Forest structure and live aboveground biomass variation along an elevational gradient of tropical Atlantic moist forest (Brazil)

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 260, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 679-691

  Alves, Luciana F ^a,b   Vieira, Simone A ^c   Scaranello, Marcos A ^c   Camargo, Plinio B ^c   Santos, Flavio A M ^d   Joly, Carlos A ^d   Martinelli, Luiz A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b Pós graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Aboveground biomass; Brazil; Carbon pools; Stem size distribution; Topography; Tropical forest

Indexed keywords

ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS; BRAZIL; CARBON POOL; CARBON POOLS; TROPICAL FOREST;

BIOMASS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; TOPOGRAPHY; TROPICS; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

FORESTRY;

ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS; CANOPY ARCHITECTURE; CARBON BALANCE; ELEVATION; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; SPATIAL VARIATION; STEM; TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECT; TROPICAL FOREST;

BIOMASS; BRAZIL; CARBON; DISTRIBUTION; FORESTRY; FORESTS; NUTRIENTS; SIZE; STEMS; TOPOGRAPHY; TROPICS;

ATLANTIC FOREST; BRAZIL; CENTRAL AMERICA;

EID: 77954353468     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.05.023     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Abril A.B., Bucher E.H. Variation in soil biological characteristics on an elevational gradient in the montane forest of North-west Argentina. J. Trop. Ecol. 2008, 24:457-461.
2. Aiba S., Kitayama K. Structure, composition and species diversity in an altitude-substrate matrix of rain forest tree communities on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Plant Ecol. 1999, 140:139-157.
3. Aiba S., Kitayama K., Takyu M. Habitat associations with topography and canopy structure of tree species in a tropical montane forest on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Plant Ecol. 2004, 174:147-161.
4. APG II An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 2003, 141:399-436.
5. Ashton P.S. Floristic zonation of tree communities on wet tropical mountains revisited. Perspect. Plant Ecol. 2003, 6/1(2):87-104.
6. Asner G.P., Hughes R.F., Varga T.A., Knapp D.E., Kennedy-Bowdoin T. Environmental and biotic controls over aboveground biomass throughout a tropical rain forest. Ecosystems 2009, 12:261-278.
7. Asner G.P., Palace M., Keller M., Pereira R., Silva J.N.M., Zweede J.C. Estimating canopy structure in an Amazon forest from laser range finder and IKONOS satellite observations. Biotropica 2002, 34:483-492.
8. Baker T.R., Phillips O.L., Malhi Y., Almeida S., Arroyo L., Di Fiore A., Erwin T., Killeen T.J., Laurance S.G., Laurance W.F., Lewis S.L., Lloyd J., Monteagudo A., Neill D.A., Patino S., Pitman N.C.A., Silva M., Vasquez-Martinez R. Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forest biomass. Glob. Change Biol. 2004, 10:545-562.
9. Broadbent E., Asner G.P., Pena-Claros M., Palace M., Soriano M. Spatial partitioning of biomass and diversity in a lowland Bolivian forest: linking field and remote sensing measurements. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2008, 255:2602-2616.
10. Brown I.F., Martinelli L.A., Thomas W.W., Moreira M.Z., Ferreira C.A., Victoria R.A. Uncertainty in the biomass of Amazonian forests: an example from Rondonia, Brazil. Forest Ecol. Manag. 1995, 75:175-189.
11. Brown, S., 1997. Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests: a primer. FAO Forestry Paper 134. FAO, Rome.
12. Brown S., Lugo A.E. Biomass of tropical forests: a new estimate based on forest volumes. Science 1984, 223:1290-1293.
13. Brown S., Lugo A.E. Aboveground biomass estimates for tropical moist forests of the Brazilian Amazon. Interciência 1992, 17:8-18.
14. Bruijnzeel L.A., Veneklaas E.J. Climatic conditions and tropical Montane forest productivity: the fog has not lifted yet. Ecology 1998, 79:3-9.
