메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue , 2010, Pages 89-101

Optimal management of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in patients living with HIV infection

Author keywords

AIDS; Antifungal agents; Esophageal candidiasis; HAART; HIV; Oropharyngeal candidiasis

Indexed keywords


EID: 77954558816     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11791373     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s6660     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (57)

References (108)
  • 1
    • 33645339901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sobel JD.Candidiasis
    • In: Dismukes WE, Pappas PG, Sobel JD, editors, Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Vazquez JA, Sobel JD.Candidiasis. In: Dismukes WE, Pappas PG, Sobel JD, editors. Clinical Mycology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003:143-187.
    • (2003) Clinical Mycology , pp. 143-187
    • Vazquez, J.A.1
  • 2
    • 0029784522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency, intensity, species, and strains of oral Candida vary as a function of host age
    • Kleinegger CL, Lockhart SR, Vargas K, Soll DR. Frequency, intensity, species, and strains of oral Candida vary as a function of host age. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:2246-2254.
    • (1996) J Clin Microbiol , vol.34 , pp. 2246-2254
    • Kleinegger, C.L.1    Lockhart, S.R.2    Vargas, K.3    Soll, D.R.4
  • 3
    • 0014153898 scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic quantitative increase of Candida albicans in the oral cavity: Predisposing conditions
    • Johnston RD, Chick EW, Johnston NS, Jarvis MA. Asymptomatic quantitative increase of Candida albicans in the oral cavity: predisposing conditions. South Med J. 1967;60:1244-1247.
    • (1967) South Med J , vol.60 , pp. 1244-1247
    • Johnston, R.D.1    Chick, E.W.2    Johnston, N.S.3    Jarvis, M.A.4
  • 5
    • 0002613782 scopus 로고
    • Yeast from human sources
    • Mackenzie DWR. Yeast from human sources. Sabouraudia. 1962;1:8-15.s
    • (1962) Sabouraudia , vol.1 , pp. 8-15
    • Mackenzie, D.W.R.1
  • 6
    • 0029912306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluconazole treatment of candidal infections caused by non-albicans Candida species
    • van't Wout JW. Fluconazole treatment of candidal infections caused by non-albicans Candida species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15:238-242.
    • (1996) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 238-242
    • van't Wout, J.W.1
  • 7
    • 0027501650 scopus 로고
    • Emergence of oropharyngeal candidiasis caused by non-albicans species of Candida in HIV-infected patients
    • Barchiesi F, Morbiducci V, Ancarani F, Scalise G. Emergence of oropharyngeal candidiasis caused by non-albicans species of Candida in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Epidemiol. 1993;9:455-456.
    • (1993) Eur J Epidemiol , vol.9 , pp. 455-456
    • Barchiesi, F.1    Morbiducci, V.2    Ancarani, F.3    Scalise, G.4
  • 8
    • 54549089115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune defence mechanisms and immunoenhancement strategies in oropharyngeal candidiasis
    • Cunha Villar C, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Immune defence mechanisms and immunoenhancement strategies in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2008;10(e29):1-18.
    • (2008) Expert Rev Mol Med , vol.10 , Issue.e29 , pp. 1-18
    • Cunha Villar, C.1    Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A.2
  • 9
    • 0022163466 scopus 로고
    • Pathology of the mycoses in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
    • Chandler FW. Pathology of the mycoses in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Curr Topics Med Mycol. 1985;1:1-23.
    • (1985) Curr Topics Med Mycol , vol.1 , pp. 1-23
    • Chandler, F.W.1
  • 10
    • 0022206128 scopus 로고
    • Carriage of oral Candida albicans associated with a high number of circulating suppressor T lymphocytes. [Letter]
    • Melbye M, Schonheyder H, Kesters L, et al. Carriage of oral Candida albicans associated with a high number of circulating suppressor T lymphocytes. [Letter] J Infect Dis. 1985;152:1356-1357.
    • (1985) J Infect Dis , vol.152 , pp. 1356-1357
    • Melbye, M.1    Schonheyder, H.2    Kesters, L.3
  • 11
    • 0025192218 scopus 로고
    • 2 enhances and gamma interferon inhibits germ tube formation in Candida albicans
    • 2 enhances and gamma interferon inhibits germ tube formation in Candida albicans. Infect Immunity. 1990;58:260-262.
    • (1990) Infect Immunity , vol.58 , pp. 260-262
    • Kalo-Klein, A.1    Witkin, S.S.2
  • 13
    • 5644233700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • de Repentigny L, Lewandowski D, Jolicoeur P. Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Reviews. 2004;17:729-759.
    • (2004) Clin Microbiol Reviews , vol.17 , pp. 729-759
    • de Repentigny, L.1    Lewandowski, D.2    Jolicoeur, P.3
  • 15
    • 0025731639 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-infected homosexual and bisexual men: Three San Francisco epidemiological cohorts
    • Feigal DW, Katz MH, Greenspan D, et al. The prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-infected homosexual and bisexual men: three San Francisco epidemiological cohorts. AIDS. 1991;5:519-525.
