The epidemiology, prevention, and detection of melanoma

Ochsner Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 56-65

  Riker, Adam I ^a   Zea, Nicolas ^a   Trinh, Tan ^a  

^a Ochsner Cancer Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Early detection and prevention; Melanoma; Skin cancer screening; Tanning salons

Indexed keywords

APIGENIN; FLAVONOID; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; SUNSCREEN; VITAMIN D;

ARTICLE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER SCREENING; CHILD BEHAVIOR; DYSPLASTIC NEVUS; EPILUMINESCENCE MICROSCOPY; ESTHETICS; GENE MUTATION; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; MEDICINAL PLANT; MELANOMA; NONHUMAN; PHOTOGRAPHY; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SKIN CANCER; SKIN EXAMINATION; SUN EXPOSURE; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

EID: 77954872842     PISSN: 15245012     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Losina E, Walensky RP, Geller AC, et al. Visual screening for malignant melanoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:21-28.
2. Rigel D. Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(5 suppl 2):S129-S132.
3. Food and Drug Administration. Consumer health information. November 2009. Available at: http//www.fda.gov/consumer. Accessed February 18, 2010.
4. Bleyer A, O'Leary M, Barr R, Ries LA. Cancer epidemiology in older adolescents and young adults 15 to 29 years of age, including SEER incidence and survival: 1975-2000. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2006, NIH publication number 06-5767.
5. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics: 2009 [published online ahead of print May 27, 2009]. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59:225-249.
6. Welch HG, Woloshin S, Schwartz LM. Skin biopsy rates and incidence of melanoma: population-based ecological study [published online ahead of print August 4, 2005]. BMJ. 2005;331:1-4.
7. Curado MP, Edwards B, Shin HR, et al. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol IX. Edition. IARC Scientific publications No. 160, Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007.
8. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2008 [published online ahead of print February 20, 2008]. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58(2):71-96.
9. Jemal A, Murray T, Ghafoor A, Ward E, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin. 2003;53(1):5-26.
10. Edwards BK, Brown ML, Wingo PA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2002, featuring population-based trends in cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(19):1407-1427.
11. MacKie RM, Hauschild A, Eggermont AM. Epidemiology of invasive cutaneous melanoma. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(suppl 6):vi1-vi7.
12. Geller A, Swetter S, Brooks K, Demierre MF, Yaroch A. Screening, early detection, and trends for melanoma: current status (2000-2006) and future directions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:555-572.
13. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety. Skin cancer and sunlight. Available at: http//www.ccohs.ca2010. Accessed March 24, 2010.
14. SunWise Program, United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvicalc.html. Accessed March 24, 2010.
15. National Weather Service Forecast Office. UV Index Forecast, Accessed May 10, 2010. http://www.erh.noaa.gov/ilm/beach/uv/mintoburn.shtml.
16. Jhappan C, Noonan FP, Merlino G. Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous malignant melanoma. Oncogene. 2003;22:3099-3112.
17. Elmwood JM, Gallagher RP. Body site distribution of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relationship to patterns of sun exposure. Int J Cancer. 1998;78:276-280.
18. De Gruijl FR, Sterenborg HJCM, Forbes PD, Davies RE, Cole C, Kelfkens G. Wavelength dependence of skin cancer induction by ultraviolet irradiation of albino hairless mice. Cancer Res. 1993;53(1):53-60.
19. Fears TR, Bird CC, Guerry D 4th, et al. Average midrange ultraviolet radiation flux and time outdoors predict melanoma risk. Cancer Res. 2002;62:3992-3996.
20. Ravanat JL, Douki T, Cadet J. Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation on DNA and its components. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001;63:88-102.
21. Mouret S, Baudoin C, Charveron M, et al. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers are predominant DNA lesions in whole human skin exposed to UVA radiation [published online ahead of print September 5, 2006]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:13765-13770.
22. Brash DE, Rudolph JA, Simon JA, et al. A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88(22):10124-10128.
23. Brash DE, Ziegler A, Jonason AS, et al. Sunlight and sunburn in human skin cancer: p53, apoptosis, and tumor promotion. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1996;1:136-142.
24. Tucker MA. Melanoma epidemiology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23:383-395.
25. Landi MT, Kanetsky PA, Tsang S, et al. MC1R, ASIP, and DNA repair in sporadic and familial melanoma in a Mediterranean population. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(13):998-1007.
26. Goldstein AM, Landi MT, Tsang S, et al. Association of MC1R variants and risk of melanoma in melanoma-prone families with CDKN2A mutations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(9):2208-2212.
