메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 231-245

World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics

Author keywords

Fertile men; Human semen; Infertility diagnosis; Reference values

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL STUDY; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; EJACULATION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MALE FERTILITY; MORPHOLOGY; POPULATION; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; QUALITY CONTROL; REFERENCE VALUE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEMEN ANALYSIS; SPERMATOZOON DENSITY; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; CHEMISTRY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CYTOLOGY; FATHER; MALE INFERTILITY; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; REVIEW; SPERM; STATISTICS;

EID: 77954485536     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: 14602369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp048     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (2128)

References (122)
  • 3
    • 0033025093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of semen quality in North-eastern Spain: a study in 22 759 infertile men over a 36 year period
    • Andolz P, Bielsa MA, Vila J. Evolution of semen quality in North-eastern Spain: a study in 22,759 infertile men over a 36 year period. Hum Reprod 1999;14:731-735.
    • (1999) Hum Reprod , vol.14 , pp. 731-735
    • Andolz, P.1    Bielsa, M.A.2    Vila, J.3
  • 4
    • 0028918122 scopus 로고
    • Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years
    • Auger J, Kunstmann JM, Czyglik F, Jouannet P. Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years. N Engl J Med 1995;332:281-285.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 281-285
    • Auger, J.1    Kunstmann, J.M.2    Czyglik, F.3    Jouannet, P.4
  • 7
    • 0028965180 scopus 로고
    • Clinical value of sperm morphology for in-vivo fertility: comparison between World Health Organization criteria of 1987 and 1992
    • Barratt CL, Naeeni M, Clements S, Cooke ID. Clinical value of sperm morphology for in-vivo fertility: comparison between World Health Organization criteria of 1987 and 1992. Hum Reprod 1995; 10:587-593.
    • (1995) Hum Reprod , vol.10 , pp. 587-593
    • Barratt, C.L.1    Naeeni, M.2    Clements, S.3    Cooke, I.D.4
  • 9
    • 1842297581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No evidence of deteriorating semen quality among men in infertile relationships during the last decade: a study of males from Southern Sweden
    • Berling S, Wolner-Hanssen P. No evidence of deteriorating semen quality among men in infertile relationships during the last decade: a study of males from Southern Sweden. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1002-1005.
    • (1997) Hum Reprod , vol.12 , pp. 1002-1005
    • Berling, S.1    Wolner-Hanssen, P.2
  • 10
    • 0029936763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodological issues in the analysis of human sperm concentration data
    • Berman NG, Wang C, Paulsen CA. Methodological issues in the analysis of human sperm concentration data. J Androl 1996;17:68-73.
    • (1996) J Androl , vol.17 , pp. 68-73
    • Berman, N.G.1    Wang, C.2    Paulsen, C.A.3
  • 12
    • 0020510967 scopus 로고
    • Has the fertility of Danish men declined through the years in terms of semen quality? A comparison of semen qualities between 1952 and 1972
    • Bostofte E, Serup J, Rebbe H. Has the fertility of Danish men declined through the years in terms of semen quality? A comparison of semen qualities between 1952 and 1972. Int J Fertil 1983;28:91-95.
    • (1983) Int J Fertil , vol.28 , pp. 91-95
    • Bostofte, E.1    Serup, J.2    Rebbe, H.3
  • 13
    • 8344236641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depot testosterone with etonogestrel implants result in induction of azoospermia in all men for long-term contraception
    • Brady BM, Walton M, Hollow N, Kicman AT, Baird DT, Anderson RA. Depot testosterone with etonogestrel implants result in induction of azoospermia in all men for long-term contraception. Hum Reprod 2004; 11:2658-2667.
    • (2004) Hum Reprod , vol.11 , pp. 2658-2667
    • Brady, B.M.1    Walton, M.2    Hollow, N.3    Kicman, A.T.4    Baird, D.T.5    Anderson, R.A.6
  • 14
    • 29144504402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-centre study investigating subcutaneous etonogestrel implants with injectable testosterone decanoate as a potential long-acting male contraceptive
    • Brady BM, Amory J, Perheentupa A, Zitzmann M, Hay C, Apter D, Anderson R, Bremner W, Huhtaniemi I, Nieschlag E et al. A multi-centre study investigating subcutaneous etonogestrel implants with injectable testosterone decanoate as a potential long-acting male contraceptive. Hum Reprod 2006;21:285-294.