15. Bruijnzeel, L.A., 2002. Hydrology of tropical Montane cloud forests: a reassessment. In: Proceedings of the Second International Colloquium on Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics. Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 52. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 353-383.
16. Burger, D.M., Delitti, W.B.C., 2008. Allometric models for estimating the phytomass of a secondary Atlantic Forest area of southestern Brazil. Biota Neotropica 8, http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v8n4/pt/abstract%3Farticle+bn03308042008.
17. Burnham K.P., Anderson D.R. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach 2002, Springer Science, New York, NY.
18. Carnaval A.C., Moritz C. Historical climate modelling predicts patterns of current biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. J. Biogeogr. 2008, 35:1187-1201.
19. Carvalho, P.E.R., 1994. Espécies florestais brasileiras: recomendações silviculturais, potencialidades e uso da madeira. EMBRAPA, Brasília.
20. Castilho C.V., Magnusson W.E., Araújo R.N.O., Luizão R.C.C., Luizão F.J., Lima A.P., Higuchi N. Variation in aboveground tree live biomass in a central Amazonian Forest: effect of soil and topography. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2006, 234:85-96.
21. Chambers J.Q., Asner G.P., Morton D.C., Anderson L.O., Saatchi S.S., Espírito-Santo F.D.B., Palace M., Souza C. Regional ecosystem structure and function: ecological insights from remote sensing of tropical forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007, 22:414-423.
22. Chapin F.S., Matson P.A., Mooney H.A. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology 2002, Springer, New York.
23. Chave J., Andalo C., Brown S., Cairns M.A., Chambers J.C., Eamus D., Fîlster H., Fromard F., Higuchi N., Kira T., Lescure J.P., Nelson B.W., Ogawa H., Puig H., Riéra B., Yamakura T. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia 2005, 145:87-99.
24. Chave J., Condit R., Aguilar S., Hernandez A., Lao S., Perez R. Error propagation and scaling for tropical forest biomass estimates. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, Biol. Sci. 2004, 359:409-420.
25. Chave J., Condit R., Lao S., Caspersen J.P., Foster R.B., Hubbell S.P. Spatial and temporal variation of biomass in a tropical forest: results from a large census plot in Panama. J. Ecol. 2003, 91:240-252.
26. Chave J., Condit R., Muller-Landau H.C., et al. Assessing evidence for pervasive alteration in tropical tree communities. Plos Biol. 2008, 6:1-8.
27. Chave J., Muller-Landau H.C., Baker T.R., Easdale T.A., ter Steege H., Webb C.O. Regional and phylogenetic variation of wood density across 2456 Neotropical tree species. Ecol. Appl. 2006, 16:2356-2367.
28. Chave J., Riera B., Dubois M. Estimation of biomass in a Neotropical forest of French Guiana: spatial and temporal variability. J. Trop. Ecol. 2001, 17:79-96.
29. Clark D.A. Are tropical forests an important carbon sink? Reanalysis of the long-term plot data. Ecol. Appl. 2002, 12:3-7.
30. Clark D.A. Detecting tropical forests' responses to global climatic and atmospheric change: current challenges and a way forward. Biotropica 2007, 39:4-19.
31. Clark D.A., Brown S., Kicklighter D.W., Chambers J.Q., Thomlinson J.R., Ni J., Holland E.A. Net primary production in tropical forests: an evaluation and synthesis of existing field data. Ecology 2001, 11:371-384.
32. Clark D.A., Clark D.B. Life history diversity of canopy and emergent trees in a Neotropical rain forest. Ecol. Monogr. 1992, 62:315-344.
33. Clark D.A., Clark D.B., Sandoval R., Castro M.V. Edaphic and human effects on landscape-scale distributions of tropical rain-forest palms. Ecology 1995, 76:2581-2594.
34. Clark D.B., Clark D.A. Landscape-scale variation in forest structure and biomass in a tropical rain forest. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2000, 137:185-198.
