Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in 1996 Recommendations of an International Panel

JAMA

Volumn 276, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 146-154

  Carpenter, Charles C J ^a   Fischl, Margaret A ^b   Hammer, Scott M ^c   Hirsch, Martin S ^c   Jacobsen, Donna M ^d   Katzenstein, David A ^e   Montaner, Julio S G ^f   Richman, Douglas D ^g   Saag, Michael S ^h   Schooley, Robert T ⁱ   Thompson, Melanie A ^j   Vella, Stefano ^k   Yeni, Patrick G ^l   Volberding, Paul A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d International AIDS Society USA   (United States)

^e STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f ST PAUL S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta (Ga)   (Georgia)

^k ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^l BICHAT HOSPITAL   (France)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; DIDANOSINE; LAMIVUDINE; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 0345334246     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.276.2.146     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. State-of-the-art conference on azidothymidine therapy for early HIV infection. Am J Med. 1990; 89:335-344.
2. Sande HA, Carpenter CCJ, Cobbs CG, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in adult HIV-infected patients: recommendations from a state-of-the-art conference. JAMA. 1993;270:2583-2589.
3. Havlir D, Richman DD. Viral dynamics of HIV: implications for drug development and therapeutic strategies. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:984-994.
4. Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Demarcst JM, et al. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature. 1993;362:355-358.
5. Embretson J, Zupancic M, Ribas JL, et al. Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature. 1993;362:359-362.
6. Piatak MJ, Saag MS, Yang LC, et al. High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science. 1993;259:1749-1754.
7. Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, Chen W, Leonard JM, Markowitz M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 1995;373:123-126.
8. Wei X, Ghosh SK, Taylor ME, et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature. 1995;373:117-122.
9. Perelson AS, Neumann AU, Markowitz M, Leonard JM, Ho DD. HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science. 1996;271:1582-1586.
10. Mellors JW, Kinsley LA, Rinaldo CRJ, et al. Quantitäten of HIV-IRNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:573-579.
11. Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR Jr, Gupta P, et al. Prognosis in HI V-l infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science. 1996;272:1167-1170.
12. Hammer SM, Katzenstein DA, Hughes MD, Hirsch MS, Merigan TC, for the ACTG 175 Virology Substudy Team. Virologie markers and outcome in ACTG 175. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract S24.
13. Coombs RW, Welles SL, Hooper C, et al. Association of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type-1 RNA level with risk of clinical progression in patients with advanced infection. J Infect Dis. In press.
14. Welles SL, Jackson JB, Yen-Lieberman B. Prognostic value of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease and with little or no zidovudine therapy. J Infect Dis. In press.
15. O'Brien WA, Hartigan PM, Martin D, Esinhart J. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte count relative to treatment and progression to AIDS. N Engl J Mod. 1996;334:426-431.
16. Hughes MD, Stein DS, Gundacker HM, Valentine FT, Phair JP, Volberding PA. Within-subject variation in CD4 lymphocyte count in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for patient monitoring. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:28-36.
17. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, et al. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:185-191.
18. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Hansen H, et al. The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type l (HIV) infection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:727-737.
19. Volberding PA, Lagakos SW, Koch MA, et al. Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: a controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD-I-positive cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:941-949.
20. Volberding PA, Lagakos SW, Grimes JM, et al. The duration of zidovudine benefit in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection: prolonged evaluation of protocol 019 of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. JAMA. 1994;272:437-442.
21. Volberding PA, Grimes JM, Lagakos SW, et al. A comparison of immediate with deferred zidovudine therapy for asymptomatic HI V-infected adults with CD4 cell counts of 500 or more per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:401-407.
22. Collier AC, Coombs R, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Treatment for human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1011-1017.
23. Danner SA, Carr A, Leonard JM, et al. A shortterm study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HI V-l protease. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1528-1533.
24. Eron JJ, Benoit SL, Jemsek J, MacArthur RD. Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, or both in HIV-positive patients with 200 to 500 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1662-1669.
25. Kitchen VS, Skinner C, Ariyoshi K, et al. Safety and activity of saquinavir in HIV infection. Lancet. 1995;345:952-955.
26. Markowitz M, Saag M, Powderly WG, et al. A preliminary study of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, to treat HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1534-1539.
27. Schooley RT, Ramirez-Ronda C, Lange JMA, et al. Virologie and immunologie benefits of initial combination therapy with zidovudine and zalcitabine or didanosine compared to zidovudine monotherapy. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:1354-1366.
