Association of pica with anemia and gastrointestinal distress among pregnant women in Zanzibar, Tanzania

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Volumn 83, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 144-151

  Young, Sera L ^a,b   Khalfan, Sabra S ^c   Farag, Tamer H ^d   Kavle, Justine A ^d   Ali, Said M ^c   Hajji, Hamad ^c   Rasmussen, Kathleen M ^b   Pelto, Gretel H ^b   Tielsch, James M ^d   Stoltzfus, Rebecca J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^c Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri   (Tanzania)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN; IRON;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADULT; ANEMIA; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FOOD INTAKE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; IRON BLOOD LEVEL; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MORBIDITY; NAUSEA; PICA; PREGNANT WOMAN; SOCIOECONOMICS; TANZANIA;

ANEMIA; ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; IRON, DIETARY; PICA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, HEMATOLOGIC; TANZANIA;

EID: 77954591766     PISSN: 00029637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0442     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Laufer B, 1930. Geophagy 18(2). Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.
2. Danford D, 1982. Pica and nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr 2: 303-322.
3. Young SL, Wilson MJ, Miller D, Hillier S, 2008. Toward a comprehensive approach to the collection and analysis of pica substances, with emphasis on geophagic materials. PLoS One 3: e3147.
4. Jenkins CL, 1980. Geophagy in Fayette county, Tennessee: a symbolic interpretation. Tennessee Anthropologist 5: 73-91.
5. Krishnamani R, Mahaney W, 2000. Geophagy among primates: adaptive significance and ecological consequences. Anim Behav 59: 899-915. (Pubitemid 30656566)
6. Kreulen DA, 1985. Lick use by large herbivores: a review of benefits and banes of soil consumption. Mammal Rev 15: 107-123.
7. Rothenberg S, Manalo M, Jiang J, Khan F, Cuellar R, Reyes S, Sanchez M, Reynoso B, Aguilar A, Diaz M, Acosta S, Jauregui M, Johnson C, 1999. Maternal blood lead level during pregnancy in south central Los Angeles. Arch Environ Health 54: 151-157. (Pubitemid 29297438)
8. Abrahams P, Follansbee M, Hunt A, Smith B, Wragg J, 2006. Iron nutrition and possible lead toxicity: an appraisal of geophagy undertaken by pregnant women of UK Asian communities. Appl Geochem 21: 98-108. (Pubitemid 41805045)
9. Patterson EC, Staszak DJ, 1977. Effects of geophagia (kaolin ingestion) on the maternal blood and embryonic development in the pregnant rat. J Nutr 107: 2020-2025.
10. Thomas FB, Falko JM, Zuckerman K, 1976. Inhibition of intestinal iron absorption by laundry starch. Gastroenterology 71: 1028-1032.
11. Minnich V, Okcuoglu A, Tarcon Y, Arcasoy A, Cin S, Yorukoglu O, Renda F, Demirag B, 1968. Pica in Turkey. II. Effect of clay upon iron absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 21: 78-86.
12. Hooda PS, Henry CJ, Seyoum TA, Armstrong LD, Fowler MB, 2004. The potential impact of soil ingestion on human mineral nutrition. Sci Total Environ 333: 75-87.
13. Luoba A, Geissler P, Estambale B, Ouma J, Alusala D, Ayah R, Mwaniki D, Magnussen P, Friis H, 2005. Earth-eating and reinfection with intestinal helminths among pregnant and lactating women in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 10: 220-227. (Pubitemid 40388968)
14. Saathoff E, Olsen A, Kvalsvig JD, Geissler PW, 2002. Geophagy and its association with geohelminth infection in rural schoolchildren from northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 485-490. (Pubitemid 35386220)
15. Young S, Goodman D, Farag T, Ali S, Khatib M, Khalfan S, Tielsch J, Stoltzfus R, 2007. Geophagia is not associated with Trichuris or hookworm transmission in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 766-772. (Pubitemid 46937909)
16. Abrahams P, Follansbee M, Hunt A, Smith B, Wragg J, 2006. Iron nutrition and possible lead toxicity: an appraisal of geophagy undertaken by pregnant women of UK Asian communities. Appl Geochem 21: 98-108. (Pubitemid 41805045)
17. Yanai J, Noguchi J, Yamada H, Sugihara S, Kilasara M, Kosaki T, 2009. Function of geophagy as supplementation of micronutrients in Tanzania. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 55: 215-223.