    • (1991) AIDS , vol.5 , pp. 519-525
    • Feigal, D.W.1    Katz, M.H.2    Greenspan, D.3
  • 16
    • 0026542556 scopus 로고
    • Molecular typing of Candida albicans isolated from oral lesions of HIV-infected individuals
    • Powderly WG, Robinson K, Keath EJ. Molecular typing of Candida albicans isolated from oral lesions of HIV-infected individuals. AIDS. 1992;6:81-84.
    • (1992) AIDS , vol.6 , pp. 81-84
    • Powderly, W.G.1    Robinson, K.2    Keath, E.J.3
  • 17
    • 0031882396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients: Treatment issues
    • Darouiche RO. Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients: treatment issues. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:259-274.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 259-274
    • Darouiche, R.O.1
  • 18
    • 0023555356 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic diseases reported in AIDS patients: Frequencies, associations, and trends
    • Selik RM, Starcher ET, Curran JW. Opportunistic diseases reported in AIDS patients: frequencies, associations, and trends. AIDS. 1987;1:175-182.
    • (1987) AIDS , vol.1 , pp. 175-182
    • Selik, R.M.1    Starcher, E.T.2    Curran, J.W.3
  • 19
    • 0022746647 scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic esophageal candidiasis in acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-related complex. [Letter]
    • Clotet B, Grifol M, Parro B, et al. Asymptomatic esophageal candidiasis in acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-related complex. [Letter] Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:145
    • (1986) Ann Intern Med , vol.105 , pp. 145
    • Clotet, B.1    Grifol, M.2    Parro, B.3
  • 21
    • 0020074151 scopus 로고
    • Gastro-oesophageal candidiasis
    • Scott BB, Jenkins D. Gastro-oesophageal candidiasis. Gut. 1982;23:137-139.
    • (1982) Gut , vol.23 , pp. 137-139
    • Scott, B.B.1    Jenkins, D.2
  • 22
    • 64249152335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents
    • Centers for Disease Control
    • Centers for Disease Control, National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR. 2009 March 28; Vol 58.
    • (2009) MMWR , vol.58 , pp. 28
  • 23
    • 0023942535 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus
    • Glatt AE, Chirgwin K, Landesman SH. Treatment of infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1439-1448.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.318 , pp. 1439-1448
    • Glatt, A.E.1    Chirgwin, K.2    Landesman, S.H.3
  • 24
    • 39749160358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing and managing oropharyngeal candidiasis
    • Vazquez JA. Diagnosing and managing oropharyngeal candidiasis. Infect in Med. 2007;24:427-436.
    • (2007) Infect In Med , vol.24 , pp. 427-436
    • Vazquez, J.A.1
  • 25
    • 33845970611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions for the prevention and management of oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with HIV infection in adults and children
    • Issue 1
    • Pienaar ED, Young T, Holmes H. Interventions for the prevention and management of oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with HIV infection in adults and children. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2006: Issue 1.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database of Syst Rev
    • Pienaar, E.D.1    Young, T.2    Holmes, H.3
  • 26
    • 0012074835 scopus 로고
    • Therapy of oral thrush: A comparative evaluation of gentian violet, mycostatin and amphotericin B
    • Kozinn PJ, Taschdjian CL, Dragutsky D, et al. Therapy of oral thrush: a comparative evaluation of gentian violet, mycostatin and amphotericin B. Monogr Ther. 1957;2:16-24.
    • (1957) Monogr Ther , vol.2 , pp. 16-24
    • Kozinn, P.J.1    Taschdjian, C.L.2    Dragutsky, D.3
  • 27
    • 0030927488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS: Randomized comparison of fluconazole versus nystatin oral suspensions
    • Pons V, Greenspan D, Lozada-Nur F, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS: randomized comparison of fluconazole versus nystatin oral suspensions. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:1204-1207.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 1204-1207
    • Pons, V.1    Greenspan, D.2    Lozada-Nur, F.3
  • 29
    • 0021364627 scopus 로고
    • Clotrimazole treatment of oral candidiasis in patients with neoplastic disease
    • Shectman LB, Funaro L, Robin T, Bottone EJ, Cuttner J. Clotrimazole treatment of oral candidiasis in patients with neoplastic disease. Am J Med. 1984;76:91-94.
    • (1984) Am J Med , vol.76 , pp. 91-94
    • Shectman, L.B.1    Funaro, L.2    Robin, T.3    Bottone, E.J.4    Cuttner, J.5
  • 30
    • 0027146378 scopus 로고
    • Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: A randomized, prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches
    • Pons V, Greenspan D, Debruin M, et al. Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized, prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6:1311-1316.