    • (2006) Hum Reprod , vol.21 , pp. 285-294
    • Brady, B.M.1    Amory, J.2    Perheentupa, A.3    Zitzmann, M.4    Hay, C.5    Apter, D.6    Anderson, R.7    Bremner, W.8    Huhtaniemi, I.9    Nieschlag, E.10
  • 16
    • 0030026504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time series analysis of sperm concentration in fertile men in Toulouse France between 1977 and 1992
    • Bujan L, Mansat A, Pontonnier F, Mieusset R. Time series analysis of sperm concentration in fertile men in Toulouse, France between 1977 and 1992. BMJ 1996;312:471-472.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 471-472
    • Bujan, L.1    Mansat, A.2    Pontonnier, F.3    Mieusset, R.4
  • 17
    • 33645279531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of analytical and biological variation on the clinical interpretation of seminal parameters
    • Castilla JA, Alvarez C, Aguilar J, González-Varea C, Gonzalvo MC, Marti{dotless}ńez L. Influence of analytical and biological variation on the clinical interpretation of seminal parameters. Hum Reprod 2006;21: 847-51.
    • (2006) Hum Reprod , vol.21 , pp. 847-851
    • Castilla, J.A.1    Alvarez, C.2    Aguilar, J.3    González-Varea, C.4    Gonzalvo, M.C.5    Martińez, L.6
  • 18
    • 0022585670 scopus 로고
    • Spermatozoal fertilizing capacity in polyzoospermia: a preliminary study
    • Chan SYW, Tang LCH, Tang GWK, Ho PC, Wang C. Spermatozoal fertilizing capacity in polyzoospermia: a preliminary study. Andrologia 1986;18:208-213.
    • (1986) Andrologia , vol.18 , pp. 208-213
    • Chan, S.Y.W.1    Tang, L.C.H.2    Tang, G.W.K.3    Ho, P.C.4    Wang, C.5
  • 19
    • 84907133223 scopus 로고
    • Standard sperm morphology as a predictor of male fertility potential
    • Check JH, Bollendorf A, Press M, Blue T. Standard sperm morphology as a predictor of male fertility potential. Arch Androl 1992;28:39-41.
    • (1992) Arch Androl , vol.28 , pp. 39-41
    • Check, J.H.1    Bollendorf, A.2    Press, M.3    Blue, T.4
  • 20
    • 0032408564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What constitutes a normal seminal analysis? Semen parameters of 243 fertile men
    • Chia SE, Tay SK, Lim ST. What constitutes a normal seminal analysis? Semen parameters of 243 fertile men. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3394-3398.
    • (1998) Hum Reprod , vol.13 , pp. 3394-3398
    • Chia, S.E.1    Tay, S.K.2    Lim, S.T.3
  • 21
    • 0031900929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive value of normal sperm morphology: a structured literature review
    • Coetzee K, Kruger TF, Lombard CJ. Predictive value of normal sperm morphology: a structured literature review. Hum Reprod Update 1998; 4:73-82.
    • (1998) Hum Reprod Update , vol.4 , pp. 73-82
    • Coetzee, K.1    Kruger, T.F.2    Lombard, C.J.3
  • 23
    • 30344451416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer-aided evaluation of assessment of 'grade a' spermatozoa by experienced technicians
    • Cooper TG, Yeung CH. Computer-aided evaluation of assessment of 'grade a' spermatozoa by experienced technicians. Fertil Steril 2006; 85:220-224.
    • (2006) Fertil Steril , vol.85 , pp. 220-224
    • Cooper, T.G.1    Yeung, C.H.2
  • 25
    • 0033031511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experience with external quality control in spermatology
    • Cooper TG, Atkinson AD, Nieschlag E. Experience with external quality control in spermatology. Hum Reprod 1999;14:765-769.
    • (1999) Hum Reprod , vol.14 , pp. 765-769
    • Cooper, T.G.1    Atkinson, A.D.2    Nieschlag, E.3
  • 26
    • 0036379518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semen analysis and external quality control schemes for semen analysis need global standardization
    • Cooper TG, Björndahl L, Vreeburg J, Nieschlag E. Semen analysis and external quality control schemes for semen analysis need global standardization. Int J Androl 2002;25:306-311.
