Iron nutrition and possible lead toxicity: An appraisal of geophagy undertaken by pregnant women of UK Asian communities

Applied Geochemistry

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 98-108

  Abrahams, Peter W ^a   Follansbee, Mark H ^b   Hunt, Andrew ^c   Smith, Barry ^d   Wragg, Joanna ^d  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b SYRACUSE RESEARCH CORPORATION   (United States)

^c STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^d BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEALTH CARE; IRON; LEAD; NUTRITION;

ETHNIC SHOPS; GEOPHAGY;

TOXICITY;

GEOPHAGY; LEAD; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; PREGNANCY; TOXICITY;

EID: 29144460265     PISSN: 08832927     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.09.015     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. P.W. Abrahams Geophagy and the involuntary ingestion of soil O. Selinus B. Alloway J.A. Centeno R.B. Finkelman R. Fuge U. Lindh P. Smedley Essentials of Medical Geology: Impacts of the Natural Environment on Public Health 2005 Academic Press London 435 458 (Chapter 17)
2. P.W. Abrahams, and J.A. Parsons Geophagy in the tropics: A literature review Geog. J. 162 1996 63 72
3. Abramowitz, M., Stegun, I.A. (Eds.), 1969. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables. National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series 55.
4. D. Barltrop, C.D. Strehlow, I. Thornton, and J.S. Webb Significance of high soil lead concentrations for childhood lead burdens Environ. Health Persp. 7 1974 75 82
5. Byrne, D., 2001. Commission Regulation (EC) Number 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 Setting Maximum Levels for Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs. O.J.L. 77, pp. 1-13.
6. Cave, M.R., Wragg, J., Palumbo, B., Klinck, B.A., 2003. Measurement of the Bioaccessibility of Arsenic in UK Soils. Environment Agency, R&D Technical Report, P5-062/TR02.
7. CDC, 1991. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/books/plpyc/contents.htm ).
8. J.D. Clark Geophagy and Kalambo Falls clays J.D. Clark The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site vol. 3 2001 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 659 662 Appendix B
9. A.L. Daugherty, and R.J. Mrsny Transcellular uptake mechanisms of the intestinal epithelial barrier - Part one Pharm. Sci. Technol. To. 2 1999 144 151
10. Department of Health, 1991. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. HMSO, London.
11. C. Dukes A remarkable case of a juvenile earth-eater Lancet 822 1884
12. Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals, 2003. Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals. Food Standards Agency (www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/ vitmin2003.pdf ).
13. FSA, 2002a. Food Standards Agency web-site: Lead contamination of Calabash chalk (http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/scotland/fsascotwork/ foodalertsscotland/94273 ). Accessed 9 January 2004.
14. FSA, 2002b. Food Standards Agency web-site: Contaminants in food (England) regulations 2002 (Maximum levels for lead, cadmium, mercury, 3-MCPD, dioxins and nitrate in foodstuffs) (http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/ foodindustry/regulation/ria/71635 ). Accessed 9 January 2004.
15. FSA, 2004. Food Standards Agency web-site: Calabash chalk import ban (http://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/imports/imports_advice/banned_restricted/ calabashchalk ). Accessed 1 April 2004.
16. J.W. Foster Pica Kenya East African Med. J. 4 1927 68 76
17. P.W. Geissler, D.L. Mwaniki, F. Thiong'o, and H. Friis Geophagy among school children in western Kenya Trop. Med. Int. Health 2 1997 624 630
18. P.W. Geissler, C.E. Shulman, R.J. Prince, W. Mutemi, C. Mnazi, H. Friis, and B. Lowe Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya T. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. H. 92 1998 549 553
19. M. Gelfand Geophagy and its relation to hookworm disease E. Afr. Med. J. 22 1945 98 103
