Sleep and epilepsy in children and adolescents

Sleep Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 674-685

  Kothare, Sanjeev V ^a   Kaleyias, Joseph ^b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PATRAS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Anti epileptic drugs; Children; Epilepsy; Obstructive sleep apnea; Seizures; Sleep disturbance; Sleep studies; Sleep deprivation

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; ETHOSUXIMIDE; ETIRACETAM; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; MELATONIN; OREXIN A; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; RAMELTEON; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN; ZONISAMIDE;

ADENOIDECTOMY; ADOLESCENT; BENIGN NEONATAL SLEEP MYOCLONUS; BRUXISM; CHILD; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDER; COMORBIDITY; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ENURESIS; EPILEPSY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMAN; HYPERSOMNIA; INSOMNIA; KETOGENIC DIET; LEG CRAMP; NARCOLEPSY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NIGHTMARE; NONREM SLEEP; OBESITY; PARASOMNIA; PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENT DISORDER; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP TIME; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; SLEEP WALKING; SOMNOLENCE; TONSILLECTOMY; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DRUG EFFECTS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SLEEP;

ADOLESCENT; ANTICONVULSANTS; CHILD; EPILEPSY; HUMANS; SLEEP; SLEEP DEPRIVATION; SLEEP DISORDERS;

EID: 77954954180     PISSN: 13899457     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.01.012     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Bazil C.W. Sleep and epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol 2000, 132:171-175.
2. Malow B. Sleep and epilepsy. Neurol Clin 1996, 14(4):765-789.
3. Mendez M., Radtke R.A. Interactions between sleep and epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001, 18(2):106-127.
4. De Weerd A., de Haas S., Otte A., Trenite D.K., van Erp G., Cohen A., et al. Subjective sleep disturbance in patients with partial epilepsy: a questionnaire-based study on prevalence and impact on quality of life. Epilepsia 2004, 45(11):1397-1404.
5. Sterman M.B., Shouse M.N., Passouant P. Effects of epilepsy on sleep, overview. Sleep and epilepsy 1982, 325-327. Academic Press, New York. M.B. Sterman, M.N. Shouse, P. Passouant (Eds.).
6. Hoeppner J.B., Garron D.C., Cartwright R.D. Self-reported sleep disorder symptoms in epilepsy. Epilepsia 1984, 25(4):434-437.
7. Declerck A.C., Wauquier A., Sijben-Kiggen R. Normative study of sleep in different forms of epilepsy. Sleep and epilepsy 1982, 329-333. Academic Press, New York. M.B. Sterman, M.N. Shouse, P. Passouant (Eds.).
8. Carney P.R., Kohrman M.H. Relation between epilepsy and sleep during infancy and childhood. Sleep and epilepsy: the clinical spectrum 2002, 359-372. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. C.W. Bazil, B.A. Malow, M.R. Sammaritano (Eds.).
9. Bazil C.W. Epilepsy and sleep disturbance. Epilepsy Behav 2003, 4(Suppl 2):S39-S45.
10. Kothare S.V., Kaleyias J. The adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs in children. Expert Opin 2007, 6(3):251-265.
11. Becker D.A., Fennell E.B., Carney P.R. Sleep disturbance in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2003, 4(6):651-658.
12. Derry C.P., Duncan J.S., Berkovic S.F. Paroxysmal motor disorders of sleep: the clinical spectrum and differentiation from epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006, 47(11):1775-1791.
13. Fusco L., Specchio N. Non-epileptic paroxysmal manifestations during sleep in infancy and childhood. Neurol Sci 2005, 26(Suppl 3):S205-S209.
14. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders, 2nd edition. In: Diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester (IL): American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005.
15. Stores G. Aspects of parasomnias in childhood and adolescence. Arch Dis Child 2009, 94(1):63-69.
16. Kotagal S. Parasomnias of childhood. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008, 20(6):659-665.
17. Derry C.P., Harvey A.S., Walker M.C., Duncan J.S., Berkovic S.F. NREM arousal parasomnias and their distinction from nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: a video EEG analysis. Sleep 2009, 32:1637-1644.