    • (2002) Int J Androl , vol.25 , pp. 306-311
    • Cooper, T.G.1    Björndahl, L.2    Vreeburg, J.3    Nieschlag, E.4
  • 27
    • 45949113307 scopus 로고
    • Approved recommendation on the theory of reference values Part 6. Presentation of observed values related to reference values
    • Dybkaer R, Solberg HE. Approved recommendation on the theory of reference values. Part 6. Presentation of observed values related to reference values. Clinica Chemica Acta 1987;170:S33-S42.
    • (1987) Clinica Chemica Acta , vol.170
    • Dybkaer, R.1    Solberg, H.E.2
  • 28
    • 33947223502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Nuts and bolts of percentiles]
    • Norwegian
    • Egeland T, Haugen TB. [Nuts and bolts of percentiles]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2007;127:733-734. Norwegian.
    • (2007) Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen , vol.127 , pp. 733-734
    • Egeland, T.1    Haugen, T.B.2
  • 29
    • 11144297761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are volunteers delivering semen samples in fertility studies a biased population?
    • Eustache F, Auger J, Cabrol D, Jouannet P. Are volunteers delivering semen samples in fertility studies a biased population? Hum Reprod 2004;19:2831-2837.
    • (2004) Hum Reprod , vol.19 , pp. 2831-2837
    • Eustache, F.1    Auger, J.2    Cabrol, D.3    Jouannet, P.4
  • 31
    • 33846543962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semen quality in a residential, geographic and age representative sample of healthy Chinese men
    • Gao J, Gao ES, Yang Q, Walker M, Wu JQ, Zhou WJ, Wen SW. Semen quality in a residential, geographic and age representative sample of healthy Chinese men. Hum Reprod 2007;22:477-484.
    • (2007) Hum Reprod , vol.22 , pp. 477-484
    • Gao, J.1    Gao, E.S.2    Yang, Q.3    Walker, M.4    Wu, J.Q.5    Zhou, W.J.6    Wen, S.W.7
  • 33
    • 0043125522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automated semen analysis: 'zona pellucida preferred' sperm morphometry and straight-line velocity are related to pregnancy rate in subfertile couples
    • Garrett C, Liu DY, Clarke GN, Rushford DD, Baker HW. Automated semen analysis: zona pellucida preferred' sperm morphometry and straight-line velocity are related to pregnancy rate in subfertile couples. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1643-1649.
    • (2003) Hum Reprod , vol.18 , pp. 1643-1649
    • Garrett, C.1    Liu, D.Y.2    Clarke, G.N.3    Rushford, D.D.4    Baker, H.W.5
  • 35
    • 0036348463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levonorgestrel implants (Norplant II) for male contraception clinical trials: combination with transdermal and injectable testosterone
    • Gonzalo IT, Swerdloff RS, Nelson AL, Clevenger B, Garcia R, Berman N, Wang C. Levonorgestrel implants (Norplant II) for male contraception clinical trials: combination with transdermal and injectable testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:3562-3572.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 3562-3572
    • Gonzalo, I.T.1    Swerdloff, R.S.2    Nelson, A.L.3    Clevenger, B.4    Garcia, R.5    Berman, N.6    Wang, C.7
  • 37
    • 0035182396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of semen parameters with emphasis on sperm morphology in a fertile population: an attempt to develop clinical thresholds
    • Gunalp S, Onculoglu C, Gurgan T, Kruger TF, Lombard CJ. A study of semen parameters with emphasis on sperm morphology in a fertile population: an attempt to develop clinical thresholds. Hum Reprod 2001;16:110-114.
    • (2001) Hum Reprod , vol.16 , pp. 110-114
    • Gunalp, S.1    Onculoglu, C.2    Gurgan, T.3    Kruger, T.F.4    Lombard, C.J.5
  • 39
    • 0030833888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating familial and genetic contributions to variability in human testicular function: a pilot twin study
    • Handelsman DJ. Estimating familial and genetic contributions to variability in human testicular function: a pilot twin study. Int J Androl 1997; 20:215-221.
    • (1997) Int J Androl , vol.20 , pp. 215-221
    • Handelsman, D.J.1
  • 40
    • 0036708424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal power transformations for analysis of sperm concentration and other semen variables
    • Handelsman DJ. Optimal power transformations for analysis of sperm concentration and other semen variables. J Androl 2002; 23:629-634.
    • (2002) J Androl , vol.23 , pp. 629-634
    • Handelsman, D.J.1
  • 42
    • 0028947921 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of reference values for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and alpha-naphthol in Danish workers
    • Hansen AM, Christensen JM, Sherson D. Estimation of reference values for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and alpha-naphthol in Danish workers. Sci Total Environ 1995;163:211-219.