20. P.S. Hooda, C.J.K. Henry, T.A. Seyoum, L.D.M. Armstrong, and M.B. Fowler The potential impact of geophagia on the bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium in human nutrition Environ. Geochem. Hlth. 24 2002 305 319
21. J.M. Hunter Geophagy in Africa and the United States: A culture-nutrition hypothesis Geogr. Rev. 63 1973 173 195
22. D.J. Jukes Food Legislation of the UK: A Concise Guide 1997 Butterworth-Heinemann Oxford
23. G.A. Khoury, and G.L. Diamond Risks to children from exposure to lead in air during remedial or removal activities at Superfund sites: A case study of the RSR lead smelter Superfund site J. Expo. Anal. Env. Epid. 13 2003 51 65
24. B. Laufer Geophagy Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Anthropol. Ser. 18 1930 99 198
25. R.W. Leggett An age-specific kinetic model of lead metabolism in humans Environ. Health Persp. 101 1993 598 616
26. A.I. Luoba, P.W. Geissler, B. Estambale, J.H. Ouma, D. Alusala, R. Ayah, D. Mwaniki, P. Magnussen, and H. Friis Earth-eating and reinfection with intestinal helminths among pregnant and lactating women in western Kenya Trop. Med. Int. Health 10 2005 220 227
27. J. Middleton Sikor consumption by Asian ethnic groups: An unquantified health hazard Fac. Med. Dentist. Bull. (Univ. Birmingham) 77 1989 4 5
28. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), 1986. The Analysis of Agricultural Materials. HMSO, London.
29. V. Minnich, A. Okçuoglu, Y. Tarcon, A. Arcasoy, S. Cin, O. Yörükoglu, F. Renda, and B. Demirag Pica in Turkey: II effect of clay upon iron absorption Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 21 1968 78 86
30. F.H. Nielsen Fluoride, vanadium, nickel, arsenic and silicon in total parenteral-nutrition B. New York Acad. Med. 60 1984 177 195
31. D.J. Paustenbach The practice of exposure assessment: A state of the art review J. Toxicol. Env. Hlth. B 3 2000 179 291
32. G.S. Plumlee, and T.L. Ziegler The medical geochemistry of dusts, soils, and other earth materials B.S. Lollar Environmental Geochemistry Treatise on Geochemistry vol. 9 2003 Elsevier-Pergamon Oxford 263 310 (Chapter 7)
33. J.G. Pounds, and R.W. Leggett The ICRP age-specific biokinetic model for lead: Validations, empirical comparisons, and explorations Environ. Hlth Persp. 106 1998 1505 1522
34. D.L. Rowell Soil Science: Methods and Applications 1994 Longman Essex
35. M.V. Ruby, A. Davis, R. Schoof, S. Eberle, and C.M. Sellstone Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 1996 422 430
36. V.S. Shuttleworth, R.S. Cameron, G. Alderman, and H.T. Davies A case of cobalt deficiency in a child presenting as 'earth eating' Practitioner 186 1961 760 764
37. B. Smith, B.G. Rawlins, M.J.A.R. Cordeiro, M.G. Hutchins, J.V. Tiberindwa, L. Sserunjogi, and A.M. Tomkins The bioaccessibility of essential and potentially toxic trace elements in tropical soils from Mukono district, Uganda J. Geol. Soc. 157 2000 885 891
38. J. Thomson Anaemia in pregnant women in eastern Caprivi, Namibia S. Afr. Med. J. 87 1997 1544 1547
39. M. Thompson, and S.J. Wood Atomic absorption methods in applied geochemistry J.E. Cantle Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry Atomic Absorption Spectrometry vol. 5 1982 Elsevier Amsterdam 261 284 (Chapter 4g)
40. UNICEF/Micronutrient Initiative, 2004. Vitamin and mineral deficiency: A global progress report (www.unicef.org/media/files/vmd.pdf ).
41. US EPA, 1996. Recommendations of the technical review workshop for lead for an approach to assessing risks associated with adult exposures to lead in soil. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington D.C. EPA/540/R-03-001.
42. US EPA, 2002. Blood lead concentrations of US adult females: Summary statistics from phases 1 and 2 of the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES III) EPA 9285.7-52 (www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/lead/prods.htm ).
43. B.F. Weller Baillière's Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Nursing and Health Care 1989 Baillière Tindall London
44. Wragg, J., Cave, M.R., 2003. In-vitro methods for the measurement of the oral bioaccessibility of selected metals and metalloids in soils: A critical review. Environment Agency, R&D Technical Report P5-062/TR/01.