    • (1993) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.6 , pp. 1311-1316
    • Pons, V.1    Greenspan, D.2    Debruin, M.3
  • 31
    • 4744370804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of miconazole after administration via a bioadhesive slow release tablet and an oral gel to healthy male and female subjects
    • Cardot JM, Chaumont C, Dubray C, Costantini D, Aiache JM. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of miconazole after administration via a bioadhesive slow release tablet and an oral gel to healthy male and female subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58:345-351.
    • (2004) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.58 , pp. 345-351
    • Cardot, J.M.1    Chaumont, C.2    Dubray, C.3    Costantini, D.4    Aiache, J.M.5
  • 32
    • 77954548239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter, randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of miconazole mucoadhesive buccal tablets (MMBT) versus clotrimazole troches (CT) for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in subjects with HIV/AIDS:SMiLES Trial
    • San Francisco, CA, September 12-15, Abstract# M-1245
    • Vazquez JA, Epstein J, Attali P. A multicenter, randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of miconazole mucoadhesive buccal tablets (MMBT) versus clotrimazole troches (CT) for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in subjects with HIV/AIDS:SMiLES Trial. In: Program and Abstracts of the 49th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 2009 September 12-15, Abstract# M-1245.
    • (2009) Program and Abstracts of The 49th Annual Interscience Conference On Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Vazquez, J.A.1    Epstein, J.2    Attali, P.3
  • 33
    • 77954562271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of miconazole mucoadhesive buccal tablet: A novel, once daily, antifungal regimen for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis
    • The Venetian Hotel, Las Vegas, NV, 2009 Dec 6-10, Abstract 6-068
    • Attali P, Vazquez J, Bensadoun RJ, Dupont B. Evaluation of miconazole mucoadhesive buccal tablet: a novel, once daily, antifungal regimen for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. 44th American Society of Health System Pharmacist Mid-Year Clinical Meeting and exhibition, The Venetian Hotel, Las Vegas, NV, 2009 Dec 6-10, Abstract 6-068.
    • 44th American Society of Health System Pharmacist Mid-Year Clinical Meeting and Exhibition
    • Attali, P.1    Vazquez, J.2    Bensadoun, R.J.3    Dupont, B.4
  • 34
    • 37449017575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the efficacy and safety of miconazole 50-mg mucoadhesive buccal tablets with miconazole 500-mg gel in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis
    • Bensadoun RJ, Daoud J, El Gueddari R, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of miconazole 50-mg mucoadhesive buccal tablets with miconazole 500-mg gel in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Cancer. 2008;112:204-211.
    • (2008) Cancer , vol.112 , pp. 204-211
    • Bensadoun, R.J.1    Daoud, J.2    El Gueddari, R.3
  • 36
    • 0028031883 scopus 로고
    • Oral azole drugs as systemic antifungal therapy
    • Como JA, Dismukes WE. Oral azole drugs as systemic antifungal therapy. N Eng J Med. 1994;330:263-272.
    • (1994) N Eng J Med , vol.330 , pp. 263-272
    • Como, J.A.1    Dismukes, W.E.2
  • 37
    • 0024547088 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS
    • DeWit S, Weerts D, Goossens H, Clumeck N. Comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS. Lancet. 1989;1:746-748.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 746-748
    • Dewit, S.1    Weerts, D.2    Goossens, H.3    Clumeck, N.4
  • 38
    • 0029680201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug biotransformation by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system
    • Meyer JM, Rodvold KA. Drug biotransformation by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. Infect Med. 1996;6:452-464.
    • (1996) Infect Med , vol.6 , pp. 452-464
    • Meyer, J.M.1    Rodvold, K.A.2
  • 40
    • 0025240571 scopus 로고
    • Overview of studies of fluconazole in oropharyngeal candidiasis
    • Hay RJ. Overview of studies of fluconazole in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12 Suppl 3:S334-S337.
    • (1990) Rev Infect Dis , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Hay, R.J.1
  • 41
    • 0025218611 scopus 로고
    • Therapy of oropharyngeal candidiasis in the immunocompromised host: A randomized double-blind study of fluconazole vs ketoconazole
    • Meunier F, Aoun M, Gerard M. Therapy of oropharyngeal candidiasis in the immunocompromised host: a randomized double-blind study of fluconazole vs ketoconazole. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12 Suppl 3: S364-S368.
    • (1990) Rev Infect Dis , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Meunier, F.1    Aoun, M.2    Gerard, M.3
  • 42
    • 0025066864 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of oral fluconazole and clotrimazole troches as treatment for oral candidiasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    • Koletar SL, Russell JA, Fass RJ, Plouffe JF. Comparison of oral fluconazole and clotrimazole troches as treatment for oral candidiasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990;34:2267-2268.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 2267-2268
    • Koletar, S.L.1    Russell, J.A.2    Fass, R.J.3    Plouffe, J.F.4
  • 43
    • 0026028353 scopus 로고
    • Fluconazole: A new antifungal agent
    • Kowalsky SF, Dixon DM. Fluconazole: a new antifungal agent. Clin Pharm. 1991;10:179-194.