35. Condit R. Tropical Forest Census Plots: A Comparison With Other Plots 1998, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
36. Cummings D.L., Kauffman J.B., Perry D.A., Hughes R.F. Aboveground biomass and structure of rainforests in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2002, 163:293-307.
37. Davies S.J., Palmiotto P.A., Ashton P.S., Lee H.S., Lafrankie J.V. Comparative ecology of 11 sympatric species of Macaranga in Borneo: tree distribution in relation to horizontal and vertical resource heterogeneity. J. Ecol. 1998, 86:662-673.
38. Daws M.I., Mullins C.E., Burslem D.F.R.P., Paton S.R., Dalling J.W. Topographic position affects the water regime in a semideciduous tropical forest in Panamá. Plant Soil 2002, 238:79-90.
39. Delaney M., Brown S., Lugo A.E., Torres-Lezama A., Bello Quintero N. The distribution of organic carbon in major components of forests located in five life zones in Venezuela. J. Trop. Ecol. 1997, 13:697-708.
40. DeWalt S.J., Chave J. Structure and biomass of four lowland Neotropical forests. Biotropica 2004, 36:7-19.
41. Dixon R.K., Brown S., Houghton R.A., Solomon A.M., Trexler M.C., Wisniewski J. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 1994, 263:185-190.
42. Dunnett C.W. A multiple comparisons procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1955, 50:1096-1121.
43. Efron B. Better bootstrap confidence intervals. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1987, 82:171-185.
44. Efron B., Tibshirani R. An Introduction to the Bootstrap 1993, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton.
45. Fahey T.J., Knapp A.K. Principles and Standards For Measuring Primary Production 2007, Oxford University Press, New York.
46. Fantini A.C., Guries R.P. Forest structure and productivity of palmiteiro (Euterpe edulis Martius) in the Brazilian Mata Atlântica. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2007, 242:185-194.
47. FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
48. Fitzpatrick S.W., Brasileiro C.A., Haddad D.F.B., Zamudio K.R. Geographical variation in genetic structure of an Atlantic Coastal Forest frog reveals regional differences in habitat stability. Mol. Ecol. 2009, 18:2877-2896.
49. Frangi J.L., Lugo A.E. Ecosystem dynamics of a subtropical floodplain forest. Ecol. Monogr. 1985, 55:351-369.
50. Frangi J.L., Lugo A.E. A flood plain palm forest in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico five years after hurricane Hugo. Biotropica 1998, 30:339-348.
51. Galindo-Leal C., Camara I.G. The Atlantic Forest of South America: biodiversity status, threats, and outlook. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International 2003, Island Press, Washington.
52. Gentry A.H. Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients. Ann. Mol. Bot. Gard. 1988, 75:1-34.
53. Gibbs H.K., Brown S., Nilesand J.O., Foley J.A. Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environ. Res. Lett. 2007, 2:1-13.
54. Gotelli N.J., Ellison A.M. A Primer of Ecological Statistics 2004, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
55. Graham M. Confronting multicollinearity in ecological multiple regression. Ecology 2003, 84:2809-2815.
56. Grubb P.J. Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: with special reference to mineral nutrition. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1977, 8:83-107.
57. Guedes-Bruni R.R., Silva A.G., Mantovani W. Rare canopy species in communities within the Atlantic Coastal Forest in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Biodivers. Conserv. 2009, 18:387-403.
58. Henderson A., Galeano G., Bernal B. Field guide to the Palms of the Americas 1995, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
59. Holdridge L.R. Determination of world plant formations from simple climate data. Science 1947, 105:367-368.
60. Houghton R.A. Balancing the gobal carbon budget. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2007, 35:313-347.
61. Houghton R.A., Hall F., Goetz S.J. Importance of biomass in the global carbon cycle. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:G00E03.
62. Hubbell S.P., Foster R.B., O'Brien S.T., Harms K.E., Condit R., Wechsler B., Wright S.J., Lao S.L. Light-gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a Neotropical forest. Science 1999, 283:554-557.