18. Bazil C.W. Nocturnal seizures. Semin Neurol 2004, 24(3):293-300.
19. Sheldon S.H., Jacobsen J. REM-sleep motor disorder in children. J Child Neurol 1998, 13(6):257-260.
20. Dauvilliers Y., Rompré S., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M., Petit D., Montplaisir J. REM sleep characteristics in narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2007, 30(7):844-849.
21. Maski K.P., Kothare S.V. Searching for marker of REM sleep behavior disorder: submentalis muscle EMG amplitude analysis during sleep in patients with narcolepsy/cataplexy. Sleep 2009, 32:137.
22. Winkelman J.W., James L. Serotonergic antidepressants are associated with REM sleep without atonia. Sleep 2004, 27(2):317-321.
23. Stores G. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol 2008, 50(10):728-732.
24. Ferri R., Franceschini C., Zucconi M., Vandi S., Poli F., Bruni O., et al. Searching for a marker of REM sleep behavior disorder: submentalis muscle EMG amplitude analysis during sleep in patients with narcolepsy/cataplexy. Sleep 2008, 31:1409-1417.
25. Ramar K., Olson E.J., Morgenthaler T.I. Catarthrenia. Sleep Med 2008, 9(4):457-459.
26. Vetrugno R., Lugaresi E., Ferini-Strambi L., Montagna P. Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): what is it?. Sleep 2008, 31(3):308-309.
27. Pennestri M.H., Whittom S., Adam B., Petit D., Carrier J., Montplaisir J. PLMS and PLMW in healthy subjects as a function of age: Prevalence and interval distribution. Sleep 2006, 29(9):1183-1187.
28. Kemlink D., Pretl M., Sonka K., Nevsimalova S. A comparison of polysomnographic and actigraphic evaluation of periodic limb movements in sleep. Neurol Res 2008, 30(3):234-238.
29. Herrera M., Valencia I., Grant M., Metroka D., Chialastri A., Kothare S.V. Bruxism in children: effect on sleep architecture and daytime cognitive performance and behavior. Sleep 2006, 29(9):1143-1148.
30. Meletti S., Cantalupo G., Volpi L., Rubboli G., Magaudda A., Tassinari C.A. Rhythmic teeth grinding induced by temporal lobe seizures. Neurology 2004, 62(12):2306-2309.
31. Chisholm T., Morehouse R.L. Adult headbanging: sleep studies and treatment. Sleep 1996, 19(4):343-346.
32. Stepanova I., Nevsimalova S., Hanusova J. Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood. Sleep 2005, 28(7):851-857.
33. Wyllie E., Glazer J.P., Benbadis S., Kotagal P., Wolgamuth B. Psychiatric features of children and adolescents with pseudoseizures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999, 153(3):244-248.
34. Craske M.G., Tsao J.C. Assessment and treatment of nocturnal panic attacks. Sleep Med Rev 2005, 9(3):173-184.
35. Malow B.A., Levy K., Maturen K., Bowes R. Obstructive sleep apnea is common in medically refractory epilepsy patients. Neurology 2005, 55(7):1002-1007.
36. Devinsky O., Ehrenberg B., Barthlen G.M., Abramson H.S., Luciano D. Epilepsy and sleep apnea syndrome. Neurology 1994, 44(11):2060-2064.
37. Guilleminault C., Palombini L., Pelayo R., Chervin R.D. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors in prepubertal children: What triggers them?. Pediatrics 2003, 111(1):e17-e25.
38. Miano S., Paolino M.C., Peraita-Adrados R., Montesano M., Barberi S., Villa M.P. Prevalence of EEG paroxysmal activity in a population of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 2009, 32(4):522-529.
39. Guilleminault C., Zvonikina V., Tantrakul V., Kim J.H. Advances in narcolepsy syndrome and challenges in the pediatric population. Sleep Med Clin 2007, 2(3):397-404.
40. Kotagal P., Costa M., Wyllie E., Wolgamuth B. Paroxysmal nonepileptic events in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2002, 110(4):e46.
