Recommendations in the empiric anti-infective agents of intra-abdominal infection;Recomendaciones en el tratamiento antibiótico empírico de la infeccion intraabdominal

Cirugia Espanola

Volumn 87, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 63-81

  Guirao, Xavier ^a   Arias, Javier ^a   Ma Badía, Josep ^a   García Rodríguez, José A ^b   Mensa, José ^b   Álvarez Lerma, Francisco ^c   Borges, Marcio ^c   Barberán, José ^d   Maseda, Emilio ^e   Salavert, Miguel ^f   Llinares, Pedro ^g   Gobernado, Miguel ^b   Rey, Cesar García ^b  

^a Sección de Infección Quirúrgica de la AEC   (Spain)

^b Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia   (Spain)

^c Sóciedad Española de Medicina Intensiva   (Spain)

^d Sóciedad Espanóla de Medicina Interna   (Spain)

^e Reanimación y Terapia Del Dólór GTIPO SEDAR   (Spain)

^f Enfermedades Infecciósas Hóspital de la Fe de Valencia   (Spain)

^g HOSPITAL JUAN CANALEJO   (Spain)

Author keywords

Anti infective agents; Intra abdominal infection Guidelines

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ABDOMEN; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; CROSS INFECTION; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION;

ABDOMEN; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CROSS INFECTION; HUMANS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 77954597182     PISSN: 0009739X     EISSN: 1578147X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2009.09.014     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Barie P, Hydo L, Eachempati S. Longitudinal outcomes of intraabdominal infection complicated by critical illness. Surg Infect. 2004;5:365-73. (Pubitemid 40458362)
2. Boucher H, Talbot G, Bradley J, Edwards J, Gilbert D, Rice L, et al. Bad Bugs, No Drugs: No ESKAPE! An Update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:1-12.
3. Mosdell D, Morris D, Voltura A, Pitcher D, Twiest M, Milne R, et al. Antibiotic treatment for surgical peritonitis. Ann Surg. 1991;214:543-9.
4. Tellado J, Sen S, Caloto M, Kumar R, Nocea G. Consequences of inappropriate initial empiric parenteral antibiotic therapy among patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections in Spain. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39:947-55. (Pubitemid 350153864)
5. Sitges-Serra A, Sancho-Isenser J, Membrilla E, Girvent M, Grupo de estudio PEPES (Patógenos emergentes en peritonitis). Estudio de adecuacion de la antibioticoterapia empírica en el tratamiento de la infeccion intraabdominal complicada. XXVII Congreso Nacional de Cirugía. Madrid 3-6 de noviembre del 2008.
6. Montravers P, Gauzit R, Muller C, Marmuse J, Fichelle A, Desmonts J. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in cases of peritonitis after inbtraabdominal surgery affects the efficacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:486-94. (Pubitemid 26304496)
7. Roehrborn A, Thomas L, Potreck O, Ebener C, Ohmann C, Goretzki P, et al. The microbiology of postoperative peritonitis. Clin Infec Dis. 2001;33:1513-9. (Pubitemid 34246145)
8. Chow J, Satishchandran V, Snyder T, Harvey C, Friedland I, Dinubile M. In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative Gramegative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdomi-nal infections worldwide: The 2002 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). Surg Infect. 2006;6: 439-47.
9. Paterson D, Rossi F, Baquero F, Hsuech P, Woods G, Satish-chandran V, et al. In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: the 2003 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:965-73. (Pubitemid 40883183)
10. Rossi F, Baquero F, Hsuech P, Paterson D, Bochicchio G, Snyder T, et al. In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: 2004 results from SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:205-10. (Pubitemid 44295010)
11. Montravers P, Lepape A, Dubreuil L, Gauzit R, Pean Y, Benchimol D, et al. Clinical and microbiolocal profiles and community-acquired and nosocomial intra-abdominal infec-tions:reults of the French prospective, observational EBIIA study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:785-94.
12. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368-77.
13. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood K, Light B, Parrillo J, Sharma S, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1589-96. (Pubitemid 43810035)
14. Knaus W, Draper E, Wagner D, Zimmerman J. APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:818-29. (Pubitemid 15250137)
