular function. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1988, 132:267-270.
103. Szabo C. The pathophysiological role of peroxynitrite in shock, inflammation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 1996, 6:79-88.
104. Tabacco A., Meiattini F., Moda E., Tarli P. Simplified enzymic/colorimetric serum urea nitrogen determination. Clin. Chem. 1979, 25:336-337.
105. Tomita Y. Immunological role of vitamin A and its related substances in prevention of cancer. Nutr. Cancer 1983, 5:187-194.
106. Uchiyama M., Mihara M. Determination of malondialdehyde precursor in tissue by thiobarbituric acid method. Anal. Biochem. 1978, 86:271-278.
107. Vernet P., Aitken R.J., Drevet J.R. Antioxidant strategies in the epididymis. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2004, 216:31-39.
108. Ward H.J. Uric acid as an independent risk factor in the treatment of hypertension. Lancet 1998, 29:670-671.