    • (1991) Clin Pharm , vol.10 , pp. 179-194
    • Kowalsky, S.F.1    Dixon, D.M.2
  • 44
    • 0028273122 scopus 로고
    • Influence of concomitant food intake on the oral absorption of two triazole antifungal agents, itraconazole and fluconazole
    • Zimmermann T, Yeates RA, Laufen H, Pfaff G, Wildfeuer A. Influence of concomitant food intake on the oral absorption of two triazole antifungal agents, itraconazole and fluconazole. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;46:147-150.
    • (1994) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.46 , pp. 147-150
    • Zimmermann, T.1    Yeates, R.A.2    Laufen, H.3    Pfaff, G.4    Wildfeuer, A.5
  • 45
    • 0026531324 scopus 로고
    • Interactions of azoles with rifampin, phenytoin, and carbamazepine: In vitro and clinical observations
    • Tucker RM, Denning DW, Hanson LH, et al. Interactions of azoles with rifampin, phenytoin, and carbamazepine: in vitro and clinical observations. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:165-174.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 165-174
    • Tucker, R.M.1    Denning, D.W.2    Hanson, L.H.3
  • 46
    • 0029943565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of a new hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin formulation of itraconazole
    • Van de Velde VJS, Van Peer AP, Heykants JJP, et al. Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of a new hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin formulation of itraconazole. Pharmacotherapy. 1996;16:424-428.
    • (1996) Pharmacotherapy , vol.16 , pp. 424-428
    • van de Velde, V.J.S.1    van Peer, A.P.2    Heykants, J.J.P.3
  • 47
    • 77954545071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data on File. Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
    • Data on File. Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium.
  • 48
    • 0031808362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced bioavailability of itraconazole in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solution compared with capsules in healthy volunteers
    • Barone JA, Moskovitz BL, Guarnieri J, Hassell AE. Enhanced bioavailability of itraconazole in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solution compared with capsules in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42:1862-1865.
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , pp. 1862-1865
    • Barone, J.A.1    Moskovitz, B.L.2    Guarnieri, J.3    Hassell, A.E.4
  • 49
    • 0031934137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Itraconazole oral solution: A novel and effective treatment for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV/ AIDS patients
    • Graybill JR, Vazquez J, Darouiche RO, et al. Itraconazole oral solution: a novel and effective treatment for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV/ AIDS patients. Am J Med. 1998;104:33-39.
    • (1998) Am J Med , vol.104 , pp. 33-39
    • Graybill, J.R.1    Vazquez, J.2    Darouiche, R.O.3
  • 50
    • 3242881817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posaconazole: A potent extended spectrum triazole antifungal for the treatment of serious fungal infections
    • Herbrecht R. Posaconazole: a potent extended spectrum triazole antifungal for the treatment of serious fungal infections. Int J Clin Practice. 2004;58:612-624.
    • (2004) Int J Clin Practice , vol.58 , pp. 612-624
    • Herbrecht, R.1
  • 51
    • 34547573733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posaconazole for the management of mucosal candidiasis
    • Vazquez JA. Posaconazole for the management of mucosal candidiasis. Future Microbiol. 2007;2:245-256.
    • (2007) Future Microbiol , vol.2 , pp. 245-256
    • Vazquez, J.A.1
  • 52
    • 34848918840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of posaconazole in the management of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis
    • Vazquez JA. Role of posaconazole in the management of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Therap Clin Risk Management. 2007;3:533-542.
    • (2007) Therap Clin Risk Management , vol.3 , pp. 533-542
    • Vazquez, J.A.1
  • 53
    • 9144274977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in susceptibility to posaconazole in clinical isolates of Candida albicans
    • Li X, Brown N, Chau AS, et al. Changes in susceptibility to posaconazole in clinical isolates of Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:74-80.
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.53 , pp. 74-80
    • Li, X.1    Brown, N.2    Chau, A.S.3
  • 54
    • 0346784897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional models of wild-type and mutated forms of cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylases from Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans provide insights into posaconazole binding
    • Xiao L, Madison V, Chau AS, Loebenberg D, Palermo RE, McNicholas PM. Three-dimensional models of wild-type and mutated forms of cytochrome P450 14α-sterol demethylases from Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans provide insights into posaconazole binding. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48: 2124-2131.
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 2124-2131
    • Xiao, L.1    Madison, V.2    Chau, A.S.3    Loebenberg, D.4    Palermo, R.E.5    McNicholas, P.M.6
  • 56
    • 1242351713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of food on the relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of posaconazole in healthy adults
    • Courtney R, Wexler D, Radwanski E, et al. Effect of food on the relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of posaconazole in healthy adults. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57:218-222.