27. Tsao H, Gabree MJ, Atkins MB. Inherited susceptibility to melanoma. Available at: http//www.uptodate.com. Accessed May 10, 2010.
28. Goldstein AM, Fraser MC, Clark WH JR, Tucker MA. Age at diagnosis and transmission of invasive melanoma in 23 families with cutaneous malignant melanoma/dysplastic nevi. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86(18):11385-11390.
29. Eide MJ, Weinstock MA. Public health challenges in sun protection. Dermatol Clin. 2006;24:119-124.
30. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health. Ultraviolet light: a hazard to children. Pediatrics. 1999;2:328-333.
31. Aulbert W, Parpart C, Schulz-Hornbostel R, Hinrichs B, Kruger-Corcoran D, Stockfleth E. Certification of sun protection practices in a German child day-care centre improves children's sun protection-the 'SunPass' pilot study. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(suppl 3):5-12.
32. Buller DB, Geller AC, Cantor M, et al. Sun protection policies and environmental features in US elementary schools. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:771-774.
33. Buller DB, Buller MK, Reynolds KD. A survey of sun protection policy and education in secondary schools [published online ahead of print January 23, 2006]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(3):427-432.
34. Brackeen AR, Weber RA, Verheyden CN. The effects of public education on the incidence and presentation of cutaneous melanoma in Central Texas. Tex Med. 2005;101(4):62-65.
35. Baliga MS, Katiyar SK. Chemoprevention of photocarcinogenesis by selected dietary botanicals. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2006;5:243-253.
36. Birt DF, Mitchell D, Gold B, Pour P, Pinch HC. Inhibition of UV-light induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice by apigenin, a plant flavenoid. Anticancer Res. 1997;17:85-92.
37. Yusuf N, Irby C, Katiyar SK, Elmets CA. Photoprotective effects of green tea polyphenols. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2002;23:48-56.
38. Dellavalle RP, Parker ER, Cersonsky N, et al. Youth access laws: in the dark at the tanning parlor? Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:443-448.
39. Demierre MF. Time for the national legislation of indoor tanning to protect minors. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:520-524.
40. Ting W, Schultz K, Cac NN, Peterson M, Walling HW. Tanning bed exposure increases the risk of malignant melanoma. Int J Dermatol. 2007;46:1253-1257.
41. Whitmore SE, Morison WL, Potten CS, Chadwick C. Tanning salon exposure and molecular alterations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:775-780.
42. Swedlow AJ, Weinstock MA. Do tanning lamps cause melanoma? An epidemiologic assessment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:89-98.
43. Demko CA, Borawski EA, Debanne SM, Cooper KD, Stange KC. Use of indoor tanning facilities by white adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:854-860.
44. Robinson JK, Kim J, Rosenbaum S, Ortiz S. Indoor tanning knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among young adults from 1988-2007. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:484-488.
45. Hoerster KD, Garrow RL, Mayer JA, et al. Density of indoor tanning facilities in 116 large U.S. cities. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(3):243-246.
46. Indoor Tanning Association. The fear of getting a tan has gone too far. Available at: http://www.sunlightscam.com. Accessed September 21, 2008.
47. The International Smart Tan Network. How do you define moderate tanning? Available at: http://www.tanningtruth.com. Accessed August 23, 2004.
48. Tangpricha V, Turner A, Spina C, Decastro S, Chen TC, Holick MF. Tanning is associated with optimal vitamin D status in (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration) and higher bone mineral density. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1645-1649.
49. Gerber B, Mathys P, Moser M, Bressoud D, Braun-Fahrlander C. Ultraviolet emission spectra of sunbeds. Photochem Photobiol. 2002;76:664-668.
50. Greer FR. Do breastfed infants need supplemental vitamins? Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:415-423.
51. Marks R, Foley PA, Jolley D, Knight KR, Harrison J, Thompson SC. The effect of regular sunscreen use on vitamin D levels in an Australian population: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:415-421.
52. Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:362-371.
53. Karagas MR, Stannard VA, Mott LA, et al. Use of tanning devices and risk of base cell and squamous cell skin cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:224-226.
54. International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on artificial ultraviolet light and skin cancer. The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review. Int J Cancer. 2007;120:1116-1122.
55. Westerdahl J, Ingvar C, Masback A, Jonsson N, Olsson H. Risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relation to use of sunbeds: further evidence for UV-A carcinogenicity. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:1593-1599.
56. Veierod MB, Weiderpass E, Thorn M, et al. A prospective study of pigmentation, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1530-1538.