63. Hughes R.F., Kauffman J.B., Jaramillo V.J. Biomass, carbon, and nutrient dynamics of secondary forests in a humid tropical region of Mexico. Ecology 1999, 80:1892-1907.
64. Hurlbert S.H. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 1984, 54:187-211.
65. IPT-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, 2000. Diagnóstico da situação atual dos recursos hídricos da Unidade de Gerenciamento dos Recursos Hídricos do Litoral Norte-UGRHI-3: Relatório 46.172. Governo do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo.
66. Joly C.A., Aidar M.P.M., Klink C.A., Mcgraph D.G., Moreira A.G., Moutinho P., Nepstad D.C., Oliveira A.A., Pott A., Sampaio E.V.S.B. Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems: implications for biodiversity conservation. Ciência e Cultura 1999, 51:331-348.
67. Joly, C.A., Martinelli, L.A., Alves, L.F., Vieira, S.A., Tamashiro, J.Y., Aidar, M.P.M., Camargo, P.B., Assis, M.A., Bernacci, L.C., 2008. As Parcelas Permanentes do Projeto Temático Biota Gradiente Funcional: Composição Florística, Estrutura e Funcionamento da Floresta Ombrófila Densa dos Núcleos Picinguaba e Santa Virgínia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. RedeMAP: Rede de Parcelas Permanentes dos Biomas Mata Atlântica e Pampa & Funpar, Curitiba.
68. Kahn F., Castro A. The palm community in a forest of Central Amazonia, Brazil. Biotropica 1985, 17:210-216.
69. Keeling H.C., Phillips O.L. The global relationship between forest productivity and biomass. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 2007, 16:618-631.
70. Keeling H.C., Phillips O.L. A calibration method for the crown illumination index for assessing forest light environments. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2007, 242:431-437.
71. Keller M., Palace M., Asner G.P., Pereira R., Silva J.N. Coarse woody debris in undisturbed and logged forests in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Glob. Change Biol. 2004, 10:784-795.
72. Keller M., Pallace M., Hurtt G. Biomass estimation in the Tapajos National Forest, Brazil: examination of sampling and allometric uncertainties. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2001, 154:371-382.
73. Kitayma K., Aiba S. Ecosystem structure and productivity of tropical rain forests along altitudinal gradients with contrasting soil phosphorus pools on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. J. Ecol. 2002, 90:37-51.
74. Korner C. The use of " altitude" in ecological research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007, 22:569-574.
75. Laurance W.F. Conserving the hottest of the hotspots. Biol. Conserv. 2009, 142:1137.
76. Legendre P., Legendre L. Numerical Ecology 1998, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
77. Leuschner C., Moser G., Bertsch C., Roderstein M., Hertel D. Large altitudinal increase in tree root/shoot ratio in tropical mountain forests of Ecuador. Basic Appl. Ecol. 2007, 8:219-230.
78. Lieberman D., Lieberman M., Peralta R., Hartshorn G.S. Tropical forest structure and composition on a large-scale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica. J. Ecol. 1996, 84:137-152.
79. Loarie S.R., Asner G.P., Field C.B. Boosted carbon emissions from Amazon deforestation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L14810.
80. Luizão R.C., Luizão F.J., Paiva R.Q., Monteiro T.F., Lucinéia L.S., Kruijt B. Variation of carbon and nitrogen cycling processes along a topographic gradient in a central Amazonian forest. Glob. Change Biol. 2004, 10:592-600.
81. Mainieri C., Chimelo J.P. Fichas de características das madeiras brasileiras 1989, IPT-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, São Paulo.
82. Malhi Y., Wood D., Baker T.R., Wright J., Phillips O.L., Cochrane T., Meir P., Chave J., Almeida S., Arroyo L., Higuchi N., Killeen T.J., Laurance S.G., Laurance W.F., Lewis S.L., Monteagudo A., Neill D.A., Nunez-Vargas P., Pitman N.C.A., Quesada C.A., Salomão R., Silva J.N.M., Lezama A.T., Terborgh J., Vásquez-Martinez R. The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests. Glob. Change Biol. 2006, 12:1107-1138.