    • (2004) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.57 , pp. 218-222
    • Courtney, R.1    Wexler, D.2    Radwanski, E.3
  • 57
    • 1842607473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of posaconazole on cytochrome P450 enzymes: A randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study
    • Wexler D, Laughlin M, Courtney R, et al. Effect of posaconazole on cytochrome P450 enzymes: a randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004;21:645-650.
    • (2004) Eur J Pharm Sci , vol.21 , pp. 645-650
    • Wexler, D.1    Laughlin, M.2    Courtney, R.3
  • 58
    • 33645782259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter randomized trial evaluating posaconazole versus fluconazole for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in subjects with HIV/AIDS
    • Vazquez JA, Skiest DJ, Nieto L, et al. A multicenter randomized trial evaluating posaconazole versus fluconazole for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in subjects with HIV/AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1179-1186.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.42 , pp. 1179-1186
    • Vazquez, J.A.1    Skiest, D.J.2    Nieto, L.3
  • 59
    • 0028228471 scopus 로고
    • Cross-sectional study of the susceptibility of Candida isolates to antifungal drugs and in vitroin vivo correlation in HIV-infected patients
    • Chavanet P, Lopez J, Grappin M, et al. Cross-sectional study of the susceptibility of Candida isolates to antifungal drugs and in vitroin vivo correlation in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 1994;8:945-950.
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 945-950
    • Chavanet, P.1    Lopez, J.2    Grappin, M.3
  • 60
    • 0030058868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between in vitro resistance to fluconazole and clinical outcome of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients
    • Quereda C, Polanco AM, Giner C, et al. Correlation between in vitro resistance to fluconazole and clinical outcome of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15:30-37.
    • (1996) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 30-37
    • Quereda, C.1    Polanco, A.M.2    Giner, C.3
  • 61
    • 0031021097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gallant JE.Infection due to fluconazole-resistant Candida in patients with AIDS: Prevalence and microbiology
    • Maenza JR, Merz WG, Romagnoli MJ, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Gallant JE.Infection due to fluconazole-resistant Candida in patients with AIDS: prevalence and microbiology. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:28-34.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 28-34
    • Maenza, J.R.1    Merz, W.G.2    Romagnoli, M.J.3    Keruly, J.C.4    Moore, R.D.5
  • 62
    • 0030005321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed oropharyngeal candidiasis due to Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida strains in HIVinfected patients
    • Dronda F, Alonso-Sanz M, Laguna F, et al. Mixed oropharyngeal candidiasis due to Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida strains in HIVinfected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;15:446-452.
    • (1996) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 446-452
    • Dronda, F.1    Alonso-Sanz, M.2    Laguna, F.3
  • 63
    • 0029080522 scopus 로고
    • Oral Candida albicans isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluconazole in Swedish HIV-infected patients
    • Chryssanthou E, Torssandeer J, Petrini B. Oral Candida albicans isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluconazole in Swedish HIV-infected patients. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995;27:391-395.
    • (1995) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 391-395
    • Chryssanthou, E.1    Torssandeer, J.2    Petrini, B.3
  • 64
    • 0019849511 scopus 로고
    • Oral clotrimazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis
    • Ginsburg CH, Braden GL, Tauber AI, Trier JS. Oral clotrimazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am J Med. 1981;71:891-895.
    • (1981) Am J Med , vol.71 , pp. 891-895
    • Ginsburg, C.H.1    Braden, G.L.2    Tauber, A.I.3    Trier, J.S.4
  • 65
  • 66
    • 0026728017 scopus 로고
    • Fluconazole compared with ketoconazole for the treatment of Candida esophagitis in AIDS. A randomized trial
    • Laine L, Dretler RH, Conteas CN, et al. Fluconazole compared with ketoconazole for the treatment of Candida esophagitis in AIDS. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:655-660.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , pp. 655-660
    • Laine, L.1    Dretler, R.H.2    Conteas, C.N.3
  • 67
    • 0028804049 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of fluconazole suspension for the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis in patients with AIDS
    • Laine L, Rabeneck L. Prospective study of fluconazole suspension for the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1995;9:553-556.
    • (1995) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.9 , pp. 553-556
    • Laine, L.1    Rabeneck, L.2
  • 68
    • 0030941385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole tablets in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis
    • Wilcox CM, Darouiche RO, Laine L, Moskovitz BL, Mallegol I, Wu J. A randomized, double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole tablets in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:227-232.
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.176 , pp. 227-232
    • Wilcox, C.M.1    Darouiche, R.O.2    Laine, L.3    Moskovitz, B.L.4    Mallegol, I.5    Wu, J.6
  • 69
    • 0029549914 scopus 로고
    • Fluconazole compared with itraconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients: A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical study
    • Barbaro G, Barbarini G, Di Lorenzo G. Fluconazole compared with itraconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical study. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995;27:613-617.