18. Dominy N, Davoust E, Minekus M, 2004. Adaptive function of soil consumption: an in vitro study modeling the human stomach and small intestine. J Exp Biol 207: 319-324. (Pubitemid 38106735)
19. Gilardi JD, Duffey SS, Munn CA, Tell LA, 1999. Biochemical functions of geophagy in parrots: detoxification of dietary toxins and cytoprotective effects. J Chem Ecol 25: 897-922.
20. Johns T, Duquette M, 1991. Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 448-456. (Pubitemid 121000853)
21. Horner R, Lackey C, Kolasa K, Warren K, 1991. Pica practices of pregnant women. J Am Diet Assoc 91: 34-38.
22. Reid RM, 1992. Cultural and medical perspectives on geophagia. Med Anthropol 13: 337-351.
23. Vermeer D, Frate D, 1979. Geophagia in rural Mississippi: environmental and cultural contexts and nutritional implications. Am J Clin Nutr 32: 2129-2135.
24. Young SL, 2010. Pica in pregnancy: new ideas about an old condition. Annu Rev Nutr (in press). doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104713
25. Government of Zanzibar, UNICEF, 2001. Situation Analysis for Women and Children in Zanzibar. Zanzibar: Ministry of Finances and Economic Affairs and UNICEF.
26. Ash LR, Orihel TC, Savioli L, 1994. Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. Geneva: World Health Organization.
27. Farag T, Stoltzfus R, Khalfan S, Tielsch J, 2007. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with severe anemia of pregnancy on Pemba Island, Zanzibar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 541-548. (Pubitemid 351627750)
28. WHO Expert Committee, 2002. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
29. Young SL, Wilson MJ, Hillier S, Delbos E, Ali SM, Stoltzfus R, 2010. Differences and commonalities in physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of Zanzibari geophagic soils. J Chem Ecol 36: 129-140.
30. Morris S, Carletto C, Hoddinott J, Christiaensen L, 2000. Validity of rapid estimates of household wealth and income for health surveys in rural Africa. J Epidemiol Community Health 54: 381-387.
31. Izugbara CO, 2003. The Cultural context of geophagy among pregnant and lactating Ngwa women of south eastern Nigeria. Am Anthropol 10: 180-199.
32. Luoba AI, Geissler PW, Estambale B, Ouma JH, Magnussen P, Alusala D, Ayah R, Mwaniki D, Friis H, 2004. Geophagy among pregnant and lactating women in Bondo District, western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 734-741.
33. Vermeer DE, 1971. Geophagy among the ewe of Ghana. Ethnology 10: 56-72.
34. Thomson J, 1997. Anaemia in pregnant women in eastern Caprivi, Namibia. S Afr Med J 87: 1544-1547.
35. Antelman G, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Urassa E, Narh R, Hunter D, Fawzi W, 2000. Nutritional factors and infectious disease contribute to anemia among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus in Tanzania. J Nutr 130: 1950-1957.
36. Hunter JM, 1993. Macroterme geophagy and pregnancy clays in southern Africa. J Cultural Geography 14: 69-92.
37. Adam I, Khamis AH, Elbashir MI, 2005. Prevalence and risk factors for anaemia in pregnant women of eastern Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 739-743. (Pubitemid 41150670)
38. Knudsen J, 2002. Akula udongo (Earth eating habit): a social and cultural practice among Chagga women on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. Indilinga 1: 19-26.
39. Kawai K, Saathoff E, Antelman G, Msamanga G, Fawzi WW, 2009. Geophagy (soil-eating) in relation to anemia and helminth infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 36-43.
40. Geissler P, Shulman C, Prince R, Mutemi W, Mnazi C, Friis H, Lowe B, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 549-553.
41. Corbett R, Ryan C, Weinrich S, 2003. Pica in pregnancy: does it affect pregnancy outcomes? MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 28: 183-189; quiz 190-191.
42. Rainville AJ, 1998. Pica practices of pregnant women are associated with lower maternal hemoglobin level at delivery. J Am Diet Assoc 98: 293-296.