83. Marín-Spiotta E., Ostertag R., Silver W.L. Long-term patterns in tropical reforestation: plant community composition and aboveground biomass accumulation. Ecol. Appl. 2007, 17:828-839.
84. Martini A.M., Fiaschi P., Amorin A.M., Paixão J.L. A hot-point within a hot-spot: a high diversity site in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Biodivers. Conserv. 2007, 16:3111-3128.
85. Martins, S.C., Piccolo, M.C., Camargo, P.B., Vieira, S.A., Alves, L.F., Joly, C.A., Carmo, J.B., Martinelli, L.A., in review. Nutrient, carbon and clay contents of soils throughout an altitudinal gradient in the coastal Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil (Ubatuba, SP). Geoderma.
86. Morellato L.P., Haddad C.F.B. Introduction: The Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biotropica 2000, 32:786-792.
87. Moser G., Hertel D., Leuschner C. Altitudinal change in LAI and stand leaf biomass in tropical montane forests: a transect study in Ecuador and a pan-tropical meta-analysis. Ecosystems 2007, 10:924-935.
88. Muller-Landau H.C. Interspecific and inter-site variation in wood specific gravity of tropical trees. Biotropica 2004, 36:20-32.
89. Muller-Landau H.C., Condit R.S., Harms K.E., Marks C.O., Thomas S.C., et al. Comparing tropical forest tree size distributions with the predictions of metabolic ecology and equilibrium models. Ecol. Lett. 2006, 9:589-602.
90. Murray-Smith C., Brummitt N.A., Oliveira-Filho A.T., Bachman S., Moat J., Lughadha E.M.N., Lucas E.J. Plant diversity hotspots in the Atlantic Coastal Forests of Brazil. Conserv. Biol. 2009, 23:151-163.
91. Mutke J., Barthlott W. Patterns of vascular plant diversity at continental to global scales. Biologiske Skrifter 2005, 55:521-531.
92. Myers N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., Fonseca G.A.B., Kent J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 2000, 403:853-858.
93. Nascimento H.E.M., Laurance W.F. Total aboveground biomass in central Amazonian rainforests: a landscape-scale study. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2002, 168:311-321.
94. Nascimento M.T., Barbosa R.I., Villela D.M., Proctor J. Above-ground biomass changes over an 11-year period in an Amazon monodominant forest and two other lowland forests. Plant Ecol. 2007, 192:181-191.
95. Negrelle R.R.B. The Atlantic forest in the Volta Velha Reserve: a tropical rain forest site outside the tropics. Biodivers. Conserv. 2002, 11:887-917.
96. Niklas K.J. The scaling of plant height: a comparison among major plant clades and anatomical grades. Ann. Bot. Lond. 1993, 72:165-172.
97. Nogueira E.M., Fearnside P.M., Nelson B.W., França M.B. Wood density in forests of Brazil's 'arc of deforestation': implications for biomass and flux of carbon from land-use change in Amazonia. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2007, 248:119-135.
98. Nogueira E.M., Fearnside P.M., Nelson B.W., França M.B., Oliveira A.C.A. Tree height in Brazil's 'arc of deforestation': shorter trees in south and southwest Amazonia imply lower biomass. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2008, 255:2963-2972.
99. Oliveira-Filho A.T., Fontes M.A.L. Patterns of floristic differentiation among Atlantic Forests in southeastern Brazil and the influence of climate. Biotropica 2000, 32:793-810.
100. Palace M., Keller M., Silva H. Necromass production: studies in undisturbed and logged Amazon forests. Ecol. Appl. 2008, 18:873-884.
101. Palm C., Sanchez P., Ahamed S., Awiti A. Soils: a contemporary perspective. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2007, 32:99-129.
102. Paoli G., Curran L., Slik J. Soil nutrients affect spatial patterns of aboveground biomass and emergent tree density in southwestern Borneo. Oecologia 2008, 155:155-287.