    • (1995) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 613-617
    • Barbaro, G.1    Barbarini, G.2    Di Lorenzo, G.3
  • 70
    • 0029807911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluconazole versus itraconazole for Candida esophagitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Barbaro G, Barbarini G, Calderon W, Grisorio B, Alcini P, DiLorenzo G. Fluconazole versus itraconazole for Candida esophagitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gastroenterol. 1996;111:1169-1177.
    • (1996) Gastroenterol , vol.111 , pp. 1169-1177
    • Barbaro, G.1    Barbarini, G.2    Calderon, W.3    Grisorio, B.4    Alcini, P.5    Dilorenzo, G.6
  • 72
    • 0035503203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter trial of voriconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients
    • Ally R, Schurmann D, Kreisel W, et al. A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter trial of voriconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1447-1454.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 1447-1454
    • Ally, R.1    Schurmann, D.2    Kreisel, W.3
  • 73
    • 0030004665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in cancer patients
    • Lake DE, Kunzweiler J, Beer M, Buell DN, Islam MZ. Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in cancer patients. Chemotherapy. 1996;42:308-314.
    • (1996) Chemotherapy , vol.42 , pp. 308-314
    • Lake, D.E.1    Kunzweiler, J.2    Beer, M.3    Buell, D.N.4    Islam, M.Z.5
  • 74
    • 0029084548 scopus 로고
    • Fluconazole vs flucytosine in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients: A double-blind, placebo controlled study
    • Barbaro G, Barbarini G, Di Lorenzo G. Fluconazole vs flucytosine in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. Endoscopy. 1995;27:377-383.
    • (1995) Endoscopy , vol.27 , pp. 377-383
    • Barbaro, G.1    Barbarini, G.2    Di Lorenzo, G.3
  • 76
    • 77954559142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus Amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis
    • Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, Noriega LM, Berman RS, DiNubile MJ, Sable CA. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus Amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;33:1529-1535.
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 1529-1535
    • Arathoon, E.G.1    Gotuzzo, E.2    Noriega, L.M.3    Berman, R.S.4    Dinubile, M.J.5    Sable, C.A.6
  • 77
    • 0036701952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, doubleblind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis
    • Villanueva A, Gotuzzo E, Arathoon EG, et al. A randomized, doubleblind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am J Med. 2002;113:294-299.
    • (2002) Am J Med , vol.113 , pp. 294-299
    • Villanueva, A.1    Gotuzzo, E.2    Arathoon, E.G.3
  • 78
    • 20144387002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double blind, comparative trial of micafungin (FK463) vs fluconazole for the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis
    • de Wet NTE, Bester AJ, Viljoen JJ, et al. A randomized, double blind, comparative trial of micafungin (FK463) vs fluconazole for the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:899-907.
    • (2005) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.21 , pp. 899-907
    • de Wet, N.T.E.1    Bester, A.J.2    Viljoen, J.J.3
  • 79
    • 4544382225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind trial of anidulafungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis
    • Krause DS, Simjee AE, van Rensburg C, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of anidulafungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:770-775.
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.39 , pp. 770-775
    • Krause, D.S.1    Simjee, A.E.2    van Rensburg, C.3
  • 80
    • 0029082423 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic candidal infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Prevention issues and priorities
    • Reef SE, Mayer KH. Opportunistic candidal infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: prevention issues and priorities. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21 Suppl 1:S99-S102.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Reef, S.E.1    Mayer, K.H.2
  • 81
    • 34250731402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of posaconazole in the long-term treatment of azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection
    • Vazquez JA, Skiest DJ, Tissot-Dupont H, Lennox JL, Boparai N, Isaacs R. Safety and efficacy of posaconazole in the long-term treatment of azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection. HIV Clin Trials. 2007;8:86-97.
    • (2007) HIV Clin Trials , vol.8 , pp. 86-97
    • Vazquez, J.A.1    Skiest, D.J.2    Tissot-Dupont, H.3    Lennox, J.L.4    Boparai, N.5    Isaacs, R.6
  • 82
    • 0026316853 scopus 로고
    • Thrush can be prevented in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 100-mg oral fluconazole daily
    • Stevens DA, Greene I, Lang OS. Thrush can be prevented in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 100-mg oral fluconazole daily. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:2458-2464.
    • (1991) Arch Intern Med , vol.151 , pp. 2458-2464
    • Stevens, D.A.1    Greene, I.2    Lang, O.S.3
  • 83
    • 0028944782 scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Powderly WG, Finkelstein DM, Feinberg J, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:700-705.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 700-705
    • Powderly, W.G.1    Finkelstein, D.M.2    Feinberg, J.3
  • 84
    • 27644449638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized study of the use of fluconazole in continuous versus episodic therapy in patients with advanced HIV infection and a history of oropharyngeal candidiasis
    • Goldman M, Cloud GA, Wade KD, et al. A randomized study of the use of fluconazole in continuous versus episodic therapy in patients with advanced HIV infection and a history of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1473-1480.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 1473-1480
    • Goldman, M.1    Cloud, G.A.2    Wade, K.D.3
  • 85
    • 8244249472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weekly fluconazole for the prevention of mucosal candidiasis in women with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Schuman P, Capps L, Peng G, et al. Weekly fluconazole for the prevention of mucosal candidiasis in women with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:689-696.