28. Vella S. Clinical experience with saquinavir. AIDS. 1996;9:21-25.
29. Lafeuillade A, Poggi C, Profizi N, Tamalet C, Thiebaut C. Similar kinetics of HIV-1 replication in lymphoid organs and plasma. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract 255.
30. Emini EA. Protease inhibitors. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1,1996; Washington, DC. Abstract LI.
31. Coffin JM. HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science. 1996;267:483-489.
32. Coffin JM. Viral/cellular kinetics: fitness dynamics. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington DC. Abstract L13.
33. Hammer S, Katzenstein D, Hughes M, Gundacker H, Hirsch M, Merigan T, for the ACTG 175 Study Team. Nucleoside monotherapy (MT) vs. combination therapy (CT) in HIV infected adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in persons with CD4 cell counts 200-500/mm3. In: Program and abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 17-20, 1995; San Francisco, Calif. Abstract LB1.
34. Yeni P, on behalf of the International Coordinat4ng Committee. Preliminary results of the European/Australian Delta trial: based on data up to 31st May, 1995. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV Infection; September 26-29,1995; Copenhagen, Denmark.
35. Gazzard B, on behalf of the International Coordinating Committee, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Further results from European/Australian Delta Trial. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28February 1,1996; Washington, DC. Abstract LBSa.
36. Katlama C, for the European Lamivudine HIV Working Group. Combination 3-TC zidovudine versus zidovudine monotherapy in zidovudine naive HIV-1 positive patients with CD4 of 100 to 400 cells/mm3. In: Program and abstracts of the 2nd National Conference on Human Retroviruses and Related Infections; January 29-February 2, 1995; Washington, DC. Abstract LB31.
37. Pollard R, Peterson D, Hardy D, et al. Antiviral effect and safety of stavudine (d4T) and didanosine (ddl) combination therapy in HI V-infected subjects in an ongoing pilot randomized double-blind trial. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1,1996; Washington, DC. Abstract 197.
38. 3: results of a double-blind randomised placebo controlled study. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract 196.
39. 3. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1,1996; Washington, DC. Abstract LB4.
40. 3) in patients discontinuing or unable to take retrovir. Executive Summary-Clinical Endpoint Analysis; May 3,1996.
41. Gulick R, Mellors J, Havlir D, et al. Potent and sustained antiretroviral activity of indinavir (IDV) in combination with zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC). In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract LB7.
42. Mathez D, De Truchis P, Gorin I, et al. Ritonavir, AZT, DDC, as a triple combination in AIDS patients. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract 285.
43. Cameron B, Heath-Chiozzi M, Kravcik S, et al. Prolongation of life and prevention of AIDS in advanced HIV immunodeficiency with ritonavir. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1,1996; Washington, DC. Abstract LB6a.
44. Heath-Chiozzi M, Leonard J, Henry D, et al. Anti-HIV activity and lymphocyte surrogate marker response dynamics to ritonavir therapy in advanced HIV immunodeficiency. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract LB6b.
45. Jacobsen H, Hanggi M, Ott M, et al. In vivo resistance to an HIV-1 proteinase inhibitor. Mutations, kinetics and frequencies. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:1379-1387.
46. Condra JH, Schleif WA, Blahy OM, et al. In vivo emergence of HIV-1 variants resistant to multiple protease inhibitors. Nature. 1995;374:569-571.
47. Saag MS, Holodniy M, Kuritzkes DR, et al. HIV viral load markers in clinical practice: recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA Expert Panel. Nat Med. 1996;2:625-629.
48. Schacker T, Shaughnessy M, Barnum G, Corey L. Reactivation of HSV2 in HIV infected persons is associated with increased levels of plasma HIV RNA. In: Program and abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, September 17-20, 1995; San Francisco, Calif. Abstract 1235.
49. Staprans SI, Hamilton BL, Follansbee SE, et al. Activation of virus replication after vaccination of HIV-1-infected individuals. J Exp Med. 1995;182:1727-1737.
50. O'Brien WA, Grovit-Ferbas K, Namazi A, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication can be increased in peripheral blood of seropositive patients after influenza vaccination. Blood. 1995; 86:1082-1089.
51. Kahn JO, Lagakos SW, Richman DD, et al. A controlled trial comparing continued zidovudine with didanosine in human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:581-587.
52. Fischl MA, Oison RM, Follansbee SE, et al. Zalcitabine compared with zidovudine in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection who received previous zidovudine therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118:762-769.
53. Spruance SL, Pavia AT, Peterson D, et al. Didanosine compared with continuation of zidovudine in HIV-infected patients with signs of clinical deterioration while receiving zidovudine. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:360-368.