15. Vincent J, Moreno R, Takala J, Willats S, De MendoncaA, Bruining H, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care of Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22:707-10.
16. Members of the American College of Chest Pysicians. American College of Chest Physicians/society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:864-74.
17. Rangel-Fausto M, Pittet D, Costigan M, Hwang T, Davis C, Wenzel R. The Natural History of SIRS. JAMA. 1995;273: 117-123.
18. Guirao X, Franch G, Navins J, Casal M, Juvany M, Montero J, et al. Monitorizacion de la proteína C-reactiva en el diagnostico precoz de las complicaciones mayores en la cirugía colorectal electiva. In: XXVII Congreso Nacional de Cirugía, Madrid; 2008.
19. Mikkelsen M, Miltiades A, Gaieski D, Goyal M, Fuchs B, Shah C, et al. Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis in-dependent of organ failure and shock. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1670-777.
20. Nguyen H, Rivers E, Moan G, Abraham E, Trzeciak S, Huang D, et al. Review of the Literature and Emergency Department Management Guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48:28-54.
21. Thomas-Rudolph D, Duclos T, Snapper C, Mold C. C-reactive Protein enhances immunity to Strptócóccus pneumóniae by targeting uptke to FcgR on dentritic cells. J Immunol. 2007;178:7283-91. (Pubitemid 46847455)
22. Sierra R, Rello J, Baileín M, Beníítez E, Gordillo A, Leoín C, et al. Creactive protein used as an early indicator of infection in patients with systemic inflammatory syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:2038-45. (Pubitemid 40022319)
23. Reny J, Vuagnat A, Ract AMB, Safar M, Fagon J. Diagnosis and follow-up of infections in intensive care patients: value of C-reactive protein compared with other clinical and biological varIIAles. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:529-35. (Pubitemid 34214612)
24. Schmit X, Vincent J. The Time Course of Blood C-reactive Protein concentrations in relation to the response to initial antimicrobial therapy in patients with sepsis. Infection. 2008;36:213-9.
25. Reith H, Mittelkotter U, Debus E, Kussner C, Thiede A. Procalcitonin in early detection of postoperative complication. Dig Surg. 1998;15:260-2.
26. Novotny A, Emmanuel K, Hueser N, Knebel C, Kriner M, Ulm K, et al. Procalcitonin ratio indicates successful surgical treatment of abdominal sepsis. Surgery. 2009;145:20-6.
27. Rau B, Frigerio I, Büchler M, Wegscheider K, Bassi C, Puolakkainen P, et al. Evaluation of procalcitonin for predicting septic multiorgan failure and overall prognosis in secondary peritonitis. Arch Surg. 2007;142:134-42. (Pubitemid 46294132)
28. Tang B, Eslick G, Craig J, McLean A. Accuracy of procalcitonin for sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients:systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:210-7. (Pubitemid 46274517)
29. Alvarez-Lerma F. Modification of empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with penumonia acquired in the intensive care unit. ICYAcquired Pneumonia Study Group. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22:387-94. (Pubitemid 26174308)
30. Kollef M, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser V. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of nfections: A risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest. 1999;115:462-74. (Pubitemid 29083057)
31. Luna C, Famiglietti A, Absi R, Videla A, Nogueira F, Fuenzalida A, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2000;118: 1344-54.
32. Ibrahim E, Sherman G, Ward S, Frase V, Kollef M. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patients outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest. 2000;118:146.
33. Krobot K, Yin D, Zhang Q, Sen S, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Scheele J, et al. Effect of inappropiate initial empiric antibiotic therapy on outcome of patients with community-acquiered intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infec Dis. 2004;23:682-7. (Pubitemid 39304322)
34. Bareí M, Castells X, García A, Riu M, Comas M, Gil-Egea M. Importance of apopropiateness of empiric antibiotic therapy on clinical outcomes in intra-abdominal infections. Int J Technol Assess Healt Care. 2006;22:242-8.
35. Battelmen D, Callahan M, Thaler H. Rapid antibiotic delivery and appropiate antibiotic selection reduce llenght of hospital stay of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:682-8. (Pubitemid 34226395)