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.126 , pp. 689-696
    • Schuman, P.1    Capps, L.2    Peng, G.3
  • 86
    • 0006603351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic overview of resistance to oral antifungal agents in the immunocompromised host. Excerpta Medica
    • Vazquez JA, Sobel JD. Epidemiologic overview of resistance to oral antifungal agents in the immunocompromised host. Excerpta Medica. Abstract, 1997;1-11.
    • (1997) Abstract , pp. 1-11
    • Vazquez, J.A.1    Sobel, J.D.2
  • 87
    • 77954549195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: 3rd Edition. Approved Standard M27-A3, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA, 2008
    • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: 3rd Edition. Approved Standard M27-A3, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA, 2008.
  • 88
    • 0027360244 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of in vitro fluconazole resistance of Candida isolates in relation to therapy and symptoms of individuals seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Cameron ML, Schell WA, Bruch S, Bartlett JA, Waskin HA, Perfect JR. Correlation of in vitro fluconazole resistance of Candida isolates in relation to therapy and symptoms of individuals seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:2449-2453.
    • (1993) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 2449-2453
    • Cameron, M.L.1    Schell, W.A.2    Bruch, S.3    Bartlett, J.A.4    Waskin, H.A.5    Perfect, J.R.6
  • 89
    • 0031916096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical evaluation and microbiology of oropharyngeal infection due to fluconazole-resistant Candida in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
    • Revankar SG, Dib OP, Kirkpatrick WR, et al. Clinical evaluation and microbiology of oropharyngeal infection due to fluconazole-resistant Candida in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:960-963.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 960-963
    • Revankar, S.G.1    Dib, O.P.2    Kirkpatrick, W.R.3
  • 90
    • 0028945518 scopus 로고
    • Azoleresistant oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in patients with AIDS
    • Horn CA, Washburn RG, Givner LB, Peacock JE Jr, Pegram PS. Azoleresistant oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. AIDS. 1995;9:533-534.
    • (1995) AIDS , vol.9 , pp. 533-534
    • Horn, C.A.1    Washburn, R.G.2    Givner, L.B.3    Peacock Jr., J.E.4    Pegram, P.S.5
  • 91
    • 0030042222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
    • Maenza JR, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Chaisson RE, Merz WG, Gallant JE. Risk factors for fluconazole-resistant candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:219-225.
    • (1996) J Infect Dis , vol.173 , pp. 219-225
    • Maenza, J.R.1    Keruly, J.C.2    Moore, R.D.3    Chaisson, R.E.4    Merz, W.G.5    Gallant, J.E.6
  • 93
    • 85046165797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluconazole suspension for oropharyngeal candidiasis unresponsive to tablets
    • Parving H. Fluconazole suspension for oropharyngeal candidiasis unresponsive to tablets. Ann Intern Med.1997;126:332-333.
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.126 , pp. 332-333
    • Parving, H.1
  • 94
    • 0029774381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution for fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS: Correlation of clinical response with in vitro susceptibility
    • Philips P, Zemcov J, Mahmood W, Montaner JSG, Craib K, Clarke AM. Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution for fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS: correlation of clinical response with in vitro susceptibility. AIDS. 1996;10:1369-1376.
    • (1996) AIDS , vol.10 , pp. 1369-1376
    • Philips, P.1    Zemcov, J.2    Mahmood, W.3    Montaner, J.S.G.4    Craib, K.5    Clarke, A.M.6
  • 95
    • 0030036043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Itraconazole suspension in the treatment of HIV-infected patients with fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis and esophagitis
    • Eichel M, Just-Nübling G, Helm EB, Stille W. Itraconazole suspension in the treatment of HIV-infected patients with fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis and esophagitis. Mycoses. 1996;39 Suppl 1: 102-106.
    • (1996) Mycoses , vol.39 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 102-106
    • Eichel, M.1    Just-Nübling, G.2    Helm, E.B.3    Stille, W.4
  • 96
    • 0031015794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution: The role of in 6 vitro susceptibility testing in predicting successful treatment of HIV-related fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible oral candidosis
    • Cartledge JD, Midgley J, Gazzard BG. Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution: the role of in 6 vitro susceptibility testing in predicting successful treatment of HIV-related fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible oral candidosis. AIDS. 1997;11:163-168.
    • (1997) AIDS , vol.11 , pp. 163-168
    • Cartledge, J.D.1    Midgley, J.2    Gazzard, B.G.3
  • 97
    • 0029009012 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of itraconazole in treating AIDS-associated infections due to Candida krusei
    • Coppola S, Angarano G, Montagna MT, et al. Efficacy of itraconazole in treating AIDS-associated infections due to Candida krusei. Eur J Epidemiol. 1995;11:243-244.