54. Montaner JSG, Schechter MT, Rachlis A, et al. Didanosine compared with continued zidovudine therapy for HIV-infected patients with 200 to 500 CD4 cells/mm3: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:561-571.
55. Collier AC, Coombs RW, Fischl MA, et al. Combination therapy with zidovudine and didanosine compared with zidovudine alone in HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1993;! 19:786-793.
56. Bartlett JA, Johnson VA, Quinn JB, Benoit SL, Rubin M, and the NUCA 3002 Study Group. Longterm safety and efficacy of lamivudine (LMV) plus zidovudine (ZDV) compared with zalcitabine (ddC) plus ZDV in ZDV-experienced patients with absolute CD4 cells = 100-300/mm3. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1,1996; Washington, DC. Abstract 199.
57. Haubrich RH, Hirsch M, Flexner C, et al, and the ACTG 213 Team. Effect of antiretroviral discontinuation (AD) and reintroduction on markers of HIV infection. In: Programs and abstracts of the 2nd National Conference on Human Retroviruses and Related Infections; January 29-February 2,1995; Washington, DC. Abstract 381.
58. Gerberding JL. Management of occupational exposures to blood-borne viruses. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:444-451.
59. Peckham C, Gibb D. Mother-to-child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl JMed. 1995;333:298-302.
60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service Task Force on the Use of Zidovudine to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43:1-20.
61. Cao Y, Qin L, Zhang L, Safrit J, Ho DD. Virologie and immunologie characterization of longterm survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1995;332201-208.
62. Tindall B, Barker S, Donovan B, et al. Characterization of the acute clinical illness associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:945-949. 63. Fox R, Eldred LJ, Fuch EJ, et al. Clinical manifestations of acute infection with human immunodeficiency virus in a cohort of gay men. AIDS. 1987;l:35-38.
63. Jurriaans S, van Gemen B, Weverling GJ, et al. The natural history of HIV-1 infection: virus load and virus phenotype independent determinants of clinical course? Virology. 199404223-233.
64. Henrard DR, Phillips JF, Muenz LR, et al. Natural history of HIV-1 cell-free viremia. JAMA. 1995; 274:5Sl-558.
65. Kinloch-de Loës S, Hirschel BJ, Hoen B, et al. A controlled trial of zidovudine in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:408-413.
66. Tokars JI, Marcus R, Culver DH, et al. Surveillance of HIV infection and zidovudine use among health care workers after occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:913-919.
67. Henderson DK, Fahey BJ, Willy M, et al. Risk for occupational transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated with clinical exposures: a prospective evaluation. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:740-746.
68. Gerberding J. Is antiretroviral treatment after percutaneous HIV exposure justified? Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:979-980.
69. Donegan E, Stuart M, Niland JC, et al. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:733-739.
70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Case-control study of HIV seroconversion in healthcare workers after percutaneous exposure to HIVinfeeted blood-France, United Kingdom, and United States, January 1988-August 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995;44:929-933.
71. de Vincenzi I. A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:341-346.
72. Richman KM, Rickman LS. The potential for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus through human bites. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6:402-406.
73. Weiss SJ, Goedert JJ, Gärtner S, et al. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection among laboratory workers. Science. 1988;239:68-71.
74. Ruprecht R, O'Brien L, Rossoni L. Suppression of mouse viremia and retroviral disease by 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Nature. 1986;323:467-469.
75. Tavares L, Roneker C, Johnston K, et al. 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine in feline leukemia virusinfected cats: a model for therapy and prophylaxis of AIDS. Cancer Res. 1987;47:3190-3194.
76. Van Rompay KK, Marthas ML, Ramos RA, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of infant rhesus macaques as a model to test antiretroviral drug prophylaxis and therapy: oral 3'azido-3'-deoxythymidine prevents SIV infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992;36:2381-2386.
77. Shih C, Kaneshima H, Rabin L, et al. Postexposure prophylaxis with zidovudine suppresses hu-man immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in SCID-hu mice in a time-dependent manner. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:625-627.
78. Durand E, Le Jeunne C, Hughes FC. Failure of prophylactic zidovudine after suicidal self-inoculation of HIV-infected blood. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1062.
79. Jones PD. HIV transmission by stabbing despite zidovudine prophylaxis. Lancet. 1991;338:884.
80. Lange JMA, Boucher CAB, Hollak GEM, et al. Failure of zidovudine prophylaxis after accidental exposure to HIV-1. N Engl J Med. 1990;332:1375-1377.
81. Looke DFM, Grove DI. Failed prophylactic zidovudine after needlestick injury. Lancet. 1990;335: 1280.
82. Puro V, Ippolito G, Guzzanti E, et al. Zidovudine prophylaxis after accidental exposure to HI V: the Italian experience. AIDS. 1992;6:963-969.
