메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 569-579

Imaging liver-stage malaria parasites

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANOPHELES; CELL INVASION; CONFOCAL LASER MICROSCOPY; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; EPIFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; ERYTHROCYTE; GENE EXPRESSION; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFECTION RATE; INOCULATION; LIVER; LIVER CELL; MEROZOITE; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; NONHUMAN; PARASITE DEVELOPMENT; PARASITE MIGRATION; PLASMODIUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPOROZOITE;

EID: 77954308519     PISSN: 14625814     EISSN: 14625822     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01454.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (22)

References (53)
  • 1
    • 45149123776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted deletion of SAP1 abolishes the expression of infectivity factors necessary for successful malaria parasite liver infection
    • Aly, A.S., Mikolajczak, S.A., Rivera, H.S., Camargo, N., Jacobs-Lorena, V., Labaied, M., et al. (2008) Targeted deletion of SAP1 abolishes the expression of infectivity factors necessary for successful malaria parasite liver infection. Mol Microbiol 69: 152-163.
    • (2008) Mol Microbiol , vol.69 , pp. 152-163
    • Aly, A.S.1    Mikolajczak, S.A.2    Rivera, H.S.3    Camargo, N.4    Jacobs-Lorena, V.5    Labaied, M.6
  • 3
    • 38849143095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host cell traversal is important for progression of the malaria parasite through the dermis to the liver
    • Amino, R., Giovannini, D., Thiberge, S., Gueirard, P., Boisson, B., Dubremetz, J.F., et al. (2008) Host cell traversal is important for progression of the malaria parasite through the dermis to the liver. Cell Host Microbe 3: 88-96.
    • (2008) Cell Host Microbe , vol.3 , pp. 88-96
    • Amino, R.1    Giovannini, D.2    Thiberge, S.3    Gueirard, P.4    Boisson, B.5    Dubremetz, J.F.6
  • 4
    • 37349119326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Release of hepatic Plasmodium yoelii merozoites into the pulmonary microvasculature
    • Baer, K., Klotz, C., Kappe, S.H., Schnieder, T., and Frevert, U. (2007) Release of hepatic Plasmodium yoelii merozoites into the pulmonary microvasculature. PLoS Pathog 3: e171.
    • (2007) PLoS Pathog , vol.3
    • Baer, K.1    Klotz, C.2    Kappe, S.H.3    Schnieder, T.4    Frevert, U.5
  • 5
    • 34548041617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular interactions of Plasmodium liver stage with its host mammalian cell
    • Bano, N., Romano, J.D., Jayabalasingham, B., and Coppens, I. (2007) Cellular interactions of Plasmodium liver stage with its host mammalian cell. Int J Parasitol 37: 1329-1341.
    • (2007) Int J Parasitol , vol.37 , pp. 1329-1341
    • Bano, N.1    Romano, J.D.2    Jayabalasingham, B.3    Coppens, I.4
  • 6
    • 34249818172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium berghei-infected primary hepatocytes process and present the circumsporozoite protein to specific CD8 + T cells in vitro
    • Bongfen, S.E., Torgler, R., Romero, J.F., Renia, L., and Corradin, G. (2007) Plasmodium berghei-infected primary hepatocytes process and present the circumsporozoite protein to specific CD8 + T cells in vitro. J Immunol 178: 7054-7063.
    • (2007) J Immunol , vol.178 , pp. 7054-7063
    • Bongfen, S.E.1    Torgler, R.2    Romero, J.F.3    Renia, L.4    Corradin, G.5
  • 7
    • 6944252213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditional mutagenesis using site-specific recombination in Plasmodium berghei
    • Carvalho, T.G., Thiberge, S., Sakamoto, H., and Menard, R. (2004) Conditional mutagenesis using site-specific recombination in Plasmodium berghei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 14931-14936.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 14931-14936
    • Carvalho, T.G.1    Thiberge, S.2    Sakamoto, H.3    Menard, R.4
  • 8
    • 74949121478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the circumsporozoite protein to the RTS, S/AS candidate vaccine
    • Cohen, J., Nussenzweig, V., Nussenzweig, R., Vekemans, J., and Leach, A. (2010) From the circumsporozoite protein to the RTS,S/AS candidate vaccine. Hum Vaccin 6: 90-96.