36. Sturkenboom M, Goettsch W, Picelli G, Veld B, Yin D, de Jong R, et al. Inappropiate initial treatment of secondary intra-abdomial infections leads to increased risk of clinical failure and costs. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;60:438-43. (Pubitemid 41428476)
37. Dupont H, Carbon C, Carlet J, Severe Generalized Perintonits Study Group T. Monotherapy with a broad-spectrum beta-lactam is as effective as its combination with an aminoglyco-side in treatment of severe generalizaed peritonitis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Antimicrob Ag Chemother. 2000;44:2028-33. (Pubitemid 30484422)
38. Mansour A, Watson W, Shayani V, Pickelman J. Abdominal operation in patients with cirrhosis: Still a major surgical challange. Surgery. 1997;122:730-5.
39. Falagas M, Barefoot L, Griffith J, Ruthzar R, Snydman D. Risk factors leading to clinical failure in the treatment of intra-abdominal or skin/soft tissue infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infec Dis. 1996;1512:913-21. (Pubitemid 27060990)
40. Tellado J, Sitges-Serra A, Barcenilla F, Palomar M, Serrano R, Barberaín J, et al. Pautas de tratamientoi antibioítico empíírico de la infecciones intraabdominales. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2005;18:179-86. (Pubitemid 41059895)
41. Sitges-Serra A, Lopez M, Girvent M, Almirall S, Sancho J. Postoperative enterococcal infection after treatment of complicated intra-abdominal sepsis. Br J Surg. 2002;89:361-7. (Pubitemid 34227039)
42. Gobernado M. Infecciones por bacterias productoras de p-lactamasas. In: Guirao X, Diaz JA, editors. Infecciones Quiruírgicas. Madrid: Araín Editores; 2006. p. 483-6.
43. Baquero F, Hsuech P, Paterson D, Rossi F, Biochicchio G, Gallagher G, et al. In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: 2005. Results from study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART). Surg Infect. 2008.
44. Coque T, Baquero F, Cantoín R. Increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing enterobacteriacea in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 2008;13:1-11.
45. Baquero F, Cecenado E, Cisterna R, de la Rosa M, García-Rodriguez J, Gobernado M, et al. Patrones de sensiblidad a antimicrobianos en enterobacterias causantes de infecciones intraabdominales en España: resultados del estudio SMART 2003. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2006;19:51-9. (Pubitemid 43822170)
46. Rodríguez-Baño J, Paterson D. A Change in the epidemiology of infections due to extended-spectrum p-lactamase-produ-cing organisms. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:935-7.
47. Cantoín R, Novais A, Valverde A, Mchado E, Peixe L, Baquero F, et al. Prevalence and spread of extended-spectrum p-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14(Supl. 1):144-53. (Pubitemid 350269194)
48. Rodríguez-Baño J, Navarro M. Impacto de las BLEE en los tratamientos empííricos y las polííticas antibioíticas. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2007;25(Supl. 2):54-9.
49. Bratu S, Landman D, Haag R, Recco R, Eramo A, Alam M, et al. Rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumóniae in New York City. A new threat to our antibiotic armamentarium. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1430-5. (Pubitemid 40973427)
50. Gulmez D, Woodford N, Pelepou M, Musthaq S, Metan G, Yakupogullari Y, et al. Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia cóli and Klebsiella pneumóniae isolates from Turkey with OXA-48-like carbapenemases and outer membrane protein loss. Int J Antimicrob Ag. 2008;31:523-6.
51. Skippen I, Shemko M, Turton J, Kaufmann M, Palmer C, Shetty N. Epidemiology of infections caused by extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Escherichia cóli and Klebsiella spp.: a nested case control study from a tertiary hospital in London. J Hosp Infect. 2006;64:115-23. (Pubitemid 44688588)
52. Martínez J, Aguilar J, Almela M, Marco F, Soriano A, Lopez F, et al. Prior use of carbapenems may be a significant risk factor for extended-spectrum p-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella spp. in patients with bacteriemia. J Antimicrobiol Chemother. 2006:1082-5.
53. Tumbarello M, Spanu T, Sanguinetti M, Citton R, Montuori E, Leone F, et al. Bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrumlactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: Risk Factors, Molecular Epidemiology, and Clinical Outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(2):498-504. (Pubitemid 43190958)