41. Somjit S., Lee Y., Berkovic S.F., Harvey A.S. Sandifer syndrome misdiagnosed as refractory partial seizures in an adult. Epileptic Disord 2004, 6(1):49-50.
42. Erdogan A., Akkurt H., Boettjer N.K., Yurtseven E., Can G., Kiran S. Prevalence and behavioral correlates of enuresis in young children. J Paediatr Child Health 2008, 44(5):297-301.
43. Serra L., Montagna P., Mignot E., Lugaresi E., Plazzi G. Cataplexy features in childhood narcolepsy. Mov Disord 2008, 23(6):858-865.
44. Tinuper P., Provini F., Bisulli F., Vignatelli L., Plazzi G., Vetrugno R., et al. Movement disorders in sleep: Guidelines for differentiating epileptic from non-epileptic motor phenomena arising from sleep. Sleep Med Rev 2007, 11(4):255-267.
45. Vaughn B.V., D' Cruz O.F. Sleep and epilepsy. Semin Neurol 2004, 24(3):301-313.
46. Bazil C.W. Sleep and Epilepsy. Semin Neurol 2002, 22(3):321-327.
47. Herman S.T., Walczak T.S., Bazil C.W. Distribution of partial seizures during the sleep-wake cycle: differences by seizures onset site. Neurology 2001, 56(11):1453-1458.
48. Bazil C.W., Walczak T.S. Effects of sleep and sleep stage on epileptic and nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1997, 38(1):56-62.
49. Provini F., Plazzi G., Tinuper P., Vandi S., Lugaresi E., Montagna P. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. A clinical and polygraphic overview of 100 consecutive cases. Brain 1999, 122(Pt 6):1017-1031.
50. Ryvlin P., Rheims S., Risse G. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006, 47(Suppl 2):83-86.
51. Malow B.A., Selwa L.M., Ross D., Aldrich M.S. Lateralizing value of Interictal spikes on overnight sleep-EEG studies in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999, 40(11):1587-1592.
52. Combi R., Dalpra L., Tenchini M.L., Ferini-Strambi L. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy-a critical overview. J Neurol 2004, 251(8):923-934.
53. Plazzi G., Tinuper P., Montagna P., Provini F., Lugaresi E. Epileptic nocturnal wanderings. Sleep 1995, 18(9):749-7456.
54. Provini F., Plazzi G., Lugaresi E. From nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia to nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2000, 111(Suppl 2):S2-S8.
55. Lombroso C.T. Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia due to a subfrontal cortical dysplasia. Epileptic Disord 2000, 2(1):15-20.
56. Pung T., Shmitz B. Circadian rhythm and personality profile in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006, 47(Suppl 2):S111-S114.
57. Badawy R.A., Macdonell R.A., Jackson G.D., Berkovic S.F. Why do seizures in generalized epilepsy often occur in the morning?. Neurology 2009, 73(3):218-222.
58. Labate A., Ambrosio R., Gambardella A., Sturniolo M., Pucci F., Quattrone A. Usefulness of a morning routine EEG recording in patients with juvenile myoclonicepilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2007, 77(11):17-21.
59. Wirrell E.C. Benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes. Epilepsia 1998, 39(Suppl 4):S32-S34.
60. Baglietto M.G., Battaglia F.M., Nobili L., Tortorelli S., De Negri E., Calevo M.G., et al. Neuropsychological disorders related to Interictal epileptic discharges during sleep in benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal or rolandic spikes. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001, 43(6):407-412.
61. McVicar K.A., Shinnar S. Landau-Kleffner syndrome, electrical status epilepticus in slow wave sleep, and language regression in children. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2004, 10(2):144-149.
62. Jayakar P.B., Seshia S.S. Electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep: a review. Clin Neurophysiol 1991, 8(3):299-311.
63. Capovilla G., Striano P., Beccaria F. Changes in Panayiotopoulos syndrome over time. Epilepsia 2009, 50(Suppl 5):S45-S48.
64. Kotagal P., Yardi N. The relationship between sleep and epilepsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2008, 15(2):42-49.