    • (1995) Eur J Epidemiol , vol.11 , pp. 243-244
    • Coppola, S.1    Angarano, G.2    Montagna, M.T.3
  • 98
    • 33846902613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posaconazole for the treatment of azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in subjects with HIV infection
    • Skiest DJ, Vazquez JA, Anstead GM, et al. Posaconazole for the treatment of azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in subjects with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:607-614.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. 607-614
    • Skiest, D.J.1    Vazquez, J.A.2    Anstead, G.M.3
  • 99
    • 0031025865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of voriconazole (UK-109,496) against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans isolates from oral cavities of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Ruhnke M, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Trautmann M. In vitro activities of voriconazole (UK-109,496) against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans isolates from oral cavities of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:575-577.
    • (1997) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 575-577
    • Ruhnke, M.1    Schmidt-Westhausen, A.2    Trautmann, M.3
  • 100
    • 0030452711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients
    • Zingman BS. Treatment of mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. J Mycol Med. 1996;6:3-11.
    • (1996) J Mycol Med , vol.6 , pp. 3-11
    • Zingman, B.S.1
  • 101
    • 0029941855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution of refractory AIDS-related mucosal candidiasis after initiation of didanosine plus saquinavir. [Letter]
    • Zingman B. Resolution of refractory AIDS-related mucosal candidiasis after initiation of didanosine plus saquinavir. [Letter] N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1674-1675.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 1674-1675
    • Zingman, B.1
  • 102
    • 0029004709 scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on fungicidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with AIDS
    • Vecchiarelli A, Monari C, Baldelli F, et al. Beneficial effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on fungicidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:1448-1454.
    • (1995) J Infect Dis , vol.171 , pp. 1448-1454
    • Vecchiarelli, A.1    Monari, C.2    Baldelli, F.3
  • 103
    • 0030916107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pilot study of adjunctive GM-CSF (yeast-derived) for fluconazole-resistant oral candidiasis in HIV-infection
    • Swindells S, Kleinschmidt DR, Hayes FA. Pilot study of adjunctive GM-CSF (yeast-derived) for fluconazole-resistant oral candidiasis in HIV-infection. Infect Dis Clin Practice. 1997;6:278-279.
    • (1997) Infect Dis Clin Practice , vol.6 , pp. 278-279
    • Swindells, S.1    Kleinschmidt, D.R.2    Hayes, F.A.3
  • 104
    • 0032440451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of rhu-GM-CSF as adjunctive treatment of antifungal refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS
    • Vazquez JA, Gupta S, Villanueva A. Role of rhu-GM-CSF as adjunctive treatment of antifungal refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1998;17:781-783.
    • (1998) Eur J Clin Microbiol , vol.17 , pp. 781-783
    • Vazquez, J.A.1    Gupta, S.2    Villanueva, A.3
  • 105
    • 0141739689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of an over the counter product, Breathaway® (melaleuca oral solution), as an alternative agent for refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients
    • Vazquez JA, Vaishampayan J, Arganoza MT, Richards S, Boikov D, Sobel JD. Use of an over the counter product, Breathaway® (melaleuca oral solution), as an alternative agent for refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients. AIDS. 1998;12:1033-1037.
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 1033-1037
    • Vazquez, J.A.1    Vaishampayan, J.2    Arganoza, M.T.3    Richards, S.4    Boikov, D.5    Sobel, J.D.6
  • 106
    • 0026070443 scopus 로고
    • Itraconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of oral and oesophageal candidosis in patients infected with HIV
    • Smith DE, Midgley J, Allan M, Connolly GM, Gazzard BG. Itraconazole versus ketoconazole in the treatment of oral and oesophageal candidosis in patients infected with HIV. AIDS. 1991;5:1367-1371.
    • (1991) AIDS , vol.5 , pp. 1367-1371
    • Smith, D.E.1    Midgley, J.2    Allan, M.3    Connolly, G.M.4    Gazzard, B.G.5
  • 107
    • 0027089944 scopus 로고
    • Fluconazole and ketoconazole in the treatment of oral and esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients
    • Barchiesi F, Giacometti A, Arzeni D, et al. Fluconazole and ketoconazole in the treatment of oral and esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients. J Chemother. 1992;4:381-386.
    • (1992) J Chemother , vol.4 , pp. 381-386
    • Barchiesi, F.1    Giacometti, A.2    Arzeni, D.3
  • 108
    • 0029836413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of itraconazole and ketoconazole in HIV-positive patients with oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis
    • de Repentigny L, Ratelle J. Comparison of itraconazole and ketoconazole in HIV-positive patients with oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis. Chemotherapy. 1996;42:374-383.
    • (1996) Chemotherapy , vol.42 , pp. 374-383
    • de Repentigny, L.1    Ratelle, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.