54. Ben-Ami R, Schwaber J, Navon-Venezia S, Schwartz D, Chmelnitsky I, Leavitt A, et al. Influx of extended-spectrum p-Lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae into the Hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:925-34.
55. Colodner R, Rock W, Chazan B, Keller N, Guy N, Sakran W, et al. Risk factors for the development of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in nonhospitalized patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;23:163-7. (Pubitemid 38471420)
56. Peña C, Gudiol C, Tubau F, Saball M, Pujol M, Dominguez M, et al. Risk-factors for acquisition of extended-spectrum p-lactamase producing Escherichia coli among hospitalised patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:279-84. (Pubitemid 43379330)
57. Swenson B, Metzger R, Hedrick T, McElearney S, Evans H, Smith R, et al. Choosing Antibiotics for intra-abdominal infections: What Do We Mean by «High Risk»?. Surg Infect. 2009;10:1-11.
58. DiNubile M, Friendland I, Chan C, Motyl M, Giezel H, Shivaprakash M, et al. Bowel colonization with resistant Gram-negative bacilli after antimicrobial therapy of intra-abdominal infections: observations from two randomized comparative clinical trials of ertapenem therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24:443-9. (Pubitemid 41124495)
59. Harris A, McGregor J, Johnson J, Strauss S, Moore A, Standiford H, et al. Risk factors for colonization with extended-spectrum lactamase-producing bacteria and intensive care unit admission. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1144-9. (Pubitemid 47359156)
60. Kang C, Kim S, Park W, Lee K, Kim H, Kim E, et al. Boodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistans Gram-negative bacilli: risk factors and impact of inappropiate initial antimicrobial therapy on outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:760-6. (Pubitemid 40175690)
61. Raymond D, Pelletier S, Crabtree T, Evans H, Pruett T, Sawyer R. Impact of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infections on outcome in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:1035-41. (Pubitemid 36444410)
62. Genneí D, Menetrey A, Indino P, Seíneíchaud C, Siegriest HH. Treatment of secondary peritonitis: Is a less expensive broad-spectrum antibiotic as effective as a carbapenem?. Dig Surg. 2003;20:415-20.
63. Sotto A, Lefrant J, Fabbro-Peray P, Muller L, Tafuri J, Navarro F, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial therapy management of 120 consecutive patients with secondary peritonitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50:569-76. (Pubitemid 35214798)
64. Bradley J, GarauJ, H L, Roston K, SE W, Qujinn J. Carbapenems in clinical practice: a guide to their use in serious infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1999;11:93-100. (Pubitemid 29114967)
65. Kusachi S, Sumiyama Y, Arima Y, Yoshida Y, Tanaka H, Nakamura Y, et al. Isolated bacteria and drug susceptibility associated with the course of surgical site infections. J Infect Chemother. 2007;13:166-71. (Pubitemid 47012500)
66. Babinchak T, Ellis-Grose E, Dartois N, Rose G, Loh E, collaboration Tigecycline 301 and 306 Study G. The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: Analysis of pooled clinical trial data. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:S354-66.
67. Dupont H. The empiric treatment of nosocomial intra-abdominal infections. Int J Infec Dis. 2007;11(Supl. 1):1-6.
68. Burnett R, Haverstock D, Dellinger E, Reinhart H, Bohnen J, Rotstein O, et al. Definition of the role of Enterococcus in intraabdominal infction: Analysis of a prospective randomized trial. Surgery. 1995;118:716-23.
69. Onderdonk A, Barlett J, Louie T, Sullivan-Seigler N, Gorbach S. Microbial synergy in experimental intra-abdomninal abscess. Infec Immun. 1976;13:22-6.
70. Moellering R. Enterococcus species, Streptococcus bouis, and Leuconostoc species. En: Livingstone EC, editor. Mandel, Douglas, and Bennett. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, 2005; p. 2411-21.
71. Dahms R, Johnson E, Statz C, Lee J, Dunn D, Beilman G. Third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin as risk factors for postorpeative vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection. Arch Surg. 1998;133:1343-6. (Pubitemid 29001298)
72. Rohrborn A, Wacha H, Schoffel U, Billing A, Aeberhard P, Beghard B, et al. Coverage of enterococci in community acquired secondary peritonitis: Results of a randomized trial. Surg Infect. 2000;1:95-107.