65. Passouant P. Historical aspects of sleep and Epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1991, 2:19-30.
66. Crespel A., Baldy-Moulinier M., Coubes P. The relationship between sleep and epilepsy in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsies: practical and physiologic considerations. Epilepsia 1998, 39(2):150-157.
67. Durazzo T.S., Spencer S.S., Duckrow R.B., Novotny E.J., Spencer D.D., Zaveri H.P. Temporal distributions of seizure occurrence from various epileptogenic regions. Neurology 2008, 70(15):1265-1271.
68. Hofstra W.A., Grootemarsink B.E., Dieker R., van der Palen J., de Weerd A.W. Temporal distribution of clinical seizures over the 24-h day: a retrospective observational study in a tertiary epilepsy clinic. Epilepsia 2009, 50(9):2019-2026.
69. Sammaritano M., Gigli G.L., Gotman J. Interictal spikes during wakefulness and sleep and localization of foci in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 1991, 41(2 Pt 1):290-297.
70. Malow B.A., Lin X., Kushwaha R., Alrich M.S. Interictal spiking increases with sleep depth in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998, 39(12):1309-1316.
71. Malow B.A., Aldrich M.S. Localizing value of rapid eye movement sleep in temporal lobe epilepsy. Sleep Med 2000, 1(1):57-60.
72. Ferrillo F., Beelke M., Nobili L. Sleep EEG synchronization mechanisms and activation of interictal epileptic spikes. Clin Neurophysiol 2000, 111(Suppl 2):S65-S73.
73. Terzano M.G., Parrino I., Spiaggiari M.C., Barusi R., Simeoni S. Discriminatory effect of cyclic-alternating pattern in focal lesional and benign rolandic interictal spikes during sleep. Epilepsia 1991, 32(5):616-628.
74. Beelke M., Nobili L., Baglietto M.G., De Carli F., Robert A., De Negri E., et al. Relationship of sigma activity to sleep interictal epileptic discharges: a study in children affected by benign epilepsy with occipital paroxysms. Epilepsy Res 2000, 40(2-3):179-186.
75. Nobili L., Ferrillo F., Baglietto M.G., Beelke M., De Carli F., De Negri E., et al. Relationship of sleep interictal epileptiform discharges to sigma activity (12-16Hz) in benign epilepsy of childhood with rolandic spikes. Clin Neurophysiol 1999, 110(1):39-46.
76. Minecan D., Natarajan A., Marzec M., Malow B. Relationship of epileptic seizures to sleep stage and sleep depth. Sleep 2002, 25(8):56-61.
77. Gibbs E., Gibbs F. Diagnostic and localizing value of electroencephalographic studies in sleep. Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1947, 26:366-377.
78. Fountain N.B., Kim J.S., Lee S.I. Sleep deprivation activates epileptiform discharges independent of the activating effects of sleep. J Clin Neurophysiol 1998, 15(1):69-75.
79. Touchon J., Badly-Moulinier M., Billiard M., Besset A., Cadilhac J. Sleep organization and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1991, 2(Suppl):73-81.
80. Steriades M., Conteras D., Amzica F. Synchronized sleep oscillations and their paroxysmal developments. Trends Neurosci 1994, 17(5):199-208.
81. Shouse M.N., Siegel J.M., Wu MF Szymusiak R., Morrison A.R. Mechanisms of seizure suppression during rapid-eye movement sleep in cats. Brain Res 1989, 505(2):271-282.
82. Touchon J., Badly-Moulinier M., Billiard M., Besset A., Cadilhac J. Sleep organization and epilepsy. Epilepsy, sleep and sleep deprivation 1991, 73-81. Elsevier, New York. R. Degen, E. Rodin (Eds.).
83. Miano S., PiaVilla M., Blanco D., Zamora E., Rodriguez R., Ferri R., et al. Development of NREM sleep instability-continuity (cyclic alternating pattern) in healthy term infants aged 1 to 4 months. Sleep 2009, 32(1):83-90.
84. Malow B.A., Fromes G.A., Aldrich M.S. Usefulness of polysomnography in epilepsy patients. Neurology 1997, 48(5):1389-1394.
