Circulatory therapeutics: Use of antihypertensive agents and their effects on the vasculature

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 1018-1029

  Schiffrin, Ernesto L ^a,b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

blockers; Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs); Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs); Antihypertensive drugs; Calcium channel blockers; Conduit arteries; Endothelial function; Inflammation; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress; Resistance small arteries

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

ANIMAL; BLOOD VESSEL; CIRCULATION; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; DRUG EFFECTS;

ANIMALS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD CIRCULATION; BLOOD VESSELS; HUMANS;

EID: 77954729236     PISSN: 15821838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01056.x     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Whitworth JA, Chalmers J. World Health Organisation-International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) hypertension guidelines. Clin Exp Hypert. 2004, 26:747-52.
2. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. JNC 7-complete version. Hypertension. 2003, 42:1206-52.
3. Hypertension: management in adults in primary care: pharmacological update 2006, The National Collaborating Center for Chronic Conditions, London, Royal College of Physicians
4. Khan NA, Hemmelgarn BR, Herman RJ. The 2009 Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 2- therapy. Can J Cardiol. 2009, 25:287-98.
5. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). J Am Med Assoc. 2002, 288:2981-97. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators
6. Ecelbarger CA, Tiwari S. Sodium transporters in the distal nephron and disease implications. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2006, 8:158-65.
7. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). J Am Med Assoc. 1991, 265:3255-64. SHEP Cooperative Research Group
8. Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. Brit Med J. 1992, 304:405-12. Medical Research Council Working Party
9. Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet. 2000, 356:366-72.
10. Poulter NR, Wedel H, Dahlöf B. Role of blood pressure and other variables in the differential cardiovascular event rates noted in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-blood pressure lowering arm (ASCOT-BPLA). Lancet. 2005, 366:907-13.
11. Bakris GL, Copley JB, Vicknair N. Calcium channel blockers versus other antihypertensive therapies on progression of NIDDM associated nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1996, 50:1641-50.
12. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000, 355:253-9. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators
13. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001, 345:861-9.
14. Parving H-H, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001, 345:870-8.
15. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001, 345:851-60.
16. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet. 1999, 353:611-6.
17. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001, 358:1033-41. PROGRESS Collaborative Group
18. Carey RM. Cardiovascular and renal regulation by the angiotensin type 2 receptor: the AT2 receptor comes of age. Hypertension. 2005, 45:840-4.
19. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008, 358:1547-59. The ONTARGET Investigators
20. McMurray JJV, Östergren J, Swedberg K. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003, 362:767-71.
21. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-overall programme. Lancet. 2003, 362:759-66.
22. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomized trial. Lancet. 2004, 363:2022-31.
23. Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002, 359:995-1003.
24. Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003, 362:1527-35. and, the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration
25. Brown MJ. Aliskiren. Circulation. 2008, 118:773-84.
26. Parving H-H, Persson F, Lewis JB. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2008, 358:2433-46.
27. Solomon SC, Appelbaum E, Manning WJ. Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, the angiotensin receptor blocker losartan, or both on left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 2009, 119:530-7.
28. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ. Aliskiren trial in type 2 diabetes using cardio-renal endpoints (ALTITUDE): rationale and study design. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009, 24:1663-71.
29. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs. chlorthalidone - The Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). J Am Med Assoc. 2000, 283:1967-75. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group
30. Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2008, 51:1403-19.
31. Pitt B, Reichek N, Willenbrock R. Eplerenone/enalapril in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: The 4E-Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Study. Circulation. 2003, 108:1831-8.
32. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999, 341:709-17.
33. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348:1309-21.
34. Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med. 2004, 351:543-51.
35. Schiffrin EL. Vascular endothelin in hypertension. Vasc Pharmacol. 2005, 43:19-29.
36. Weber MA, Black H, Bakris G. A selective endothelin-receptor antagonist to reduce blood pressure in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009, 374:1423-31.
37. Van Vortel LM, Kool MJ, Struijker-Boudier HA. Effects of antihypertensive agents on local arterial distensibility and compliance. Hypertension. 1995, 26:531-4.
38. Benetos A, Gautier S, Laflèche A. Blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptors: Effect on carotid and radial artery structure and function in hypertensive humans. J Vasc Res. 2000, 37:8-15.
39. Davies J, Gavin A, Band M. Spironolactone reduces brachial pulse wave velocity and PIIINP levels in hypertensive diabetic patients. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 2005, 59:520-3.