43. Keith D, Keith L, Berger GS, Foot J, Webster A, 1975. Amylophagia during pregnancy: some maternal and perinatal correlations. Mt Sinai J Med 42: 410-414.
44. Rowles-Sewing S, 1981. "We're Made from Clay, It Won't Hurt Nobody": A Cross-Cultural Study of Geophagia in Houston. Houston: Department of Anthroplology, University of Houston.
45. Hunter JM, de Kleine R, 1984. Geophagy in Central America. Geogr Rev 74: 157-169.
46. Ward P, Kutner NG, 1999. Reported pica behavior in a sample of incident dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 9: 14-20.
47. Kettaneh A, Eclache V, Fain O, Sontag C, Uzan M, Carbillon L, Stirnemann J, Thomas M, 2005. Pica and food craving in patients with iron-deficiency anemia: a case-control study in France. Am J Med 118: 185-188. (Pubitemid 40202869)
48. Thomson J, 1997. Anaemia in pregnant women in eastern Caprivi, Namibia. S Afr Med J 87: 1544-1547. (Pubitemid 28014345)
49. Geissler P, Shulman C, Prince R, Mutemi W, Mnazi C, Friis H, Lowe B, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 549-553. (Pubitemid 28486487)
50. Kawai K, Saathoff E, Antelman G, Msamanga G, Fawzi WW, 2009. Geophagy (soil-eating) in relation to anemia and helminth infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 36-43.
51. Smulian J, Motiwala S, Sigman R, 1995. Pica in a rural obstetric population. South Med J 88: 1236-1240.
52. Wiley AS, Katz SH, 1998. Geophagy in pregnancy: a test of a hypothesis. Curr Anthropol 39: 532-545.
53. Hunter JM, 1973. Geophagy in Africa and in the United States: a culture-nutrition hypothesis. Geogr Rev 63: 170-195.
54. Hooda PS, Henry CJ, Seyoum TA, Armstrong LD, Fowler MB, 2004. The potential impact of soil ingestion on human mineral nutrition. Sci Total Environ 333: 75-87.
55. Talkington KM, Gant NF, Scott DE, Pritchard JA, 1970. Effect of ingestion of starch and some clays on iron absorption. Am J Obstet Gynecol 108: 262-267.
56. Wilson MJ, 2003. Clay mineralogical and related characteristics of geophagic materials. J Chem Ecol 29: 1525-1547. (Pubitemid 36875552)
57. Smith B, Rawlins B, Cordeiro M, Hutchins M, Tiberindwa J, Sserunjog IL, Tomkins A, 2000. The bioaccessibility of essential and potentially toxic trace elements in tropical soils from Mukono District, Uganda. J Geol Soc London 157: 885-891.
58. Lukmanji Z, Hertzmark E, Mlingi N, Assey V, Ndossi G, Fawzi W, 2008. Tanzania Food Composition Tables. Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ nutritionsource/files/tanzania-food-composition-tables.pdf.
59. Hui YH, Smith RA, Spoerke DG, 2001. Foodborne Disease Handbook. Volume 1. Diseases Caused by Bacteria. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
60. Hui YH, Smith RA, Spoerke DG, 2001. Foodborne Disease Handbook. Volume 3. Plant Toxicants. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
61. Brouillard MY, Rateau JG, 1989. Adsorption potency of 2 clays, smectite and kaolin on bacterial enterotoxins. In vitro study in cell culture and in the intestine of newborn mice [in French]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 13: 18-24.
62. Dornai D, Mingelgrin U, Frenkel H, Bar-Joseph M, 1993. Direct quantification of unadsorbed viruses in suspensions of adsorbing colloids with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 3123-3125. (Pubitemid 23267113)
63. Barr M, 1957. Adsorption studies on clays. II. The adsorption of bacteria by activated attapulgite, halloysite, and kaolin. J Am Pharm Assoc 46: 490-492.
64. Gonzalez R, De Medina FS, Martinez-Augustin O, Nieto A, Galvez J, Risco S, Zarzuelo A, 2004. Anti-inflammatory effect of diosmectite in hapten-induced colitis in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 141: 951-960. (Pubitemid 38510078)
65. Gardiner KR, Anderson NH, McCaigue MD, Erwin PJ, Halliday MI, Rowlands BJ, 1993. Adsorbents as antiendotoxin agents in experimental colitis. Gut 34: 51-55.