85. Jones B.E. Glia, adenosine, and sleep. Neuron 2009, 61(2):156-157.
86. Landolt H.P. Sleep homeostasis: a role for adenosine in humans?. Biochem Pharmacol 2008, 75(11):2070-2079.
87. Boison D. The adenosine kinase hypothesis of epileptogenesis. Prog Neurobiol 2008, 84(3):249-262.
88. Boison D., Stewart K.A. Therapeutic epilepsy research: From pharmacological rationale to focal adenosine augmentation. Biochem Pharmacol 2009, 78(12):1428-1437.
89. Stewart L.S., Leung L.S. Hippocampal melatonin receptors modulate seizure threshold. Epilepsia 2005, 46(4):473-480.
90. Muñoz-Hoyos A., Sánchez-Forte M., Molina-Carballo A., Escames G., Martin-Medina E., Reiter R.J., et al. Melatonin's role as an anticonvulsant and neuronal protector: experimental and clinical evidence. J Child Neurol 1998, 13(10):501-509.
91. Yildirim M., Marangoz C. Anticonvulsant effects of melatonin on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Brain Res 2006, 1099(1):183-188.
92. Sheldon S.H. Pro-convulsant effects of melatonin in neurologically disabled children. Lancet 1998, 351(9111):1254.
93. Jan J.E., Hamilton D., Seward N., et al. Clinical trials of controlled-release melatonin in children with sleep-wake cycle disorders. J Pineal Res 2000, 29:34-39.
94. Peled N., Shorer Z., Peled E., Pillar G. Melatonin effect on seizures in children with severe neurologic deficit disorders. Epilepsia 2001, 42(9):1208-1212.
95. Rejdak K., Papuć E., Grieb P., Stelmasiak Z. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 (orexin A) in patients after repetitive generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Epilepsia 2009, 50(6):1641-1644.
96. Nunes M.L., Ferri R., Arzimanoglou A., Curzi L., Appel C.C., Costa da Costa J. Sleep organization in children with partial refractory epilepsy. J Child Neurol 2003, 18(11):763-766.
97. Bazil C.W., Castro L.H., Walczak T.S. Reduction of rapid eye movement sleep by diurnal and nocturnal seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol 2000, 57(3):363-368.
98. Stores G., Wiggs L., Campling G. Sleep disorders and their relationship to psychological disturbance in children with epilepsy. Child Care Health Dev 1998, 24(1):5-19.
99. Cortesi F., Giannotti F., Ottaviano S. Sleep problems and daytime behavior in childhood idiopathic epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999, 40(11):1557-1565.
100. Maganti R., Sheth R.D., Hermann B.P., Weber S., Gidal B.E., Fine J. Sleep architecture in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia 2005, 46(1):104-109.
101. Kaleyias J., Cruz M., Goraya J.S., Valencia I., Khurana D.S., Legido A., et al. Spectrum of polysomnographic findings in children with epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2008, 39(3):170-176.
102. Kotagal S., Gibbons V.P., Stith J.A. Sleep abnormalities in patients with severe cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994, 36(4):304-311.
103. Malow B., Edwards J., Marzec M., Sagher O., Ross D., Fromes G. Vagus nerve stimulation reduces daytime sleepiness in epilepsy patients. Neurology 2001, 57(5):879-884.
104. Nagarajan L., Walsh P., Gregory P., Stick S., Maul J., Ghosh S. Respiratory pattern changes in sleep in children on vagal nerve stimulation for refractory epilepsy. Can J Neurol Sci 2003, 30(3):224-227.
105. Capdevila O.S., Dayyat E., Kheirandish-Gozal L., Gozal D. Prevalence of epileptiform activity in healthy children during sleep. Sleep Med 2008, 9(5):303-309.
106. Jensen F.E., Wang C., Stafstrom C.E., Liu Z., Geary C., Stevens M.C. Acute and chronic increases in excitability in rat hippocampal slices after perinatal hypoxia in vivo. J Neurophysiol 1998, 79(1):73-81.
107. Johnston M.V. Excitotoxicity in neonatal hypoxia. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2001, 7(4):229-234.