103. Phillips, O.L., Baker, T.R., 2001. Field manual for plot establishment and remeasurement. RAINFOR (Amazon Forest Inventory Network). Available at http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/projects/rainfor/.
104. Phillips O.L., Malhi Y., Higuchi N., Laurance W.F., Núñez P.V., Vásquez R.M., Laurance S.G., Ferreira L.V., Stern M., Brown S., Grace J. Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forests: evidence from long-term plots. Science 1998, 282:439-442.
105. Pierre-Ledru M., Mourguiart P., Riccomini C. Related changes in biodiversity, insolation and climate in the Atlantic rainforest since the last interglacial. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2009, 271:140-152.
106. Proctor J., Anderson J.M., Chai P., Vallack H.W. Ecological studies in four contrasting, lowland rain forests in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak. I. Forest environment, structure and floristics. J. Ecol. 1983, 71:239-260.
107. Pyle E.H., Santoni G.W., Nascimento H.E.M., Hutyra L.R., Vieira S., Curran D.J., van Haren J., Saleska S.R., Chow V.Y., Camargo P.B., Laurance W.F., Wofsy S.C. Dynamics of carbon, biomass, and structure in two Amazonian forests. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:G00B08.
108. Raich J.W., Russell A.E., Kitayama K., Parton W.J., Vitousek P.M. Temperature influences carbon accumulation in moist tropical forests. Ecology 2006, 87:76-87.
109. Raich J.W., Russell A.E., Vitousek P.M. Primary productivity and ecosystem development along an elevational gradient on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Ecology 1997, 78:707-721.
110. Reis M.S., Fantini A.C., Nodari R.O., Reis A., Guerra M.P., Mantovani A. Management and conservation of natural populations in Atlantic rain forest: the case study of palm heart Euterpe edulis Martius. Biotropica 2000, 32:894-902.
111. Ribeiro M.C., Metzger J.P., Martensen A.C., Ponzoni F.J., Hirota M.M. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: how much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biol. Conserv. 2009, 142:1141-1153.
112. Rice A.H., Pyle E.H., Saleska S.R., Hutyra L.R., Palace M., Keller M., Carmargo P.B., Portilho K., Marques D., Wofsy S.C. Carbon balance and vegetation dynamics in an old-growth Amazonian forest. Ecol. Appl. 2004, 14:S55-S71.
113. Richards P.W. The Tropical Rain Forest 1996, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. second ed.
114. Robert A. Simulation of the effect of topography and tree falls on stand dynamics and stand structure of tropical forests. Ecol. Model. 2003, 167:287-303.
115. Rolim S.G., Jesus R.M., Nascimento H.E.M., Couto H.T.Z., Chambers J.C. Biomass change in an Atlantic tropical moist forest: the ENSO effect in permanent sample plots over a 22-year period. Oecologia 2005, 142:238-246.
116. Rüger N., Huth A., Hubbell S.P., Condit R. Response of recruitment to light availability across a tropical lowland rain forest community. J. Ecol. 2009, 97:1360-1368.
117. Saatchi S.S., Houghton R.A., dos Santos Alvalá R.C., Soares J.V., Yu Y. Distribution of aboveground live biomass in the Amazon basin. Glob. Change Biol. 2007, 13:816-837.
118. Sanchez M., Pedroni F., Leitao-Filho H.F., Cesar O. Composição florística de um trecho de floresta ripária na Mata Atântica em Picinguaba, Ubatuba, SP. Rev. Bras. Bot. 1999, 22:31-42.
119. Sanchez, M., 2001. Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea num gradiente altitudinal da Mata Atlântica. PhD dissertation. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil.
120. Sarmiento G., Pinillos M., Garay I. Biomass variability in tropical American lowland rainforests. Ecotropicos 2005, 18:1-20.
121. SAS Institute JMP Version 7.0.2 2007, SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
122. Scarano F.R. Structure, function, and floristic relationships of plant communities in stressful habitats marginal to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Ann. Bot. Lond. 2002, 90:517-524.