    • (2010) Hum Vaccin , vol.6 , pp. 90-96
    • Cohen, J.1    Nussenzweig, V.2    Nussenzweig, R.3    Vekemans, J.4    Leach, A.5
  • 10
    • 35848931896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparan sulfate proteoglycans provide a signal to Plasmodium sporozoites to stop migrating and productively invade host cells
    • Coppi, A., Tewari, R., Bishop, J.R., Bennett, B.L., Lawrence, R., Esko, J.D., et al. (2007) Heparan sulfate proteoglycans provide a signal to Plasmodium sporozoites to stop migrating and productively invade host cells. Cell Host Microbe 2: 316-327.
    • (2007) Cell Host Microbe , vol.2 , pp. 316-327
    • Coppi, A.1    Tewari, R.2    Bishop, J.R.3    Bennett, B.L.4    Lawrence, R.5    Esko, J.D.6
  • 11
    • 34250322091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryoelectron tomography reveals periodic material at the inner side of subpellicular microtubules in apicomplexan parasites
    • Cyrklaff, M., Kudryashev, M., Leis, A., Leonard, K., Baumeister, W., Menard, R., et al. (2007) Cryoelectron tomography reveals periodic material at the inner side of subpellicular microtubules in apicomplexan parasites. J Exp Med 204: 1281-1287.
    • (2007) J Exp Med , vol.204 , pp. 1281-1287
    • Cyrklaff, M.1    Kudryashev, M.2    Leis, A.3    Leonard, K.4    Baumeister, W.5    Menard, R.6
  • 13
    • 57549105717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging effector functions of human cytotoxic CD4 + T cells specific for Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein
    • Frevert, U., Moreno, A., Calvo-Calle, J.M., Klotz, C., and Nardin, E. (2009) Imaging effector functions of human cytotoxic CD4 + T cells specific for Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Int J Parasitol 39: 119-132.
    • (2009) Int J Parasitol , vol.39 , pp. 119-132
    • Frevert, U.1    Moreno, A.2    Calvo-Calle, J.M.3    Klotz, C.4    Nardin, E.5
  • 15
    • 61849132162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host cell entry by apicomplexa parasites requires actin polymerization in the host cell
    • Gonzalez, V., Combe, A., David, V., Malmquist, N.A., Delorme, V., Leroy, C., et al. (2009) Host cell entry by apicomplexa parasites requires actin polymerization in the host cell. Cell Host Microbe 5: 259-272.
    • (2009) Cell Host Microbe , vol.5 , pp. 259-272
    • Gonzalez, V.1    Combe, A.2    David, V.3    Malmquist, N.A.4    Delorme, V.5    Leroy, C.6
  • 16
    • 68049113277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Going live: a comparative analysis of the suitability of the RFP derivatives RedStar, mCherry and tdTomato for intravital and in vitro live imaging of Plasmodium parasites
    • Graewe, S., Retzlaff, S., Struck, N., Janse, C.J., and Heussler, V.T. (2009) Going live: a comparative analysis of the suitability of the RFP derivatives RedStar, mCherry and tdTomato for intravital and in vitro live imaging of Plasmodium parasites. Biotechnol J 4: 895-902.
    • (2009) Biotechnol J , vol.4 , pp. 895-902
    • Graewe, S.1    Retzlaff, S.2    Struck, N.3    Janse, C.J.4    Heussler, V.T.5
  • 17
    • 19344370327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellpassage activity is required for the malarial parasite to cross the liver sinusoidal cell layer
    • Ishino, T., Yano, K., Chinzei, Y., and Yuda, M. (2004) Cellpassage activity is required for the malarial parasite to cross the liver sinusoidal cell layer. PLoS Biol 2: E4.
    • (2004) PLoS Biol , vol.2
    • Ishino, T.1    Yano, K.2    Chinzei, Y.3    Yuda, M.4
  • 18
    • 13844309801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Plasmodium sporozoite protein with a membrane attack complex domain is required for breaching the liver sinusoidal cell layer prior to hepatocyte infection
    • Ishino, T., Chinzei, Y., and Yuda, M. (2005) A Plasmodium sporozoite protein with a membrane attack complex domain is required for breaching the liver sinusoidal cell layer prior to hepatocyte infection. Cell Microbiol 7: 199-208.
    • (2005) Cell Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 199-208
    • Ishino, T.1    Chinzei, Y.2    Yuda, M.3
  • 19
    • 0006329096 scopus 로고
    • New knowledge of the lifecycle of malaria parasites
    • James, S.P., and Tate, P. (1937) New knowledge of the lifecycle of malaria parasites. Nature 139: 545.