    • (1995) Sci Total Environ , vol.163 , pp. 211-219
    • Hansen, A.M.1    Christensen, J.M.2    Sherson, D.3
  • 43
    • 30844445060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semen parameters in Norwegian fertile men
    • Haugen TB, Egeland T, Magnus O. Semen parameters in Norwegian fertile men. J Androl 2006;27:66-71.
    • (2006) J Androl , vol.27 , pp. 66-71
    • Haugen, T.B.1    Egeland, T.2    Magnus, O.3
  • 44
    • 24044548686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the potential for selection bias in semen quality studies depend on study design? Experience from a study conducted within an infertility clinic
    • Hauser R, Godfrey-Bailey L, Chen Z. Does the potential for selection bias in semen quality studies depend on study design? Experience from a study conducted within an infertility clinic. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:2579-2583.
    • (2005) Hum Reprod , vol.20 , pp. 2579-2583
    • Hauser, R.1    Godfrey-Bailey, L.2    Chen, Z.3
  • 45
    • 20244367591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter phase IIb study of a novel combination of intramuscular androgen (testosterone decanoate) and oral progestogen (etonogestrel) for male hormonal contraception
    • Hay CJ, Brady BM, Zitzmann M, Osmanagaoglu K, Pollanen P, Apter D, Wu FC, Anderson RA, Nieschlag E, Devroey P et al. A multicenter phase IIb study of a novel combination of intramuscular androgen (testosterone decanoate) and oral progestogen (etonogestrel) for male hormonal contraception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2042-2049.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 2042-2049
    • Hay, C.J.1    Brady, B.M.2    Zitzmann, M.3    Osmanagaoglu, K.4    Pollanen, P.5    Apter, D.6    Wu, F.C.7    Anderson, R.A.8    Nieschlag, E.9    Devroey, P.10
  • 47
    • 12444249946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference intervals: an update
    • Horn PS, Pesce AJ. Reference intervals: an update. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 334:5-23.
    • (2003) Clin Chim Acta , vol.334 , pp. 5-23
    • Horn, P.S.1    Pesce, A.J.2
  • 48
    • 0030057755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the United Kingdom: birth cohort study in 557 men in Scotland over 11 years
    • Irvine S, Cawood E, Richardson D, MacDonald E, Aitken J. Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the United Kingdom: birth cohort study in 557 men in Scotland over 11 years. Br Med J 1996;312:467-471.
    • (1996) Br Med J , vol.312 , pp. 467-471
    • Irvine, S.1    Cawood, E.2    Richardson, D.3    MacDonald, E.4    Aitken, J.5
  • 52
    • 0034600535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time trends in biological fertility in Britain
    • Joffe M. Time trends in biological fertility in Britain. Lancet 2000; 355:1961-1965.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1961-1965
    • Joffe, M.1
  • 56
    • 0034926786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semen quality and male reproductive health: the controversy about human sperm concentration decline
    • Jouannet P, Wang C, Eustache F, Kold-Jensen T, Auger J. Semen quality and male reproductive health: the controversy about human sperm concentration decline. APMIS 2001;109:333-344.
    • (2001) APMIS , vol.109 , pp. 333-344
    • Jouannet, P.1    Wang, C.2    Eustache, F.3    Kold-Jensen, T.4    Auger, J.5
  • 58
    • 0033824649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential of norethisterone enanthate for male contraception: pharmacokinetics and suppression of pituitary and gonadal function
    • Kamischke A, Diebäcker J, Nieschlag E. Potential of norethisterone enanthate for male contraception: pharmacokinetics and suppression of pituitary and gonadal function. Clin Endocrinol 2000a;53:351-358.
    • (2000) Clin Endocrinol , vol.53 , pp. 351-358
    • Kamischke, A.1    Diebäcker, J.2    Nieschlag, E.3
  • 59
    • 0033842110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate with or without oral levonorgestrel: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study for male contraception (Erratum published in Clin Endocrinol 53 661)
    • Kamischke A, Plöger D, Venherm S, von Eckardstein S, von Eckardstein A, Nieschlag E. Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate with or without oral levonorgestrel: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study for male contraception. (Erratum published in Clin Endocrinol 53 661). Clin Endocrinol 2000b;53:43-52.