40. Schiffrin EL. Effects of antihypertensive drugs on vascular remodeling: do they predict outcome in response to antihypertensive therapy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2001, 10:617-24.
41. Schiffrin EL, Deng LY, Larochelle P. Effects of a β-blocker or a converting enzyme inhibitor on resistance arteries in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1994, 23:83-91.
42. Schiffrin EL, Deng LY, Larochelle P. Progressive improvement in the structure of resistance arteries of hypertensive patients after 2 years of treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Comparison with effects of a beta blocker. Am J Hypertens. 1995, 8:229-36.
43. Thybo NK, Stephens N, Cooper A. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on small arteries of patients with previously untreated essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1995, 25:474-81.
44. Schiffrin EL, Park J-B, Intengan HD. Correction of arterial structure and endothelial dysfunction in human essential hypertension by the angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan. Circulation. 2000, 101:1653-9.
45. Schiffrin EL, Park JB, Pu Q. Effect of crossing over hypertensive patients from a beta-blocker to an angiotensin receptor antagonist on resistance artery structure and on endothelial function. J Hypertens. 2002, 20:71-8.
46. Schiffrin EL, Deng LY. Structure and function of resistance arteries of hypertensive patients treated with a β-blocker or a calcium channel antagonist. J Hypertens. 1996, 14:1247-55.
47. Schiffrin EL, Pu Q, Park JB. Effect of amlodipine compared to atenolol on small arteries of previously untreated essential hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2002, 15:105-10.
48. Motz W, Strauer BE. Improvement of coronary flow reserve after long-term therapy with enalapril. Hypertension. 1996, 27:1031-8.
49. Schwartzkopff B, Brehm M, Mundhenke M. Repair of coronary arterioles after treatment with perindopril in hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension. 2000, 36:220-5.
50. Rizzoni D, Palombo C, Porteri E. Relationships between coronary flow vasodilator capacity and small artery remodelling in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003, 21:625-31.
51. Rizzoni D, Porteri E, Boari GEM. Prognostic significance of small-artery structure in hypertension. Circulation. 2003, 108:2230-5.
52. Rizzoni D, Porteri E, De Ciuceis C. Effect of treatment with candesartan or enalapril on subcutaneous small artery structure in hypertensive patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Hypertension. 2005, 45:659-65.
53. Savoia C, Touyz RM, Endemann D. Angiotensin receptor blocker added to previous antihypertensive agents on arteries of diabetic hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2006, 48:271-7.
54. Schiffrin EL. Effects of aldosterone on the vasculature. Hypertension. 2006, 47:312-8.
55. Epstein M, Safar ME. Aldosterone and large artery vessels. Hypertension. 2006, 47:e24.
56. Savoia C, Touyz RM, Amiri F. The selective mineralocorticoid receptor blocker eplerenone reduces resistance artery stiffness in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2008, 51:432-9.
57. Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Signal transduction mechanisms mediating the physiological and pathophysiological actions of angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol Rev. 2000, 52:639-72.
58. Christensen KL, Mulvany MJ. Vasodilatation, not hypotension, improves resistance vessel design during treatment of essential hypertension: a literature survey. J Hypertens. 2001, 19:1001-6.
59. Bakker ENTP, van der Meulen ET, van den Berg BM. Inward remodeling follows chronic vasoconstriction in isolated resistance arteries. J Vasc Res. 2002, 39:12-20.
60. Pourageaud F, De Mey JG. Structural properties of rat mesenteric small arteries after 4-week exposure to elevated or reduced blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1997, 273:H1699-706.
61. Lund-Johannes P, Omvik P. Acute and chronic effects of drugs with different actions on adrenergic receptors: a comparison between alpha blockers and different types of beta blockers with and without vasodilating effect. Cardiovasc Drug Ther. 1991, 5:605-15.
62. Marchesi C, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci (TIPS). 2008, 29:367-74.
63. Schiffrin EL, Deng LY. Comparison of effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and beta blockade on function of small arteries from hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1995, 25:699-703.
64. Creager MA, Roddy M-A. Effect of captopril and enalapril on endothelial function in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1994, 24:499-505.
65. Kiowski W, Linder L, Nuesch R. Effects of cilazapril on vascular structure and function in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1996, 27:371-6.
66. Ghiadoni L, Virdis A, Magagna A. Effect of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker candesartan on endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2000, 35:501-6.
67. Malik RA, Schofield IJ, Izzard A. Effects of angiotensin type-1 receptor antagonism on small artery function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hypertension. 2005, 45:264-9.
68. Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol. 2004, 122:339-52.
69. Bohlen HG. Localization of vascular resistance changes during hypertension. Hypertension. 1986, 8:181-3.
70. Baumbach GL, Heistad DD. Remodeling of cerebral arterioles in chronic hypertension. Hypertension. 1989, 13:968-72.
71. Chillon J-M, Baumbach GL. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a fl-blocker on cerebral arterioles in rats. Hypertension. 1999, 33:856-61.
72. Chillon J-M, Baumbach GL. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a fl-blocker on cerebral arteriolar dilatation in hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2001, 37:1388-93.
73. Prasad A, Dunnill GS, Mortimer PS. Capillary rarefaction in the forearm skin in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1995, 13:265-8.
74. Unger T, Mattfeldt T, Lamberty V. Effects of early-onset angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on myocardial capillaries. Hypertension. 1992, 20:478-82.
75. Staessen JA, Wang YG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2001, 358:1305-15.