73. Solomkin J, Yellin A, Rostein O, Christou N, Dellinger E, Tellado J, et al. Comparacioín de ertapenem con piperacilina/ tazobactam en el tratamiento de infecciones intraabdomina-les complicadas resultados de un ensayo comparativo alea-torizado doble ciego en fase III. Ann Surg. 2003;237:235-45.
74. Borbone S, Cascone C, Santagati M, Mezzatesta M, Stefani M. Bactericidal activity of ertapenem against major intra-abdo-minal pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;28:396-401. (Pubitemid 44636186)
75. Namias N, Solomkin J, Jensen E, Tomassini J, Abramson M. Randomized, multicenter, double-blind study of efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intravenous ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in hospitalized adults. Surg Infect. 2007;8:15-28. (Pubitemid 46598292)
76. Barie P, Vogel S, Dellinger E, Rostein O, Solomkin J, Yang J, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing cefepime plus metronidazole with imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Cefepime Intra-abdominal Infection Study Group. Arch Surg. 1997;132: 1294-302. (Pubitemid 28007159)
77. Itani K, Wilson S, Award S, Jensen E, Finn T, Abramson M. Ertapenem versus cefotetan prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2640-51. (Pubitemid 44969123)
78. Mirelis Otero B, Prats Pastor G. Conceptos de microbiologíí a aplicada. In: Guirao Garriga X, editor. Infecciones Quimrgicas. Madrid: Aran; 2006. p. 27-46.
79. Boucher H, Wennersten C, Eliopoulos G. In Vitro Activities of the glycylcycline GAR-936 against Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:2225-9. (Pubitemid 30484461)
80. Betriu C, Rodriguez-Avial I, Ali-Sanchez B, Goímez M, Alvarez J, Picazo J, et al. In vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) against recently isolated clinical bacteria in Spain. Antimicrob Ag Chem. 2002;46(3):892-5. (Pubitemid 34157684)
81. Dean D, Buechard K. Fungal Infections in surgical patients. Am J Surg. 1996;171:374-82.
82. Nolla-Salas J, Sitges-Serra A, Leoín-Gil C, Martínez- Gonzalez J, Leon-Regidor M, Ibéíñez-Lucia P, et al. Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23:23-30. (Pubitemid 27067892)
83. Sandven P, Giercksky K, the NORGAS Group, and the Norweigian Yeast Study Group. Yeast colonization in surgical patients with intra-abdominal perforations. Eur J Clin Micro-biol Infect Dis. 2001;20:475-81. (Pubitemid 34212108)
84. Leoín C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Almirante B, Nolla-Salas J, Alvarez-Lerma F, et al. A bedside scoring system («Candida score») for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:730-7.
85. Vincent J, Anaissie E, Bruining H, Demajo W, El-Ebiary M, Haber J, et al. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment od systemic Candida infection in surgical patients under intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24:206-16. (Pubitemid 28190811)
86. Weiss III C, Statz C, Dahms R, Remucal M, Dunn D, GJ B. Six years of surgical wound infection surveillance at a tertiary care center: review of the microbiologic and epidemiological aspects of 20, 007 wounds. Arch Surg. 1999;134:1041-8. (Pubitemid 29473188)
87. Levison M, Zeigler D. Correlation ofAPACHE II score, drainage technique and outcome in postoperative intra-abdominal abscess. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991;172:89-94.
88. Brolin R, Flancbaum L, Ewrcoli F, Milgrim L, Bocage J, Blum A, et al. Limitations of percutaneous catheter drainage of abdominal abscesses. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991;173:203-10.
89. Montravers P, Dupont H, Gauzit R, Veber B, Auboyer C, Blin P, et al. Candida as a risk factor for mortality in peritonitis. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:646-52.
90. Pultz N, Stiefel U, Ghannoum M, Helfand M, Dosnkey C. Effect of parenteral antibiotic administration on establishment of intestinal colonization by Candida glabrata in adult mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(1):438-40. (Pubitemid 40065827)
91. British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Management of deep Candida infection in surgical and intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med. 1994;20:522-8.
92. Blot S, Vandewoude K, Waele J. Candida peritonitis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13:195-9. (Pubitemid 46328335)