    • (2000) Clin Endocrinol , vol.53 , pp. 43-52
    • Kamischke, A.1    Plöger, D.2    Venherm, S.3    von Eckardstein, S.4    von Eckardstein, A.5    Nieschlag, E.6
  • 61
    • 0035143149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate and norethisterone enanthate in a clinical trial for male contraception
    • Kamischke A, Venherm S, Plöger D, von Eckardstein S, Nieschlag E. Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate and norethisterone enanthate in a clinical trial for male contraception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001b; 86:303-309.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 303-309
    • Kamischke, A.1    Venherm, S.2    Plöger, D.3    von Eckardstein, S.4    Nieschlag, E.5
  • 63
    • 0018872663 scopus 로고
    • A new quantitative test for sperm penetration into cervical mucus
    • Katz DF, Overstreet JW, Hanson FW. A new quantitative test for sperm penetration into cervical mucus. Fertil Steril 1980;33:179-186.
    • (1980) Fertil Steril , vol.33 , pp. 179-186
    • Katz, D.F.1    Overstreet, J.W.2    Hanson, F.W.3
  • 64
    • 2142773974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centile charts 1 new method of assessment for univariate reference intervals
    • Koduah M, Iles TC, Nix BJ. Centile charts 1: new method of assessment for univariate reference intervals. Clin Chem 2004;50:901-906.
    • (2004) Clin Chem , vol.50 , pp. 901-906
    • Koduah, M.1    Iles, T.C.2    Nix, B.J.3
  • 65
    • 0032054041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection bias in occupational sperm studies
    • Larsen SB, Abell A, Bonde JP. Selection bias in occupational sperm studies. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:681-685.
    • (1998) Am J Epidemiol , vol.147 , pp. 681-685
    • Larsen, S.B.1    Abell, A.2    Bonde, J.P.3
  • 66
    • 0030831123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequently subnormal semen profiles of normal volunteers recruited over 17 years
    • Lemcke B, Behre HM, Nieschlag E. Frequently subnormal semen profiles of normal volunteers recruited over 17 years. Int J Androl 1997; 20:144-152.
    • (1997) Int J Androl , vol.20 , pp. 144-152
    • Lemcke, B.1    Behre, H.M.2    Nieschlag, E.3
  • 67
    • 0019816394 scopus 로고
    • Changing parameters of donor semen
    • Leto S, Frensilli F. Changing parameters of donor semen. Fertil Steril 1981; 36:766-770.
    • (1981) Fertil Steril , vol.36 , pp. 766-770
    • Leto, S.1    Frensilli, F.2
  • 68
    • 0004762953 scopus 로고
    • The male factor in fertility and infertility; an analysis of ejaculate volume in 800 fertile men and in 600 men in infertile marriage
    • MacLeod J. The male factor in fertility and infertility; an analysis of ejaculate volume in 800 fertile men and in 600 men in infertile marriage. Fertil Steril 1950;1:347-361.
    • (1950) Fertil Steril , vol.1 , pp. 347-361
    • MacLeod, J.1
  • 69
    • 76549239047 scopus 로고
    • Semen quality in 1000 men of known fertility and in 800 cases of infertile marriage
    • MacLeod J. Semen quality in 1000 men of known fertility and in 800 cases of infertile marriage. Fertil Steril 1951;2:115-39.
    • (1951) Fertil Steril , vol.2 , pp. 115-139
    • MacLeod, J.1
  • 70
    • 0001197112 scopus 로고
    • The male factor in fertility and infertility II. Spermatozoon counts in 1000 men of known fertility and in 1000 cases of infertile marriage
    • MacLeod J, Gold RZ. The male factor in fertility and infertility. II. Spermatozoon counts in 1000 men of known fertility and in 1000 cases of infertile marriage. J Urol 1951a;66:439-449.
    • (1951) J Urol , vol.66 , pp. 439-449
    • MacLeod, J.1    Gold, R.Z.2
  • 71
    • 0001197111 scopus 로고
    • The male factor in fertility and infertility III. An analysis of motile activity in the spermatozoa of 1000 fertile men and 1000 men in infertile marriage
    • MacLeod J, Gold RZ. The male factor in fertility and infertility. III. An analysis of motile activity in the spermatozoa of 1000 fertile men and 1000 men in infertile marriage. Fertil Steril 1951b;2:187-204.