123. Scatena F.N., Lugo A.E. Geomorphology, disturbance, and the soil and vegetation of two subtropical wet steepland watersheds of Puerto Rico. Geomorphology 1995, 13:199-213.
124. Scatena F.N., Silver W., Siccama T., Johnson A., Sanchez M.J. Biomass and nutrient content of the Bisley Experimental Watersheds, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, before and after Hurricane Hugo, 1989. Biotropica 1993, 25:15-27.
125. Schmitt J.L., Windisch P.G. Aspectos ecológicos de Alsophila setosa Kaulf. (Cyatheaceae Pteridophyta) no sul do Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 2005, 19:861-867.
126. Schmitt J.L., Windisch P.G. Estrutura populacional e desenvolvimento da fase esporofítica de Cyathea delgadii Sternb. (Cyatheaceae, Monilophyta) no sul do Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 2007, 21:731-740.
127. Schnitzer S.A. A mechanistic explanation for global patterns of liana abundance and distribution. Am. Nat. 2005, 166:262-276.
128. Scudeller V.V., Martins F.R., Shepherd G.J. Distribution and abundance of arboreal species in the Atlantic ombrophilous dense forest in Southeastern Brazil. Plant Ecol. 2001, 152:185-199.
129. Sentelhas, P.C., Pereira, A.R., Marin, F.R., Angelocci, L.R., Alfonsi, R.R., Caramori, P.H., Swart, S., 1999. Balanços Hídricos Climatológicos do Brasil-500 balanços hídricos de localidades brasileiras. ESALQ, Piracicaba. Available at: http://www.bdclima.cnpm.embrapa.br/index.php.
130. Sierra C.A., del Valle J.I., Orrego S.A., Moreno F.H., Harmon M.E., Zapata M., Colorado G.J., Herrera M.A., Lara W., Restrepo D.E., Berrouet L.M., Loaiza L.M., Benjumea J.F. Total carbon stocks in a tropical forest landscape of the Porce region, Colombia. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2007, 243:299-309.
131. Silva-Dias M.A.E., Vidale P.E., Blanco C.M.R. Case study and numerical simulation of the summer regional circulation in São Paulo, Brazil. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 1995, 74:371-388.
132. Silver W.L., Lugo A.E., Keller M. Soil oxygen availability and biogeochemical cycling along elevation and topographic gradients in Puerto Rico. Biogeochemistry 1999, 44:301-328.
133. Silver W.L., Scatena F.N., Johnson A.H., Siccama T.G., Sanchez M.J. Nutrient availability in a Montane wet tropical forest: spatial patterns and methodological considerations. Plant Soil 1994, 164:129-145.
134. SMA-Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, 1998. Planos de Manejo das Unidades de Conservação: Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar-Núcleo Picinguaba. Plano de Gestao Ambiental-Fase I, Sao Paulo.
135. SOS Mata Atlântica and INPE, 2009. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica-período 2005-2008. Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica & Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais-INPE, Sao Paulo.
136. Sousa Neto, E.R., 2008. Perdas de nitrogênio pela emissão de óxido nitroso (N2O) e sua relação com a decomposição da serapilheira e biomassa de raízes na floresta de Mata Atlântica. Master thesis. Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
137. Souza, C.R., Suguio, K., Oliveira, A.M., Oliveira, P.E., 2005. Quaternário do Brasil. Holos Editora, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
138. Suguio K., Martin L. Quaternary marine formations of the states of São Paulo and southern Rio de Janeiro. International Symposium on Coastal Evolution in the Quaternary 1978, 55.
139. Svenning J.C. Microhabitat specialization in a species-rich palm community in Amazonian Ecuador. J. Ecol. 1999, 87:55-65.
140. Svenning J.C., Harvlev D., Sorensen M.M., Balslev H. Topographic and spatial controls of palm species distributions in a Montane rain forest, southern Ecuador. Biodivers. Conserv. 2009, 18:219-228.