    • (1937) Nature , vol.139 , pp. 545
    • James, S.P.1    Tate, P.2
  • 20
    • 62149109716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-photon microscopy of host-pathogen interactions: acquiring a dynamic picture of infection in vivo
    • Konjufca, V., and Miller, M.J. (2009) Two-photon microscopy of host-pathogen interactions: acquiring a dynamic picture of infection in vivo. Cell Microbiol 11: 551-559.
    • (2009) Cell Microbiol , vol.11 , pp. 551-559
    • Konjufca, V.1    Miller, M.J.2
  • 23
    • 11844305068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New views of cells in 3D: an introduction to electron tomography
    • McIntosh, R., Nicastro, D., and Mastronarde, D. (2005) New views of cells in 3D: an introduction to electron tomography. Trends Cell Biol 15: 43-51.
    • (2005) Trends Cell Biol , vol.15 , pp. 43-51
    • McIntosh, R.1    Nicastro, D.2    Mastronarde, D.3
  • 24
    • 0020636983 scopus 로고
    • An ultrastructural study on the role of Kupffer cells in the process of infection by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in rats
    • Meis, J.F., Verhave, J.P., Jap, P.H., and Meuwissen, J.H. (1983a) An ultrastructural study on the role of Kupffer cells in the process of infection by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in rats. Parasitology 86: 231-242.
    • (1983) Parasitology , vol.86 , pp. 231-242
    • Meis, J.F.1    Verhave, J.P.2    Jap, P.H.3    Meuwissen, J.H.4
  • 25
    • 0020956255 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural studies of a vesicle system associated with endoplasmic reticulum in exo-erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium berghei
    • Meis, J.F., Jap, P.H., Verhave, J.P., and Meuwissen, J.H. (1983b) Ultrastructural studies of a vesicle system associated with endoplasmic reticulum in exo-erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium berghei. J Protozool 30: 111-114.
    • (1983) J Protozool , vol.30 , pp. 111-114
    • Meis, J.F.1    Jap, P.H.2    Verhave, J.P.3    Meuwissen, J.H.4
  • 26
    • 0021837134 scopus 로고
    • Transformation of sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei into exoerythrocytic forms in the liver of its mammalian host
    • Meis, J.F., Verhave, J.P., Jap, P.H., and Meuwissen, J.H. (1985) Transformation of sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei into exoerythrocytic forms in the liver of its mammalian host. Cell Tissue Res 241: 353-360.
    • (1985) Cell Tissue Res , vol.241 , pp. 353-360
    • Meis, J.F.1    Verhave, J.P.2    Jap, P.H.3    Meuwissen, J.H.4
  • 29
    • 0036851878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration through host cells activates Plasmodium sporozoites for infection
    • Mota, M.M., Hafalla, J.C., and Rodriguez, A. (2002) Migration through host cells activates Plasmodium sporozoites for infection. Nat Med 8: 1318-1322.
    • (2002) Nat Med , vol.8 , pp. 1318-1322
    • Mota, M.M.1    Hafalla, J.C.2    Rodriguez, A.3
  • 31
  • 32
    • 72849131679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive real-time monitoring of liver-stage development of bioluminescent Plasmodium parasites
    • Mwakingwe, A., Ting, L.M., Hochman, S., Chen, J., Sinnis, P., and Kim, K. (2009) Noninvasive real-time monitoring of liver-stage development of bioluminescent Plasmodium parasites. J Infect Dis 200: 1470-1478.
    • (2009) J Infect Dis , vol.200 , pp. 1470-1478
    • Mwakingwe, A.1    Ting, L.M.2    Hochman, S.3    Chen, J.4    Sinnis, P.5    Kim, K.6
  • 34
    • 0035038271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Malaria sporozoites actively enter and pass through rat Kupffer cells prior to hepatocyte invasion
    • Pradel, G., and Frevert, U. (2001) Malaria sporozoites actively enter and pass through rat Kupffer cells prior to hepatocyte invasion. Hepatology 33: 1154-1165.
    • (2001) Hepatology , vol.33 , pp. 1154-1165
    • Pradel, G.1    Frevert, U.2
  • 35
    • 0036372431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteoglycans mediate malaria sporozoite targeting to the liver
    • Pradel, G., Garapaty, S., and Frevert, U. (2002) Proteoglycans mediate malaria sporozoite targeting to the liver. Mol Microbiol 45: 637-651.