83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: provisional recommendations for chemoprophylaxis after occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR Mcrrb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996;45:468-472.
84. D'Aquila ET, Johnson VA, Welles SL. Zidovudine resistance and HIV-1 disease progression during antiretroviral therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 122:401-408.
85. Mayers DL, Yerly S, Perrin L, et al. Prevalence of AZT-resistant (AZTR) HIV-1 in persons seroconverting in Switzerland, Australia, and the United States between 1988 and 1994. In: Program and abstracts of the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, October 4-7, 1994; Orlando, Fla. Abstract All.
86. Loveday C. HIV-1 genotype and phenotypic resistance in Delta patients. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract LBac.
87. Havlir D, Cheeseman SH, McLaughlin M, et al. High-dose nevirapine: safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral effect in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:537545.
88. 3: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 208. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1379-1383.
89. Richman DD, Havlir D, Corbeil J, et al. Nevirapine resistance mutations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selected during therapy. J Virol. 1994;63:1660-1668.
90. Saag MS, Emini EA, Laskin OL, et al. A shortterm clinical evaluation of L-697,661, a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. N Engl J Med. 1993:329:1065-1072.
91. Condra JH, Schleif WA, Blahy OM, et al. Mutations in HIV protease conferring resistance to inhibitor L-735,524. In: Program and abstracts of the 2nd National Conference on Human Retroviruses and Related Infections; January 29-February 2,1995; Washington, DC. Abstract 187.
92. Newell MK, Peckham C. Risk factors for vertical transmission of HIV-1 and early markers of HIV-1 infection in children. AIDS. 1993;7(suppl): S91-S97.
93. Boyer PJ, Dillon M. Factors predictive of maternal-fetal transmission of HIV-1. JAMA. 1994; 271:1925-1930.
94. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1173-1180.
95. Bryson YJ, Pang S, Wei LS, et al. Clearance of HIV infection in a perinatally infected infant. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:833-838.
96. Landesman SH, Burns D, Kalish L, et al. Increased duration of rupture of membranes (ROM) is associated with an increased risk of perinatal HIV-1 transmission.'In: Program and abstracts of the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; October 4-7,1994; Orlando, Fla. Abstract 119. -
97. Bryson YJ. The role of plasma RNA as a determinant of risk in maternal-fetal HIV transmission and early progression of disease in perinatallyinfected infants. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1,1996; Washington, DC. Abstract S25.
98. Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs R, et al. Maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA and the success of zidovudine (ZDV) in the prevention of mother-child transmission. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract LB1.
99. Fang G, Burger H, Crimson R, et al. Maternal plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA level: a determinant and projected threshold for mother to child transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995;92:12100-12104.
100. Koup RA, Cao Y, Ho DD, et al. Lack of a maternal viral threshold for vertical transmission of HIV-1. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract LB2.
101. Fiscus SA, Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ, et al. Perinatal HIV infection and the effect of zidovudine therapy on transmission in rural and urban counties. JAMA. 199675:1483-1488.
102. Oliveira RH, Mitchell C, Gomez-Marin 0, et al. Maternal zidovudine (ZDV) use and vertical transmission of HIV-1 (VT). In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract 129.
103. Cooper E, Diaz C, Pitt J, et al. Impact of ACTG 076: use of zidovudine (ZDV) during pregnancy and changes in the rate of HI V vertical transmission. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1,1996; Washington, DC. Abstract 26.
104. American Academy of Pediatrics. Human milk, breastfeeding, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. Pediatrics. 1995;96:977-979.
105. Dunn DT, Newell ML, Ades AE, Peckham CS. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding. Lancet. 1992;340: 585-588.
106. Eron JJ, Quinn JB, Hill-Price S, Rooney J, Rubin M. 52 week Mow-up of NUCA 3001:3TC, zidovudine (ZDV) or both in the treatment of HIVpositive patients with CD4 cell counts of 200-500 cells/mm3. In: Program and abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 28-February 1, 1996; Washington, DC. Abstract-198.
107. D'Aquila RT, Hughes MD, Johnson VA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nevirapine, zidovudine, and didanosine in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:1019-1023.
108. Staszewski S. Combination 3TC/ZDV vs ZDV monotherapy in ZDV experienced HIV-1 positive patients with a CD4 of 100-400 cells/mm3. In: Program and abstracts of the 2nd Conference on Retroviruses and Related Infections; January 29-February 2,1995; Washington, DC. Abstract LB32.