141. Swenson N.G., Enquist B.J. Ecological and evolutionary determinants of a key plant functional trait: wood density and its community-wide variation across latitude and elevation. Am. J. Bot. 2007, 94:451-459.
142. Tabarelli, M., 1997. A regeneração da Floresta Atlântica Montana. Ph.D. dissertation. Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
143. Takyu M., Aiba S., Kitayama K. Effects of topography on tropical lower montane forests under different geological conditions on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Plant Ecol. 2002, 159:35-49.
144. Takyu M., Aiba S., Kitayama K. Changes in biomass, productivity and decomposition along topographical gradients under different geological conditions in tropical lower montane forests on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Oecologia 2003, 134:397-404.
145. Tanner E.V.J., Vitousek P.M., Cuevas E. Experimental investigations of nutrient limitation of forest growth on wet tropical mountains. Ecology 1998, 79:10-22.
146. ter Steege H., Pitman N.C.A., Phillips O.L., Chave J., Sabatier D., Duque A., Molino J., Prévost M., Spichiger R., Castellanos H., Hildebrand P., Vásquez R. Continental-scale patterns of canopy tree composition and function across Amazonia. Nature 2006, 443:444-447.
147. Tiepolo, G., Calmon, M., Feretti, A.R., 2002. Measuring and monitoring carbon stocks at the Guaraqueçaba Climate Action Projetct, Paraná, Brasil. In: International Symposium on Forest Carbon Sequestration and Monitoring. Extension Series Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Available at: , pp. 98-115. http://www.spvs.org.br/download/monitoramento_ingles.pdf.
148. Urquiza-Haas T., Dolman P.M., Peres C.A. Regional scale variation in forest structure and biomass in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: effects of forest disturbance. Forest Ecol. Manag. 2007, 247:80-90.
149. Vargas E., Allen M.F., Allen E.B. Biomass and carbon accumulation in a fire chronosequence of a seasonally dry tropical forest. Glob. Change Biol. 2008, 14:109-124.
150. Veloso, H.P., Rangel Filho, A.L.R., Lima, J.C.A., 1991. Classificação da Vegetação Brasileira Adaptada a um Sistema Universal. IBGE, Brasilia, Brazil.
151. Vieira, S.A., Alves, L.F., Aidar, M.P.M., Araújo, L.S., Baker, T., Batista, J.L.F., Campos, M.C.R., Camargo, P.B., Chave, J., Delitti, W.B., Higuchi, N., Honório, E., Joly, C.A., Keller, M., Martinelli, L.A., Mattos, E.A., Metzker, T., Phillips, O.L., Santos, F.A.M., Shimabukuro, M.T., Silveira, M., Trumbore, S.E., 2008. Estimation of biomass and carbon stocks: the case of the Atlantic Forest. Biota Neotropica 8, doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032008000200001. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v8n2/pt/fullpaper%3Fbn00108022008+en.
152. Vieira S.A., Camargo P.B., Selhorst D., Silva R., Hutyra L., Chambers J.Q., Brown I.F., Higuchi N., Santos J., Wofsy S.C., Trumbore S.E., Martinelli L.A. Forest structure and carbon dynamics in Amazonian tropical rain forests. Oecologia 2004, 140:468-479.
153. Vormisto J., Tuomisto H., Oksanen J. Palm distribution patterns in Amazonian rainforests: what is the role of topographic variation?. J. Veg. Sci. 2004, 15:485-494.
154. Waide R.B., Zimmerman J.K., Scatena F.N. Controls of primary productivity: lessons from the Luquillo Mountains in Puerto Rico. Ecology 1998, 79:31-37.
155. Whitmore T.C. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East 1984, Claredon.
156. Wilkinson L. SYSTAT, Version 9 1999, SYSTAT, Evanston, IL.
157. Zach A., Horna V., Leuschner C., Zimmermann R. Patterns of wood carbon dioxide efflux across a 2000-m elevation transect in an Andean moist forest. Oecologia 2010, 162:127-137.