108. Zgodziński W., Rubaj A., Kleinrok Z., Sieklucka-Dziuba M. Effect of adenosine A1 and A2 receptor stimulation on hypoxia-induced convulsions in adult mice. Pol J Pharmacol 2001, 53(1):83-92.
109. Oliveira A.J., Zamagni M., Dolso P., Bassetti M.A., Gigli G.L. Respiratory disorders during sleep in patients with epilepsy: effect of ventilatory therapy on EEG interictal epileptiform discharges. Clin Neurophysiol 2000, 111(Suppl 2):S141-S145.
110. Miano S., Pelliccia A., Evangelisti M., Pagani J., Villa M.P. Role of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on the pathogenesis of sleep-related frontal lobe epilepsy in a child with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Child Neurol 2008, 23(1):124-128.
111. Larner A.J. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome presenting in a neurology outpatient clinic. Int J Clin Pract 2003, 57(2):150-152.
112. Foldvary-Schaefer N., Stephenson L., Bingaman W. Resolution of obstructive sleep apnea with epilepsy surgery? Expanding the relationship between sleep and epilepsy. Epilepsia 2008, 49(8):1457-1459.
113. Fiorino E.K., Brooks L.J. Obesity and respiratory diseases in childhood. Clin Chest Med 2009, 30(3):601-608.
114. Marzec M., Edwards J., Sagher O., Fromes G., Malow B.A. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on sleep-related breathing in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia 2003, 44(7):930-935.
115. Tezer F.I., Remi J., Noachtar S. Ictal apnea of epileptic origin. Neurology 2009, 72(9):855-857.
116. O'Regan M.E., Brown J.K. Abnormalities in cardiac and respiratory function observed during seizures in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005, 47(1):4-9.
117. Blum A.S., Ives J.R., Goldberger A.L., Al-Aweel I.C., Krishnamurthy K.B., Drislane F.W., et al. Oxygen desaturations triggered by partial seizures: implications for cardiopulmonary instability in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000, 41(5):536-541.
118. Nashef L., Walker F., Allen P., Sander J.W., Shorvon S.D., Fish D.R. Apnea and bradycardia during epileptic seizures: relation to sudden death in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 60(3):297-300.
119. Masud S., Bateman L.M. Ictal apnea linked to contralateral spread of temporal lobe seizures: Intracranial recordings in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009, 50:2557-2564.
120. Abramo T.J., Wiebe R.A., Scott S., Goto C.S., McIntire D.D. Noninvasive capnometry monitoring for respiratory status during pediatric seizures. Crit care Med 1997, 25(7):1242-1246.
121. Sammaritano M., Sherwin A. Effect of anticonvulsants on sleep. Neurology 2000, 54(5 Suppl 1):S16-S24.
122. Legros B., Bazil C.W. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on sleep architecture: a pilot study. Sleep Med 2003, 4(1):51-55.
123. De Haas S., Otte A., de Weerd A., van Erp G., Cohen A., van Gerven J. Exploratory polysomnographic evaluation of pregabalin on sleep disturbance in patients with epilepsy. Clin Sleep Med 2007, 3(5):473-478.
124. Takhar J., Bishop J. Influence of chronic barbiturate administration on sleep apnea after hypersomnia presentation: case study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2000, 25(4):321-324.
125. Ebben M.R., Sethi N.K., Conte M., Pollak C.P., Labar D. Vagus nerve stimulation, sleep apnea, and CPAP titration. J Clin Sleep Med 2008, 4(5):471-473.
126. Khurana D.S., Reumann M., Hobdell E.F., Neff S., Valencia I., Legido A., et al. Vagus nerve stimulation in children with refractory epilepsy: unusual complications and relationship to sleep-disordered breathing. Childs Nerv Syst 2007, 23(11):1309-1312.
127. Allen C.N. Circadian rhythms, diet, and neuronal excitability. Epilepsia 2008, 49(Suppl 8):S124-S126.
128. Hallböök T., Lundgren J., Rosén I. Ketogenic diet improves sleep quality in children with therapy-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia 2007, 48(1):59-65.