    • (1951) Fertil Steril , vol.2 , pp. 187-204
    • MacLeod, J.1    Gold, R.Z.2
  • 72
    • 0018379577 scopus 로고
    • Male fertility potential in terms of semen quality: a review of the past, a study of the present
    • MacLeod J, Wang Y. Male fertility potential in terms of semen quality: a review of the past, a study of the present. Fertil Steril 1979;31: 103-116.
    • (1979) Fertil Steril , vol.31 , pp. 103-116
    • MacLeod, J.1    Wang, Y.2
  • 73
    • 0001021498 scopus 로고
    • The spermatozoa count: its value in the diagnosis, prognosis and concentration in fertile and infertile men
    • Macomber D, Sanders MD. The spermatozoa count: its value in the diagnosis, prognosis and concentration in fertile and infertile men. N Engl J Med 1929;200:981-984.
    • (1929) N Engl J Med , vol.200 , pp. 981-984
    • Macomber, D.1    Sanders, M.D.2
  • 74
    • 0033743154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and acceptability of testosterone implants, alone or in combination with a 5α-reductase inhibitor, for male hormonal contraception
    • McLachlan RI, McDonald J, Rushford D, Robertson DM, Garrett C, Baker HW. Efficacy and acceptability of testosterone implants, alone or in combination with a 5α-reductase inhibitor, for male hormonal contraception. Contraception 2000;62:73-78.
    • (2000) Contraception , vol.62 , pp. 73-78
    • McLachlan, R.I.1    McDonald, J.2    Rushford, D.3    Robertson, D.M.4    Garrett, C.5    Baker, H.W.6
  • 76
    • 0034973449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semen parameters, including WHO and strict criteria morphology, in a fertile and subfertile population: an effort towards standardization of in-vivo thresholds
    • Menkveld R, Wong WY, Lombard CJ, Wetzels AM, Thomas CM, Merkus HM, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Semen parameters, including WHO and strict criteria morphology, in a fertile and subfertile population: an effort towards standardization of in-vivo thresholds. Hum Reprod 2001;16:1165-1171.
    • (2001) Hum Reprod , vol.16 , pp. 1165-1171
    • Menkveld, R.1    Wong, W.Y.2    Lombard, C.J.3    Wetzels, A.M.4    Thomas, C.M.5    Merkus, H.M.6    Steegers-Theunissen, R.P.7
  • 79
    • 20244381101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norethisterone enanthate plus testosterone undecanoate for male contraception: effects of various injection intervals on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormones, testis and prostate
    • Meriggiola MC, Costantino A, Saad F, D'Emidio L, Labate AM, Bertaccini A, Bremner W, Rudolph I, Ernst M, Kirsch B et al. Norethisterone enanthate plus testosterone undecanoate for male contraception: effects of various injection intervals on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormones, testis and prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90: 2005-2014.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 2005-2014
    • Meriggiola, M.C.1    Costantino, A.2    Saad, F.3    D'Emidio, L.4    Labate, A.M.5    Bertaccini, A.6    Bremner, W.7    Rudolph, I.8    Ernst, M.9    Kirsch, B.10
  • 81
    • 0028206950 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the urinary metabolites of styrene: estimation of the method evaluation function and evaluation of reference values in Danish subjects
    • Murer AJ, Christensen JM, Midtgaard T. Determination of the urinary metabolites of styrene: estimation of the method evaluation function and evaluation of reference values in Danish subjects. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1994;65:313-318.
    • (1994) Int Arch Occup Environ Health , vol.65 , pp. 313-318
    • Murer, A.J.1    Christensen, J.M.2    Midtgaard, T.3
  • 82
    • 32944481163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of sperm characteristics in the evaluation of male infertility
    • Nallella KP, Sharma RK, Aziz N, Agarwal A. Significance of sperm characteristics in the evaluation of male infertility. Fertil Steril 2006; 85:629-634.
    • (2006) Fertil Steril , vol.85 , pp. 629-634
    • Nallella, K.P.1    Sharma, R.K.2    Aziz, N.3    Agarwal, A.4
  • 84
    • 0001647314 scopus 로고
    • The clinical interpretation of 1000 semen analyses among applicants for sterility studies
    • Page EW, Houlding F. The clinical interpretation of 1000 semen analyses among applicants for sterility studies. Fertil Steril 1951; 2:140-151.
    • (1951) Fertil Steril , vol.2 , pp. 140-151
    • Page, E.W.1    Houlding, F.2
  • 87
    • 27544483516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The blood pressure 'uncertainty range'-a pragmatic approach to overcome current diagnostic uncertainties (II)
    • Pater C. The blood pressure 'uncertainty range'-a pragmatic approach to overcome current diagnostic uncertainties (II). Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2005;6:5-21.