    • (2002) Mol Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 637-651
    • Pradel, G.1    Garapaty, S.2    Frevert, U.3
  • 36
    • 57149119672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinome-wide RNAi screen implicates at least 5 host hepatocyte kinases in Plasmodium sporozoite infection
    • Prudencio, M., Rodrigues, C.D., Hannus, M., Martin, C., Real, E., Goncalves, L.A., et al. (2008) Kinome-wide RNAi screen implicates at least 5 host hepatocyte kinases in Plasmodium sporozoite infection. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000201.
    • (2008) PLoS Pathog , vol.4
    • Prudencio, M.1    Rodrigues, C.D.2    Hannus, M.3    Martin, C.4    Real, E.5    Goncalves, L.A.6
  • 37
    • 50849115819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host scavenger receptor SR-BI plays a dual role in the establishment of malaria parasite liver infection
    • Rodrigues, C.D., Hannus, M., Prudencio, M., Martin, C., Goncalves, L.A., Portugal, S., et al. (2008) Host scavenger receptor SR-BI plays a dual role in the establishment of malaria parasite liver infection. Cell Host Microbe 4: 271-282.
    • (2008) Cell Host Microbe , vol.4 , pp. 271-282
    • Rodrigues, C.D.1    Hannus, M.2    Prudencio, M.3    Martin, C.4    Goncalves, L.A.5    Portugal, S.6
  • 38
    • 0025783201 scopus 로고
    • CD8 + cytolytic T cell clones derived against the Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein protect against malaria
    • Rodrigues, M.M., Cordey, A.S., Arreaza, G., Corradin, G., Romero, P., Maryanski, J.L., et al. (1991) CD8 + cytolytic T cell clones derived against the Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein protect against malaria. Int Immunol 3: 579-585.
    • (1991) Int Immunol , vol.3 , pp. 579-585
    • Rodrigues, M.M.1    Cordey, A.S.2    Arreaza, G.3    Corradin, G.4    Romero, P.5    Maryanski, J.L.6
  • 40
    • 33745027681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of a human hepatocyte line that supports in vitro development of the exo-erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax
    • Sattabongkot, J., Yimamnuaychoke, N., Leelaudomlipi, S., Rasameesoraj, M., Jenwithisuk, R., Coleman, R.E., et al. (2006) Establishment of a human hepatocyte line that supports in vitro development of the exo-erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 708-715.
    • (2006) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.74 , pp. 708-715
    • Sattabongkot, J.1    Yimamnuaychoke, N.2    Leelaudomlipi, S.3    Rasameesoraj, M.4    Jenwithisuk, R.5    Coleman, R.E.6
  • 41
    • 47549109590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression and processing of Plasmodium berghei SERA3 during liver stages
    • Schmidt-Christensen, A., Sturm, A., Horstmann, S., and Heussler, V.T. (2008) Expression and processing of Plasmodium berghei SERA3 during liver stages. Cell Microbiol 10: 1723-1734.
    • (2008) Cell Microbiol , vol.10 , pp. 1723-1734
    • Schmidt-Christensen, A.1    Sturm, A.2    Horstmann, S.3    Heussler, V.T.4
  • 42
    • 11144267737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein
    • Shaner, N.C., Campbell, R.E., Steinbach, P.A., Giepmans, B.N., Palmer, A.E., and Tsien, R.Y. (2004) Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. Nat Biotechnol 22: 1567-1572.
    • (2004) Nat Biotechnol , vol.22 , pp. 1567-1572
    • Shaner, N.C.1    Campbell, R.E.2    Steinbach, P.A.3    Giepmans, B.N.4    Palmer, A.E.5    Tsien, R.Y.6
  • 43
    • 0030783010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of host cell endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with the Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole membrane: a high affinity interaction
    • Sinai, A.P., Webster, P., and Joiner, K.A. (1997) Association of host cell endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with the Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole membrane: a high affinity interaction. J Cell Sci 110: 2117- 2128.
    • (1997) J Cell Sci , vol.110 , pp. 2117-2128
    • Sinai, A.P.1    Webster, P.2    Joiner, K.A.3
  • 44
    • 0002533609 scopus 로고
    • Cell biology
    • Killick-Kendrick, R., and Peters, W. (eds). London: Academic Press Inc.
    • Sinden, R.E. (1978) Cell biology. In Rodent Malaria. Killick-Kendrick, R., and Peters, W. (eds). London: Academic Press Inc., pp. 85-168.