93. Nolla-Salas J, Torres-Rodriguez J, Grau S, Isbert F, Torrella T, Riveiro M, et al. Succesful Treatment with Liposomal Amphoitercin B of an Intraabdominal abscess Due to Candida norvegensis Associates with a Gore-Tex-Mesh Infection. Scand J Infect Dis. 2000;32:560-2.
94. Pier G, Ramphal R. Pseudomons aeruginosa. In: Mandell G, Bennet J, Dolin R, editors. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005. p. 2587-615.
95. Kang C, Kim S, Kim H, Park S, Choe Y, Oh M, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of delayed receipt of effective antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37: 745-51. (Pubitemid 37153651)
96. Berthelot P, Grattard F, Mahul P, Jospeí R, Venet C, Carricajo A, et al. Prospective study of nosocomial colonization and infection dur to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27:503-12. (Pubitemid 32250079)
97. Christou N, Barie P, Dellinger P, Waymack P, Stone H, Surgical Infection Society Intra-abdominal Infection Study. Prospective evaluation of management techniques and outcome. Arch Surg. 1993;128:193-9. (Pubitemid 23057644)
98. Wacha H, Hau T, Dittmer R, Ohmann C, and the peritonitis study group. Risk factors associated with intraabdominal infections: a prospective multicenter study. Lagenbeck's Arch Surg. 1999;384:24-32. (Pubitemid 29225314)
99. Bosscha K, Reijnders K, Hulstaert P, Algra A, van der Werken C. Prognostic scoring systems to predict outcome in peritonitis and intra-abdominal sepsis. Br J Surg. 1997;84: 1532-4. (Pubitemid 27485524)
100. Farthmann E, Schoffel U. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of IAI. Infection. 1998;26:329-34.
101. Hotchkiss R. The pathophysiology and treatment ofsepsis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:138-50.
102. Mazuski J, RG S, Nathens A, Dipiro J, Schein M, Kudsk K, et al. The Surgical Infection Society Guidelines on Antimicrobial therapy for Intra-Abdominal Infections: An Executive Summary. Surgical Infections. 2002;3:163-73.
103. Cattan P, Yin D, Sarfati E, Lyu R, de Zelicourt M, Fagnani F. Cost of care for inpatients with community-acquired intra abdominal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21:787-97.
104. Lennard E, Dellinger P, Wertz M, Minshew B. Implications of leukocytosis and fever at conclusion of antibiotic therapy for intraabdominal sepsis. Ann Surg. 1982;195:19-24. (Pubitemid 12194938)
105. Alcocer F, Loípez E, Calva J, Herrera M. Secondary peritonitis: towards a definition of an optimal period of antibiotic treatment. Rev Invest Clin. 2001;53:121-5. (Pubitemid 33680468)
106. Shein M, Assalia A, Bachus H. Minimal antibiotic therapy after emergency abdominal surgery: a prospective study. Br J Surg. 1994;81:989-91. (Pubitemid 24230091)
107. Basoli A, Chirletti P, Cirino E, D'Ovidio N, Doglietto G, Giglio D, et al. A prospective, double-blind, multicenter, randomized trial comparing ertapenem 3 vs. >5 days in community-acquired intraabdominal infection. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:592-600.
108. Couto R, Barbosa J, Pedrosa T, Biscione F. C-Reactive protein-guided approach may shorten length of antimicrobial treatment of culture-proven late-onset sepsis. An intervention stud. Braz J Infect Dis. 2007;11:240-5. (Pubitemid 47099089)
109. Barie P. Modern surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy: Less is more. Surg Infect. 2000;1:23-9.
110. Guirao X, García-Domingo M, Lladoí L, Franch G, Oliva A, Muñoz A, et al. A new model of intra-abdominal abscess. Usefulness for hydrosaline metabolism studies in parenteral nutrition associated with sepsis. J Surg Res. 1995;59:658-65. (Pubitemid 26013886)
111. Roberts J, Lipman J. Phramacokinetic issues for antibiotics in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:840-51.
112. Brink A, Richards G, Schillack V, Kiem S, Schetag J. Pharma kinetics of onec-daily dosing of ertapenem in critically ill patientes with severe sepsis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33:432-6.
113. Jones C, Petersen P. Tigecycline: First class glycylcycline a new choice for empiric therapy. Drug Discov Today. 2006;3:137-44. (Pubitemid 44173719)
114. Stevens D. The role of vancomycin in the treatment paradigm. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:S51-7. (Pubitemid 41832065)
115. Aarts M, Granton J, Cook D, Bohnen J, Marshall J. Empiric antimicrobial therapy in critical illness: Results of a Surgical Infection Society Survey. Surg Infec. 2007;8:329-36. (Pubitemid 47186302)