    • (2005) Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med , vol.6 , pp. 5-21
    • Pater, C.1
  • 88
    • 0029866351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data from men in greater Seattle area reveals no downward trend in semen quality: further evidence that deterioration of semen quality is not geographically uniform
    • Paulsen CA, Berman NG, Wang C. Data from men in greater Seattle area reveals no downward trend in semen quality: further evidence that deterioration of semen quality is not geographically uniform. Fertil Steril 1996;65:1015-1020.
    • (1996) Fertil Steril , vol.65 , pp. 1015-1020
    • Paulsen, C.A.1    Berman, N.G.2    Wang, C.3
  • 89
    • 45949113334 scopus 로고
    • Approved recommendations (1987) on the theory of reference values. Part 2. Selection of individuals for the production of reference values
    • PetitClerc C, Solberg HE. Approved recommendations (1987) on the theory of reference values. Part 2. Selection of individuals for the production of reference values. Clinica Chemica Acta 1987;170:S3-S12.
    • (1987) Clinica Chemica Acta , vol.170
    • PetitClerc, C.1    Solberg, H.E.2
  • 91
    • 0016696174 scopus 로고
    • The semen of fertile men: statistical analysis of 1300 men
    • Rehan N, Sobrero AJ, Fertig JW. The semen of fertile men: statistical analysis of 1300 men. Fertil Steril 1975;26:492-502.
    • (1975) Fertil Steril , vol.26 , pp. 492-502
    • Rehan, N.1    Sobrero, A.J.2    Fertig, J.W.3
  • 94
    • 0021715384 scopus 로고
    • Low acrosin activity in polyzoospermia
    • Schill W-B, Feifel M. Low acrosin activity in polyzoospermia. Andrologia 1984;16:589-591.
    • (1984) Andrologia , vol.16 , pp. 589-591
    • Schill, W.-B.1    Feifel, M.2
  • 96
    • 4344689714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How would a decline in sperm concentration over time influence the probability of pregnancy?
    • Slama R, Kold-Jensen T, Scheike T, Ducot B, Spira A, Keiding N. How would a decline in sperm concentration over time influence the probability of pregnancy? Epidemiology 2004;15:458-465.
    • (2004) Epidemiology , vol.15 , pp. 458-465
    • Slama, R.1    Kold-Jensen, T.2    Scheike, T.3    Ducot, B.4    Spira, A.5    Keiding, N.6
  • 97
    • 0023667438 scopus 로고
    • International federation of clinical chemistry. scientific committee, clinical section. expert panel on theory of reference values and international committee for standardization in haematology standing committee on reference values Approved recommendation (1986) on the theory of reference values. Part 1. The concept of references values
    • Solberg HE. International federation of clinical chemistry. scientific committee, clinical section. expert panel on theory of reference values and international committee for standardization in haematology standing committee on reference values. Approved recommendation (1986) on the theory of reference values. Part 1. The concept of references values. Clin Chim Acta 1987;165:111-118.
    • (1987) Clin Chim Acta , vol.165 , pp. 111-118
    • Solberg, H.E.1
  • 98
    • 4344634762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The IFCC recommendation on estimation of reference intervals The RefVal program
    • Solberg HE. The IFCC recommendation on estimation of reference intervals. The RefVal program. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:710-714.
    • (2004) Clin Chem Lab Med , vol.42 , pp. 710-714
    • Solberg, H.E.1
  • 99
    • 28044470135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment and use of reference values
    • Burts CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE (eds). Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc
    • Solberg HE. Establishment and use of reference values. In: Burts CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE (eds). Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc, 2006. 425-448.
    • (2006) Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , pp. 425-448
    • Solberg, H.E.1
  • 100
    • 0021043651 scopus 로고
    • Setting standards of male fertility I Semen analyses in 1500 patients-a report
    • Sultan Sheriff D. Setting standards of male fertility I. Semen analyses in 1500 patients-a report. Andrologia 1983;15:687-692.
    • (1983) Andrologia , vol.15 , pp. 687-692
    • Sultan Sheriff, D.1
  • 101
    • 69149095345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between andrological measures, hormones and semen quality in ferile Australian men: inverse relationship between obesity and sperm output
    • Stewart TM, Liu DY, Garrett C, Jørgensen N, Brown EH, Baker HWG. Associations between andrological measures, hormones and semen quality in ferile Australian men: inverse relationship between obesity and sperm output. Hum Reprod 2009;24:1561-1568.