57. Cokkinides VE, Weinstock MA, O'Connell MC, Thun MJ. Use of indoor tanning sunlamps by US youth, ages 11-18 years, and by their parent or guardian caregivers: prevalence and correlates. Pediatrics. 2006;109(6):1124-1130.
58. Geller AC, Colditz G, Oliveria S, et al. Use of sunscreen, sunburning rates, and tanning bed use among more than 10,000 US children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;109(6):1009-1014.
59. Food and Drug Administration. Policy on maximum timer interval and exposure schedule for sunlamp products. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.1986.
60. Hornung RL, Magee KH, Lee WJ, Hansen LA, Hseieh YC. Tanning facility use: are we exceeding Food and Drug Administration limits? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:655-661.
61. Mayer JA, Hoerster KD, Pichon LC, et al. Enforcement of state indoor tanning laws in the United States. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available at: http//www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2008/oct07_0194.htm. Accessed December 15, 2009.
62. Pichon LC, Mayer JA, Hoerster KD, et al. Youth access to artificial UV radiation exposure: practices of 3647 US indoor tanning facilities. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(9):997-1002.
63. Oliver H, Ferguson J, Moseley H. Quantitative risk assessment of sunbeds: impact of new high power lamps. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:350-356.
64. Nilsen LTN, Hannevik M, Aalerud TN, et al. Trends in UV irradiance of tanning devices in Norway: 1983-2005 [published online ahead of print April 9, 2008]. Photochem Photobiol. 2008;84:1100-1108.
65. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for skin cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(3):188-193.
66. Berwick M. Evaluating early detection in the diagnosis of melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1485-1486.
67. Geller AC, Zhang Z, Sober AJ, et al. The first 15 years of the American Academy of Dermatology skin cancer screening programs: 1985-1999. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(1):34-41.
68. Arnold MR, DeJong W. Skin self-examination practices in a convenience sample of US university students. Prev Med. 2005;40:268-273.
69. Muhn CY, From L, Glied M. Detection of artificial changes in mole size by skin self-examination. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:754-759.
70. Epstein DS, Lange JR, Gruber SB, Mofid M, Koch SE. Is physician detection associated with thinner melanomas? JAMA. 1999;281:640-643.
71. Schwartz JL, Wang TS, Hamilton TA, Lowe L, Sondak VK, Johnson TM. Thin primary melanomas: associated detection patterns, lesion characteristics, and patient characteristics. Cancer. 2002;95:1562-1568.
72. Kantor J, Kantor D. Routine dermatologist-performed full-body skin examination and early melanoma detection. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145:873-876.
73. Terushkin V, Oliveria SA, Marghoob AA, Halpern AC. Use of and beliefs about total body photography and dermatoscopy among US dermatology training programs: an update [published online ahead of print March 12, 2010]. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:794-803.
74. Feit NE, Dusza SW, Marghoob AA. Melanomas detected with the aid of total cutaneous photography. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:706-714.
75. Oliveria SA, Dusza SW, Phelan DL, Ostroff JS, Berwick M, Halpern AC. Patient adherence to skin-examination. Effect of nurse intervention with photographs. Am J Prev Med. 2004;26:152-155.
76. Berwick M, Begg CB, Fine JA, Roush GC, Barnhill RL. Screening for cutaneous melanoma by skin self-examination. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:17-23.
77. Carli P, DeGiorgi V, Palli D, et al. Self-detected cutaneous melanomas in Italian patients. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:593-596.
78. Oliveria SA, Chau D, Christos PJ, Charles CA, Mushlin AI, Halpern AC. Diagnostic accuracy of patients in performing skin self-examination and the impact of photography. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:57-62.
79. Wolf IH, Smolle J, Soyer HP, Kerl H. Sensitivity in the clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res. 1998;8:425-429.
80. Argenziano G, Soyer HP, Chimenti S, et al. Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: Results of a consensus meeting via the internet. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(5):679-693.
81. Blum A, Rassner G, Garbe C. Modified ABC-point list of dermoscopy: a simplified and highly accurate dermoscopic algorithm for the diagnosis of cutaneous melanocytic lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(5):672-678.
82. Halpern AC, Guerry D 4th, Elder De, Trock B, Synnestvedt M. A cohort study of melanoma in patients with dysplastic nevi. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;100:346s-349s.
83. Tiersten AD, Grin CM, Kopf AW, et al. Prospective follow-up for malignant melanoma in patients with atypical mole syndrome. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1991;17:44-48.
84. Clark WH Jr, Elder DE, Guerry D 4th, Epstein MN, Greene MH, Van Horn M. A study of tumor progression: the precursor lesions of superficial spreading and nodular melanoma. Hum Pathol. 1984;15:1147-1165.
85. Naeyaert JM, Brochez L. Dysplastic nevi. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(23):2233-2240.