    • (1978) Rodent Malaria , pp. 85-168
    • Sinden, R.E.1
  • 45
    • 51149102047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular dissection of host cell invasion by the apicomplexans: the glideosome
    • Soldati-Favre, D. (2008) Molecular dissection of host cell invasion by the apicomplexans: the glideosome. Parasite 15: 197-205.
    • (2008) Parasite , vol.15 , pp. 197-205
    • Soldati-Favre, D.1
  • 46
    • 67649088182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GFP-targeting allows visualization of the apicoplast throughout the life cycle of live malaria parasites
    • Stanway, R.R., Witt, T., Zobiak, B., Aepfelbacher, M., and Heussler, V.T. (2009a) GFP-targeting allows visualization of the apicoplast throughout the life cycle of live malaria parasites. Biol Cell 101: 415-430.
    • (2009) Biol Cell , vol.101 , pp. 415-430
    • Stanway, R.R.1    Witt, T.2    Zobiak, B.3    Aepfelbacher, M.4    Heussler, V.T.5
  • 47
    • 70349124173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly efficient subcloning of rodent malaria parasites by injection of single merosomes or detached cells
    • Stanway, R.R., Graewe, S., Rennenberg, A., Helm, S., and Heussler, V.T. (2009b) Highly efficient subcloning of rodent malaria parasites by injection of single merosomes or detached cells. Nat Protoc 4: 1433-1439.
    • (2009) Nat Protoc , vol.4 , pp. 1433-1439
    • Stanway, R.R.1    Graewe, S.2    Rennenberg, A.3    Helm, S.4    Heussler, V.T.5
  • 48
    • 33748314455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manipulation of host hepatocytes by the malaria parasite for delivery into liver sinusoids
    • Sturm, A., Amino, R., van de Sand, C., Regen, T., Retzlaff, S., Rennenberg, A., et al. (2006) Manipulation of host hepatocytes by the malaria parasite for delivery into liver sinusoids. Science 313: 1287-1290.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 1287-1290
    • Sturm, A.1    Amino, R.2    van de Sand, C.3    Regen, T.4    Retzlaff, S.5    Rennenberg, A.6
  • 49
    • 58149330217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alteration of the parasite plasma membrane and the parasitophorous vacuole membrane during exo-erythrocytic development of malaria parasites
    • Sturm, A., Graewe, S., Franke-Fayard, B., Retzlaff, S., Bolte, S., Roppenser, B., et al. (2009) Alteration of the parasite plasma membrane and the parasitophorous vacuole membrane during exo-erythrocytic development of malaria parasites. Protist 160: 51-63.
    • (2009) Protist , vol.160 , pp. 51-63
    • Sturm, A.1    Graewe, S.2    Franke-Fayard, B.3    Retzlaff, S.4    Bolte, S.5    Roppenser, B.6
  • 51
    • 77954159940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetically attenuated parasite vaccines induce contact-dependent CD8(+) T cell killing of Plasmodium yoelii liver stage-infected hepatocytes
    • Trimnell, A., Takagi, A., Gupta, M., Richie, T.L., Kappe, S.H., and Wang, R. (2009) Genetically attenuated parasite vaccines induce contact-dependent CD8(+) T cell killing of Plasmodium yoelii liver stage-infected hepatocytes. J Immunol 183: 5870-5878.
    • (2009) J Immunol , vol.183 , pp. 5870-5878
    • Trimnell, A.1    Takagi, A.2    Gupta, M.3    Richie, T.L.4    Kappe, S.H.5    Wang, R.6
  • 52
    • 4143134292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravital microscopy demonstrating antibody-mediated immobilisation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites injected into skin by mosquitoes
    • Vanderberg, J.P., and Frevert, U. (2004) Intravital microscopy demonstrating antibody-mediated immobilisation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites injected into skin by mosquitoes. Int J Parasitol 34: 991-996.
    • (2004) Int J Parasitol , vol.34 , pp. 991-996
    • Vanderberg, J.P.1    Frevert, U.2
  • 53
    • 0025275579 scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic T cells recognize a peptide from the circumsporozoite protein on malaria-infected hepatocytes
    • Weiss, W.R., Mellouk, S., Houghten, R.A., Sedegah, M., Kumar, S., Good, M.F., et al. (1990) Cytotoxic T cells recognize a peptide from the circumsporozoite protein on malaria-infected hepatocytes. J Exp Med 171: 763- 773.
    • (1990) J Exp Med , vol.171 , pp. 763-773
    • Weiss, W.R.1    Mellouk, S.2    Houghten, R.A.3    Sedegah, M.4    Kumar, S.5    Good, M.F.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.