    • (2009) Hum Reprod , vol.24 , pp. 1561-1568
    • Stewart, T.M.1    Liu, D.Y.2    Garrett, C.3    Jørgensen, N.4    Brown, E.H.5    Baker, H.W.G.6
  • 102
    • 0038334136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do environmental agents affect semen quality
    • Swan SH. Do environmental agents affect semen quality? Epidemiology 2003;14:261-262.
    • (2003) Epidemiology , vol.14 , pp. 261-262
    • Swan, S.H.1
  • 104
    • 0034600488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in couple fecundity and time to pregnancy, an essential concept in human reproduction
    • te Velde ER, Eijkemans R, Habbema HD. Variation in couple fecundity and time to pregnancy, an essential concept in human reproduction. Lancet 2000;355:1928-1929.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1928-1929
    • te Velde, E.R.1    Eijkemans, R.2    Habbema, H.D.3
  • 107
    • 0030776958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No evidence for a decreased fertilizing potential after in-vitro fertilization using spermatozoa from polyzoospermic men
    • Tournaye H, Staessen C, Camus M, Verheyen G, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A. No evidence for a decreased fertilizing potential after in-vitro fertilization using spermatozoa from polyzoospermic men. Hum Reprod 1997;12:2183-2185.
    • (1997) Hum Reprod , vol.12 , pp. 2183-2185
    • Tournaye, H.1    Staessen, C.2    Camus, M.3    Verheyen, G.4    Devroey, P.5    Van Steirteghem, A.6
  • 110
    • 0034839551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive value of normal sperm morphology in intrauterine insemination (IUI): a structured literature review
    • Van Waart J, Kruger TF, Lombard CJ, Ombelet W. Predictive value of normal sperm morphology in intrauterine insemination (IUI): a structured literature review. Hum Reprod Update 2001;7:495-500.
    • (2001) Hum Reprod Update , vol.7 , pp. 495-500
    • Van Waart, J.1    Kruger, T.F.2    Lombard, C.J.3    Ombelet, W.4
  • 112
    • 10744233376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Committee for Contraception Research The Population Council. A clinical trial of 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone implants for possible use as a long-acting contraceptive for men
    • von Eckardstein S, Noe G, Brache V, Nieschlag E, Croxatto H, Alvarez F, Moo-Young A, Sivin I, Kumar N, Small M et al. International Committee for Contraception Research, The Population Council. A clinical trial of 7 alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone implants for possible use as a long-acting contraceptive for men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:5232-5239.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 5232-5239
    • von Eckardstein, S.1    Noe, G.2    Brache, V.3    Nieschlag, E.4    Croxatto, H.5    Alvarez, F.6    Moo-Young, A.7    Sivin, I.8    Kumar, N.9    Small, M.10
  • 113
    • 34548655269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) vs testosterone in combination with etonogestrel implants for spermatogenic suppression in normal men
    • Walton MJ, Kumar N, Baird DT, Ludlow H, Anderson RA. 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) vs testosterone in combination with etonogestrel implants for spermatogenic suppression in normal men. J Androl 2007;28:679-688.
    • (2007) J Androl , vol.28 , pp. 679-688
    • Walton, M.J.1    Kumar, N.2    Baird, D.T.3    Ludlow, H.4    Anderson, R.A.5
  • 117
    • 0025066149 scopus 로고
    • Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility. Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men
    • World Health Organization
    • World Health Organization. Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility. Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. Lancet 1990;336:955-959.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 955-959
  • 119
    • 0029960780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility. Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in normal men
    • World Health Organization
    • World Health Organization. Task Force on Methods for the Regulation of Male Fertility. Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia and oligozoospermia in normal men. Fertil Steril 1996;65:821-829.
    • (1996) Fertil Steril , vol.65 , pp. 821-829
  • 121
    • 0033959723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semen quality and human fertility: a prospective study with healthy couples
    • Zinaman MJ, Brown CC, Selevan SG, Clegg ED. Semen quality and human fertility: a prospective study with healthy couples. J Androl 2000; 21:145-153.
    • (2000) J Androl , vol.21 , pp. 145-153
    • Zinaman, M.J.1    Brown, C.C.2    Selevan, S.G.3    Clegg, E.D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.